Urhulumente Karhulumente: Ukwenza Imithetho Yesizwe

Kumgangatho ophezulu, urhulumente wesizwe umisela imithetho esebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amaphondo angama-50. Eli gunya linikwe kwiBhunga, isebe lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente waseUnited States. IBhunga liyi-biadral, okuthetha ukuba linemibhobho emibini: iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ngalinye elineendima neembopheleleko ezahlukileyo.

Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-455 okuvota, ngalinye elimele isithili sombutho esabiwe ngabemi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba nabemi abaninzi banelizwi elikhulu kumthetho wesizwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iNdlu yeeNgwevu zinamalungu ali-100 — amabini kurhulumente — umelo olulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba urhulumente u’ umlinganiselo. Le ndlela yayikukulungelelanisa ngabom ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe athe kratya nabanga banziwa kakhulu.

Phambi kokuba isibham sibe ngumthetho wesizwe, kufuneka sidlulisele omabini amagumbi ngendlela efanayo. Ngoko umlomo uya kuMongameli, onokuwusayina kumthetho okanye kwi-veto. IBhunga linokuyidlulisa i-veto ngobuninzi obuzii-3 ezimbini kumagumbi omabini. Le nkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolinganiselo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye likarhulumente linokwenza imithetho ngaphandle kwexesha elizayo.

Imithetho yengingqi iquka urhwebo oluphakathi kwesizwe, ukufuduka, ukuwa, ukurhoxa komali, kunye nokukhutshelwa kwamalungelo asemthethweni. Imithetho emikhulu yesizwe iye yaguqula ibutho lamaMelika, njengoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, amaMelika anoMthetho wokungakhubazeki, kunye noMthetho wokuLawulwa okungaBanzi. Le mithetho ifuna ukuba kubekho abameli besizwe abachazayo ukunyanzelisa [[[FLT:]] izigwebo zomthetho zomthetho, zongeze omnye umaleko wemithetho enzima.

Umgangatho weRhulumente: Apho Iimfuno Zomthetho Zilawula Umthetho

Oorhulumente banegunya eliphangaleleyo lokumisa imicimbi engaphoswanga mva ngumthetho wesizwe, umgaqo omiselwe nguMgaqo-nkqubo weshumi. Eli gunya, elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi- “ amagosa alawulayo, i-” livumela amazwe ukuba alawule impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yoko, imithetho karhulumente ingehluka ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kulawulo olunye ukuya kwelinye, ibonakalisa amaxabiso akhethekileyo kunye nezinto eziphambili zelizwe ngalinye i’ abemi.

Lonke iphondo ngaphandle kweNebraska linendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bimadral, jikelele eququzelelwa okanye indlu yabameli bakarhulumente kunye nendlu yorhulumente. La maqumrhu asebenza ngokufanayo kwiBhunga lorhulumente: acebisa, aphikisane, adlulise amatyala athunyelwa kwirhuluneli ukuze atyikityelwe okanye athunyelwe kwi-veto. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zihlala ngokwesiko ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo nge-mostadem ‐ amanye adibana unyaka-om-onke, ngoxa amanye ehlanganisana iinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela.

Uludwe lwemiba exutyushwa yimithetho karhulumente lukhulu. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zongamela inkqubo yemfundo (kuquka imigangatho yokufundisa kunye nenkxaso yesikolo), izibonelelo zezothutho, umthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokugweba, umthetho wentsapho (umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana), umthetho wempahla, ubugcisa bokukhupha i-intwala, umgaqo-mthetho wemekobume, imigaqo yemeko yemekobume, kunye nokunikezelwa kwempilo. Umzekelo, njengoKhalifoniyania imisela imilinganiselo enogonyamelo yezithuthi ezigqitha iimfuno zikarhulumente, ngelixa i-RGO.

Abalawuli belizwe banamandla aphawulekayo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho. Ukongeza ekutyikityeni okanye ekurhoxiseni amatyala, iirhuluneli ezininzi zingakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo elawula umthetho kwiimeko ezithile. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zikwadlala indima: batolika imiqathango yomthetho baze babethe imithetho echasene naloo maxwebhu.

Ukukhululeka: Xa Umthetho Webutho Ungenamsebenzi Kumthetho KaRhulumente

Ingcamango ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni amaqondo okubekwa komthetho kukutshatyalaliswa. Umthetho womanyano ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Xa imithetho karhulumente norhulumente ingquzulana nombandela ongaphakathi kwegunya lorhulumente, kulawula umthetho. Noko ke, amazwe akhululekile ukunikezela ngokhuseleko olongezelelekileyo okanye imimiselo engaphaya komgangatho wesizwe, logama nje engaphikisani nomgangatho karhulumente. Le mpembelelo yenza ukutyhalelana okuzinzileyo phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente, ngokufuthi ebekwe enkundleni.

Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni: Imithetho Echaphazela Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni i— amaphondo, izixeko, iidolophu, nesithili esikhethekileyo i— liqondo lokwenza umthetho ngempembelelo ekhawulezileyo kubemi i’ ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngelixesha oorhulumente basekuhlaleni befumana igunya kwimithetho-siseko nemithetho karhulumente (basoloko bebizwa ngokuba yi- “ ukukhutshwa kwelizwe i”), basebenzisa amandla anamandla akhawulezileyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Amabhunga eziXhosa, iintlanganiso zephondo, neebhodi zeedolophu zidlulisela imithetho elawula ukusetyenziswa kweendawo neendawo, ingxolo nemithetho yenkathazo, ukuqokelelwa kwemida yeshishini, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, ukumiswa kwemida yemida yokwakha, iikhowudi zokwakha, iipaki zikawonke-wonke, neenkonzo zamapolisa zasekuhlaleni. Umnini-khaya ofuna ukwakha ulwakhiwo kwindlu yakhe uza kufuna imvume elawulwa yimithetho yasekuhlaleni. Ivenkile yokutyela evulekileyo mayihambisane nee-rejista yezoshishino zesixeko kunye nemfuno yelayisensi. Ummi wasekuhlaleni ohlala apho uzakufumana isiganeko emva kwe-10 p.m.

Amagunya alawulayo kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni afanayo kunye namagunya alawulayo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni njengoko abalawuli beli lizwe benjalo. Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni bakwaqesha abaphathi-sixeko abangoochwepheshe okanye abalawuli bephondo abajonge imisebenzi yosuku nolawulo. Imithetho yasekuhlaleni ingamiswa ngokusuka kulawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi oluthe ngqo kunye ne-— amanyathelo aphambili athelekisa kunye ne-edemokhrasi avumela abemi ukuba bavote kwiimilinganiselo yobulali yerhafuwo, izigqibo zophuhliso, kunye nemibuzo yezomgaqo-siseko.

Inani elipheleleyo lolawulo lwasekuhlaleni eUnited States liyamangalisa: kukho iiyunithi ezingaphezu kwama-90 000 zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kuquka oorhulumente bakamasipala abangaphezu kwe-199 000 kunye neelokishi ezili-16,000. Nganye inequmrhu layo lowiso-mthetho kunye negunya lomthetho. Umahluko kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni unokuba ngokugqithiseleyo. Isixeko esifana neSan Francisco siqeshile imithetho esetyenziswa yi-Dorsquo; ikho kwimimandla ekufuphi. Idolophu yaseMontanal ingavumela imfuyo kwimimandla yemizi, ngelixa iphondo laseVirginia lithintela ukugcinwa kwenkukhusi kwimida yesixeko.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho: Ukusuka Kwingcamango Kuya Ekunyanzelweni

Nangona iinkqubo ezichaziweyo zahluka ngokwemigangatho karhulumente, umthetho jikelele uthatha ingqiqo yokunyanzelisa ulandela iqhinga elifanayo kuwo onke amagunya. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunceda abemi bayazi ukuba bawuphembelela nini yaye njani umthetho.

Isindululo kunye nenqanawa esetyenziswayo

Ingcamango yomthetho iqala njengengcamango. Loo ngcamango inokuba yingcamango yomthetho olawulayo, isebe eliphetheyo, umbutho karhulumente, iqela lenzala, okanye ummi ngamnye. Ingcamango ibhaliswe kwisivumelwano esisemthethweni esingumthetho esingumsebenzisi wezomthetho okanye ngesiluleko esisemthethweni sombutho wobugqeba. Ummisi-mthetho kufuneka axhase lo mthetho aze awuzise kwigumbi lawo lokulawula. Kumgangatho wesizwe nakumazwe amaninzi, ityala linikwe inani kwaye libhekise kwikomiti enye okanye ngaphezulu ukuze lihlolwe.

