Urhulumente we-United States yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yamaqumrhu namagunya abumba zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika. Ukusuka emoyeni uphefumla ukuya kukhuseleko lokutya okudlayo, ukusuka kwixabiso ledola engxoweni yakho ukuya kwisantya se-intanethi oyisebenzisayo, igunya lorhulumente lichaphazela phantse yonke into. Kodwa abemi abaninzi bakufumanisa kunzima ukuchaza kakuhle oko urhulumente wesizwe agunyaziswe kona. UmGaqo-siseko unika iplani, kodwa inyaniso isekelwe kakhulu, ngeminyaka emininzi, ngenkcazelo, inkundla yenkundla, kwaye ulalanisa kwezobupolitika. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olupheleleyo, lokuveliswa kwesitshixo sikarhulumente, olulungelelaniswe ngamasebe, ngolwazi olongezelelweyo lwezo mithetho, ngemeko lwezo njongo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla oManyano

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, kwaye uthumela amagunya akhethekileyo kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ngeli xesha ugcina amanye kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Umba ophakathi wegunya lorhulumente ufunyanwa ku I Article I, Icandelo 8, ebala amagunya ahlukeneyo eBhunga. Ezi ziquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula imali, ukukhupha nokuxhasa imikhosi yemfazwe, kwaye yenza yonke imithetho “eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo yokuthwala amagunya aphindaphindeneyo. Le ngxelo yokugqibela yokugqibela `incophoneiced , ingumthombo wegunya likarhulumente elipheleleyo, ivumela ukuba kwenziwe imithetho elungeleneyo, imicimbi elungeleneyo.

IsiHlalisi se-Tenth sisebenza njengomlinganiselo womgaqo-siseko othe ngqo: “Amandla anganikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavumelekanga yiyo eUnited States, agcinelwe e-United States ngokulandelelanayo, okanye kubantu.” Oku kulungisa kumisela umgaqo wolawulo, urhulumente wezwe angasebenzisa amandla acacileyo okanye anikwe wona. Ama-othe jikelele “amandla okulawula” ukulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo, kunye nokuziphatha. Ukuqonda olu lwahluko lwesiseko luyimfuneko phambi kokuhlola imisebenzi yesebe ngalinye elikhethekileyo.

Amandla Omthetho: Ingqungquthela Njengomzimba Wokwenza Imithetho

Isebe lemithetho-mthetho ($Conrer), eliyilwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu zeNtlanganiso (*) linegunya lokuyila umthetho wesizwe. Ngeli xesha isebe elilawulayo lizalisekisa imithetho kunye nejaji eliyichazayo, iBhunga liyinjini yenkqubo karhulumente.

Amagunya Amiselweyo Engqungquthela

Inqaku I, Icandelo 8 lidwelisa amagunya akhethekileyo eBhunga.

  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla erhafu nokuchitha kwintlalo-ntle jikelele. Le mali yamandla amaziko onke karhulumente kwaye ivumela iKhomishini ukuba imisele izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe ngoqingqo-mali.
  • amandla okulawula urhwebo phakathi kwelizwe nakwamanye amazwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ingcaciso ebanzi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeCentury Claus incede iNkundla yoMphathiswa ukuba ilawule yonke into ukusuka kumalungelo abantu ukuya kungcoliso lwemekobume ukuya kurhwebo lwe-Internet.
  • amandla okudibanisa imali nokulawula ixabiso layo , inika ulawulo lweNgqungquthela kulawulo lwenkqubo yemali yelizwe.
  • amandla okubhengeza imfazwe. Kuphela yiBhunga elinokuthi ngokusesikweni livakalise imfazwe, nangona umongameli engakwazi ukuhambisa imikhosi kwiimeko ezininzi ngaphandle kwesigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] amandla okunyusa nokuxhasa amajoni nokunikezela nokugcina umkhosi wamanzi.
  • amandla okumisela ii-posi kunye neendlela zasemva , eziye zavela zaba ligunya lengingqi kunxibelelwano.
  • [[UMTL:0] amandla okumisela umthetho ofanayo wokwenziwa kwezinto ngendalo nemithetho yokuwiswa kwamaxabiso emali.
  • Amandla okukhupha imvume yasemthethweni kunye namalungelo ombhali ukukhuthaza inkqubela-phambili yenzululwazi nobugcisa.
  • amandla okuchaza nokusohlwaya ii-arac kunye nee-ferali kulwandle oluphezulu , nokwenza imithetho elawula umkhosi.
  • [[UMTL:0] amandla okulawula iSithili saseColumbia kunye namanye amaqumrhu azimeleyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Imfuneko ne Nkosi Claus, evumela iKhompathiswa ukuba yenze nawuphi na umthetho “oyimfuneko nofanelekileyo" wokuphumeza amandla ayo adwelisweyo.

Ngokwesiko, iBhunga lilawula isebe eliphetheyo, liqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (Senate), liqinisekisa izivumelwano (Senate), kwaye liyakwazi ukukhupha nokususa amagosa esizwe, kuquka umongameli. Igumbi ngalinye linemithetho ekhethekileyo: iNdlu iqalisa iindleko zemali kwaye ingakwazi ukubhatala; iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNjongo izama ukuqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli abachaphazelekayo

Indlela Amandla Engqungquthela Aye Akhula Ngayo

Ulawulo lowiso-mthetho lukarhulumente lwangowe-1964 luphangalele kakhulu kunokuba abaseki bemeko babelindele. Ixesha lale Nkundla iNew Decreat yatolika ivumela iCommunity Claus ukuba ivumele imigaqo-siseko yorhwebo ilawule umsebenzi wezorhwebo ochaphazela kakhulu ushishino lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Kamva, i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 yaxhaswa phantsi koMthendeleko kaClaus, ivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba athintele ucalucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke wonke. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umthetho we-Afford Care Care Act njengomthetho osebenzayo wokusebenzisa irhafunxa. Le mithetho ibonisa ukuba amagunya abekwe nguMbutho athengiselwa phantsi kweBhunga-mthetho, avumela urhulumente nomthetho wezopolitiko.

Amandla alawulayo: uMongameli oSebenzileyo

Umongameli uyintloko yesebe eliphetheyo kwaye ujongene nokubona ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembekileyo. Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko [[FLT: 0] uArticle II unika umongameli igunya elibalulekileyo, umlinganiselo wegunya elilawulayo ukhuphiswane kwasekuqaleni.

Iimbopheleleko Zomongameli

  • Umthetho wengingqi wezwe . Umongameli walathisa iqumrhu elikhulu lesizwe elinolawulo oluphezulu (iinkonzo ezinjengeSebe loBulunga, iSebe Lokhuseleko Lomhlaba, i-Evironmental Protection Agency, kunye namakhulu ee-"(ukuzalisekisa nokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga."
  • Memeze amajoni axhobileyo njengentloko-ntloko. Umongameli angagunyazisa ukuthatha inyathelo lomkhosi, asebenze amajoni, kunye nobuchule bokuzikhusela ngqo, nangona iBhunga kuphela elinokwazisa imfazwe.
  • Inkqubo yangaphandle eququzelelayo yelizwe . Umongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano (nokwahlulwa kwendlu yecawa), umisela oothunywa besizwe, kwaye ulawula ulwalamano lwentlalo-ntle nezinye iintlanga.
  • Amagosa akwindawo yesebe akwindawo ephezulu, kuquka amalungu eKhabhinethi, iijaji zequmrhu, iiJaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo (ngokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeNtlanganiso), kunye namawaka abasebenzi besebe abaphetheyo.
  • Ziyalelo eziphetheyo ezikhoyo kunye nezibhengezo eziphethe amandla omthetho, lo gama nje zibekwe kwigunya lomthetho okanye lomgaqo-siseko. Imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo ayingenasiphelo; ingapheliswa yiBhunga (ngemithetho) okanye itshatyalaliswe ziinkundla.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izisolelo ezipheleleyo kunye neziphelo zetyala lengingqi, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungakhuthazi. Eli gunya ligqibelele kwaye alibonwa ngamanye amasebe.
  • Unikezelo lwezwe ledilesi ye-Union kwaye uncomela amanyathelo owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ingqungquthela okanye i-assmenu congress phantsi kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga.