IKomiti

IiKomiti zilapho owona msebenzi usezantsi wesikhundla uyenzeka khona. Zibamba iindlebe apho iingcaphephe, amaqela achaphazelekayo, kunye noluntu lungangqina khona. Amalungu eKomiti aphikisana ngetyala, acebisa, kunye nevoti yokuba ingathunyelwa kusini na kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Ityala lingafa kwikomiti ukuba ayifumani nkxaso eyaneleyo. Eli qonga libalulekileyo: izihlalo zekomiti zinamandla amakhulu okubeka okanye ukulibazisa umthetho. Inkqubo yekomiti yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimali ezithe zangena phantsi kuphela kwivoti.

Impikiswano Ephathelele Umgangatho NeziHlaliso

Ukuba ityala liphumile kwikomiti, liya kumgangatho wegumbi ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo. Kwezinye iziqu, ingxoxo ilungelelaniswe kakhulu kunye nemida yexesha; kwezinye, isenokuqhubeka ixesha elide. Abenzi bomthetho banethuba lokunika inguquko, ekufuneka ivotelwe. Imali isenokutshintshwa ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha lokunyenyela njengoko kusenziwa kwaye kuxoxwa ukurhwetyelelwana kuxoxwa.

Ukukhanyisa nokudlula

Emva kokuqukumbela, amagumbi apheleleyo okuvota kulo mthetho. Amaqumrhu amaninzi owiso-mthetho afuna ukuba uninzi olulula ukuze umthetho oqhelekileyo udlule, nangona amanye amanyathelo asenokufuna ukuba kubekho ukuchanabeka okukhulu. Ukuba irejista idlula, iyaya kwelinye igumbi (kwinkqubo ye-bimear) apho inkqubo iphela iphinda khona. Ukuba la magumbi amabini adlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yamalungu asuka kuzo zombini amagumbi ixolelanisa umahluko. inguqulelo yokugqibela mayivunywe ngawo omabini amaqela afanayo.

Igunya eliphetheyo

Inyathelo lokugqibela lowiso-mthetho linikelwa kumphathi-mikhosi: uMongameli kumgangatho wesizwe, irhuluneli kumgangatho worhulumente, okanye usodolophu kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Umphathi-mikhosi angasayina ityala kumthetho, alivumele ukuba libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino (ngoko nangoko emva kwenani elithile lentsuku), okanye ukulibeka. Abanye abalawuli banomgca wento eninzi evumela ukuba bawamkele amalungiselelo athile okuhlawula ngaphandle kokukhupha lonke umthetho. Ukuba iveto ikhutshwe, ikhompathiso ingazama ukuqhuba, idla ngokufuna ivoti emibini ephindwe kabini.

Ukwenziwa kolawulo lwe-Arhente

Xa umthetho umisiwe, ufuna usetyenziso olungakumbi ngemimiselo yolawulo. Amasebe karhulumente abhala imithetho eneenkcukacha eguqulela injongo ebanzi yomthetho kwiimfuno ezicacileyo, ezinyanzelisayo. Le nkqubo isoloko iquka isaziso sikawonke-wonke kunye namagqabaza, ivumela abemi namashishini ukuba bavavanye indlela umthetho omele usetyenziswe ngayo. Le mimiselo ilandelayo inomthetho opheleleyo kwaye inokucelw ’ umngeni enkundleni ukuba bangaphaya kwegunya le-’ igunya lomthetho.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zikwadlala indima ekuxonxeni umthetho. Xa umthetho ucelw'elw'uwiswa njengongavumelaniyo okanye njengongqubanayo neminye imithetho, isebe lejaji ligqiba ubunyani balo. Izigwebo zophawu lwelizwe zingabhukuqa imithetho, zinyuse okanye zibhinqise iimbopheleleko zazo ezisemthethweni. Marbury v. Madison wamisela umgaqo wokuhlola kwezomthetho kumgangatho wesizwe, kwaye iinkundla zephondo zisebenzisa igunya elifanayo kwimithetho karhulumente.

Indlela Abemi Abayilawula Ngayo Imithetho Abaphila Ngayo

Ukubekwa komthetho asingomsebenzi okhethekileyo wamagosa anyuliweyo. Abami banamathuba amaninzi okuphembelela imithetho ebalawulayo. Ukuba nenxaxheba ngenkuthalo kusisiseko sokuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi.

Ukukhanyisa Kukhetho

Ukuncoma kuyindlela ecacileyo yokuba abemi baphembelele ukubekwa komthetho. Abavota abanyuli bomthetho, abalawuli, oosodolophu, kunye namalungu ebhunga abhalayo aze adlulisele imithetho. Unyulo lukwavumela abemi ukuba bawavumele ngokungqalileyo okanye bawagatye amanyathelo okungavumelani nemigaqo ethile, ukusuka ekunyukeni kwerhafu ukuya ekuqalisweni ngokusemthethweni ukuya kutsho ekuhlaziyweni komsaywa. Ukuvotelwa rhoqo kuxhomekeke ekuthini amagosa anyulwe aqhubeke esabela kwimithetho ethile.