Isebe eliphetheyo liye lakhula kakhulu ngokomlinganiselo kunye nobungakanani ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa. Oomongameli bale mihla bajonge urhulumente omkhulu wolawulo odala imimiselo ngegunya lomthetho. Imisebenzi efana neKhomishini yoNcedo noTshintshi, iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano loManyano loGunyano loGunyaziso loMsebenzi weZidlo neMisebenzi weziyobisi, kunye noMsebenzi woLawulo lweZiko loLawulo lweMbizelo kunye namandla oMgangatho. Oku kuphakamise iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngemfundiso yokwalathanganyaniseki [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [FFLT:1] [19] [19] [19] IBhungane leMmandla aphezulu egunya lawo lokulawula i-Rodrogin

Imiqathango yecandelo elilawulayo kumxholo

Imiyalelo yesigqeba esilawulayo yenye yezona zixhobo zibonakalayo zamandla obumongameli. Ngelixesha zingakhankanywanga kumGaqo-siseko, iye yasetyenziswa ngumongameli ngamnye ukususela kuGeorge Washington. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko ibambelele kwelokuba imiyalelo yabalawuli iyasebenza kuphela ukuba isekelwe kumandla anikwe umongameli nguMgaqo-siseko okanye ngesenzo seBhunga. Imizekelo yelizwe iquka isalathisi somkhosi sikaTruman (Umgaqo 9981) noMongameli Rooselt’s internation of Madowiet Merikan (Udweliso Lwesizwe 9066)).

Amagunya Okulawula: Iinkundla EziziiNkundla Neziganga

Ijaji yesizwe ebekwe intloko yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, eneenkundla ezisezantsi ezimiselwe yiKhonkxane", ichaza umthetho kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba zonke izenzo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Article III imisela igunya lokugweba le-United States.

Indima Yeenkundla Zomanyano

  • Imithetho ye-Interpret. Iinkundla zoManyano zimisela oko kuthethwa ngummiselo nendlela esebenza ngayo kumatyala athile.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlolo lwetyala lwekompyutha. Kwimeko yophawu Marbury v. Madison (1803), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yamisa amandla ayo okuvakalisa izenzo zeBhunga elingavumelaniyo nemithetho yesebe eliphetheyo. Eli gunya linwebela kwizenzo kunye nemithetho yorhulumente ngokunjalo.
  • Ukulungisa iimbambano [ phakathi koorhulumente, phakathi kwabemi bomazwe awahlukeneyo (ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lodidi), naphakathi kwabantu ngabanye norhulumente worhulumente.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] khusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Iinkundla zomanyano zinyanzelisa iBhili yamaLungelo kunye nezinye izikhuseli zomGaqo-siseko nxamnye norhulumente ophangiweyo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Amatyala anyukileyo abandakanya umthetho wesizwe , kuquka ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukugunyaziswa, ukuwiswa kwamalungelo oluntu, ukusetyenziswa kwemali, ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
  • Ukumisela umzekelo. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zibophelelekile kuzo zonke iinkundla ezincinci kwaye zithwala ubunzima obukhulu ekuxonxeni umthetho nenkqubo yase-Melika.

Ijaji yesizwe izimele. Abagwebi bamaPhondo bamiselwa ubomi, baziphethe kakuhle, nto leyo ebakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Noko ke, ukumiselwa kwabo kungokwezobupolitika kakhulu, kunye noomongameli abakhetha oosomashishini abahambisana nentanda-bulumko yabo.

Indima Ekhethekileyo YeNkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha kuphela ngenxalenye encinane yamatyala abhenqweyo kuyo . Ngokuqhelekileyo malunga nama-80 kwizicelo ezingama-7000. Ikhetha amatyala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yezomGaqo-siseko okanye apho iinkundla ezincinci zahlulelene khona kwimbambano engokwasemthethweni. Izibuko layo liquka iimpikiswano ezingolawulo lwamagunya karhulumente, njengaxa urhulumente wesizwe enokuthi agunyazise ukukhutshwa kwempilo, ukuvalwa kwenyathelo lokuvala i-orejini, okanye ukulawulwa kwegesi eshushu. Isigqibo ngasinye siyiphendula ngokuphumelelayo intsingiselo yegunya likarhulumente kulo mbango de iNkutshintsha ingqondo yakhe okanye inguqumqumrhumo-siseko sidluliselwe.

Amanye Amandla Omanyano: Ngaphaya Kwamasebe Amathathu

Ngoxa la masebe mathathu ephethe owona mandla ayintloko omGaqo-siseko, urhulumente wesizwe unegunya nakwezinye iinkalo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ekulawuleni kwesizwe.

Imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle nokhuseleko lwesizwe

UMgaqo-siseko wahlula amagunya emicimbi yamanye amazwe phakathi komongameli kunye neBhunga. Umongameli uthetha ngezivumelwano kodwa ufuna ukuvunyelwa yiNdlu yeeNtlanga (iii-3 ezintathu). Umongameli ukwamisela oothunywa bengingqi kunye nezenzo zonxibelelwano. IBhunga linamandla kurhwebo lwamanye amazwe kwaye liyakwazi ukuvakalisa imfazwe. Ngokuqhelisa, umongameli ulawula inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ingakumbi kwixesha lezisongelo ezikhawulezileyo kunye nokuxhomekeka komhlaba wonke. Urhulumente ulawula amaqumrhunja akrele (CIA, NSA), akhusela ukhuseleko lwe-ibropu, aze angene kwizivumelwano zezizwe ezingenakufuna ukuvunywa kweNkulumbuso.

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe luquka amandla okukhusela iUnited States ekuhlaseleni. Umongameli njengomphathi-ntloko angayalela ukuhlasela komkhosi, kodwa uLinganiso lwamaGunya emfazwe lwangowe 1973 lufuna ukuba umongameli azise iNgqungquthela kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokuqhuba imikhosi kunye nokuthunyelwa kwemikhosi yemikhosi kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho. Urhulumente ulawula nokuthunyelwa kwezixhobo ngaphandle kwequmrhu, umisela imithetho yezoqoqosho, kwaye unyanzelisa ukufuduka nokhuseleko lwemida.

Amandla Emali Nawezoqoqosho

Amandla omanyano lwemali makhulu kwaye achaphazela ngqo wonke ummi wemali. Ingqungquthela inamandla okuhlawula irhafu (imali ehlawulwayo, inkampani, i-expoint, umhlaba, kunye ne-staffers), ukuboleka imali (ukuphumeza amaqhina eemali), kunye nokuhlawula imali kunye nexabiso layo. Isixokelelwano se-Federal Reserve System [ .]

Urhulumente wesizwe angasasaza ingeniso kumazwe nakwimimandla ngezipho, ngokufuthi ezinamaqhina adityanisiweyo. Oku kuvumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba aphembelele iinkqubo zikarhulumente kwimimandla enjengemfundo, ezothutho, ezonyango, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kwanakwimimandla egcinelwe amaphondo.

Amandla Okuphanda Nokukhangela Ngakumbi

IBhunga linamandla athatyathwe ekuhloleni imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo nehambo yangasese enxulumene nomthetho. Iikomiti zeBhunga zinganikela imigaqo engaphantsi, zinyanzelise ubungqina, zize zijonge abantu ngabanye abadelekileyo. Eli gunya lobuveleli liyimfuneko ekubekeni amaqumrhu anokuphendula nasekuziseni uluntu. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaligqala igunya lophando loMbutho njengelimiselwe kwimiqathango yomthetho, nangona liphantsi kwemiqathango yesiseko somgaqo-siseko (umz., iPhondo wesihlanu IsiHlamkelo sokuLawulwa nokuziphendulela ityala).

Imida Yamandla Omanyano: Iingqiniba, Ulungelelwano, Nomanyano

Amandla karhulumente karhulumente akaphelelanga. Inkqubo ye yokukhangela nokulinganisela iqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lingawuhlola omnye. Umongameli angawulawula umthetho; iBhunga lingawulawula umgangatho kunye nesithathu soninzi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha imithetho njengenkululeko, kodwa iKhomishini ingawuphelisa umthetho okanye ichaze imposiso yomgaqo-siseko. Umongameli angawugunyaziswa aze asuswe. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente worhulumente ulinganiselwe nguBill wamaLungelo kunye ne-andrea. Inkundla ekhusela inkululeko ekhululekileyo, ukulungiselela intetho yonqulo, inkqubo elinganayo, kunye nokunye.

UbuFaderi bukwathintela amandla orhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko ugcina imisebenzi emininzi kumazwe, njengokuqhuba unyulo, ukulawula ukugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni, ukulawula ushishino lwe-intrastate, nokunika imfundo kawonke-wonke. Ama-United States angazama ngemigaqo-nkqubo (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba “ziizifundo zedemokhrasi”) ngelixa urhulumente emisela imiqathango encinane yesizwe. INkundla ePhakathi i-Oyena Mkhosi iphezulu ibeke imida ebekwe kumandla orhulumente, njengaku United States v. Lopez [195])], eyabetha phantsi izikolo ezisongemthetho ezisongezomthetho wokwabelwayo ngaphaya kwegunya le-Creast Clascsc.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukuwaqonda La Magunya

Urhulumente wengingqi uchaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje: ukhuseleko lweziyobisi kunye nezixhobo zezamayeza, ukufaneleka komoya namanzi, ukuzinza kwenkqubo yokubhanki, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukulungiswa kweendlela neenqwelo-moya, kunye nelungiselelo lengeniso yomhlala-phantsi. Ingingqi eqonda amagunya karhulumente anokukwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle iinkonzo zikarhulumente, ukuxhasa iinguqu zenkqubo, ukubeka ityala kumagosa anyulwe, kwaye athathe inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Ngaphezu koko, imida yamandla karhulumente isoloko ivavanywa. Ubugcisa obutsha (ubuchule bokwenziwa, imithombo yezonxibelelwano, ii-drones), iingxaki zehlabathi (ii-panemistion, imozulu, ubugrogrisi), kunye nokutshintsha kwemibutho yezobupolitika kugcina le ngxoxo iphila. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko, kodwa kukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo komthetho, kwezobupolitika, kunye noluntu okuya kugqiba indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wengingqi.

Isiphelo

Amagunya angundoqo karhulumente karhulumente achazwa ngumGaqo-siseko kwaye aphunyezwa ngamasebe owiso-mthetho, olawulo, kunye nawokugweba. IBhunga lenza imithetho, umongameli uyayinyanzelisa, kwaye iinkundla ziyayichaza. Amagunya ongezelelweyo kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, izoqoqosho, kunye nolawulo luvumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba acombulule iingxaki zehlabathi kunye nehlabathi. La magunya alungelelaniswe ngee-checkings, ulawulo, namalungelo omGaqo-siseko akhusela abantu kunye namagunya afanayo. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo asiyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo, yezoqoqosho, kunye nokweliso-onke. La magunya alungele ukusetyenziswa koburhulumente, ulawulo, kunye namalungelo omgaqo-siseko akhusela abantu, kunye namazwe antluntluntluntlukwanolwazi.