Ukunxibelelana Namagosa Amiselweyo

Abaququzeleli bomthetho banikela ingqalelo koko bakuthethayo. Ukufowuna okushicilelweyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Umnxeba, i-imeyili, okanye ileta ingenza umahluko kwindlela umenzi-mthetho avota ngayo kwityala. Ukudibana namagosa anyuliweyo okanye abasebenzi bawo kwii-ofisi zesithili okanye kwi-capitol yesizwe kuluncedo kakhulu. Izigqibo ezininzi zowiso-mthetho zixhomekeke kubameli abafumana kubantu abameleyo. Amabali obuqu ngendlela umthetho oya kuchaphazela ngayo i-Centiesc &squo; ubomi buthwala ubunzima obubalulekileyo.

Ukugqabaza Nokuva

Inkoliso yamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo lunika amathuba okuthetha esidlangalaleni. Abahlali banganikela ubungqina kwiikomiti zokuchotshelwa kweenkundla, bathethe kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, baze babhale amagqabaza ngemigaqo ecetyisiweyo. Ezi ntlanganiso zivumela abantu ukuba banikele iimbono zabo ngqo kubaphathi bomthetho nakumasebe. Igalelo ekuchotshelweni kwabantu linempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, apho izigqibo ezimalunga nokubekwa kwemali, uqingqo-mali, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu zenziwe ngokungeniswa ngqo kwegalelo labemi.

Ukuziqhelanisa Nokuziqhelanisa

Ukuncedisa okanye ukuxhasa imibutho yolawulo lwezikhundla zorhwebo kuphakamisa amazwi abantu ngabanye. Amaqela ajolise ingqalelo kwimibandela ethile e-— enoba inkululeko yabemi, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, inkqubo yerhafu, okanye impilo-ntle i-—lobby abenzi-mthetho, aqhuba amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye nabaxhasi. Ngokudibeneyo, le migudu iyakwazi ukubumba uluvo lukawonke wonke kunye nezinto eziphambili zowiso-mthetho. IGrassss izinyuko, apho abemi bemihla ngemihla balungelelanisa abamelwane babo kunye noluntu, baye baqhuba iinguqu ezingundoqo kwimbali yaseMerika.

Ukuphumeza i-ofisi

Kwabo bafuna ukumisela ukwenziwa komthetho ngqo, ukusetyenziswa kweofisi enyuliweyo lukhetho kumgangatho ngamnye karhulumente. Iibhodi zesikolo, amabhunga esixeko, amaqumrhu ephondo, iintlanganiso zephondo, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye neBhunga lonke abafuna ukuqhutyelwa phambili. Ukubaleka iofisi kuvumela abemi ukuba baziswe ngqo kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo baze bamele uluntu lwabo ekwenzeni imithetho echaphazela bona.

Ukusebenza Kwiibhodi NakwiiKhomishini

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowaseburhulumenteni umisela abemi abaninzi ukuba bakhonze kwiibhodi nakwiikhomishini ezicebisa amagosa anyuliweyo okanye abanegunya lokumisela. Iintlanganiso zokucwangcisa, iibhodi zezicelo, iibhodi zesikolo, neebhodi zethala leencwadi yimizekelo. Ezi ndawo zivumela abemi ukuba baphembelele imimandla ethile yezomthetho baze bazuze amava ezandla kwinkqubo yokwenza imithetho.

Isiphumo: Indima Yakho Eburhulumenteni

Imithetho ayiveli kude, kwinkqubo engabonakaliyo. Idalwa kwinkqubo elawulwa ngabom, elungelelanisiweyo esebenza kwimigangatho emininzi karhulumente. Umthetho woManyano umisela inkqubo yesizwe, umthetho karhulumente uvumela imithetho kwizinto zendalo, kwaye imigaqo yasekuhlaleni ilawula iinkcukacha zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Umgangatho ngamnye unemibutho yawo, iinkqubo, kunye namathuba okubandakanyeka kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo linyathelo lokuqala elikhokelela ekugananeni kweso sixeko. Xa wazi ukuba ngubani owenza imithetho nendlela esebenza ngayo, ungabona iingongoma ezifanelekileyo zokungena kwilizwi lakho kunye nevoti yakho. Ukuba uqhagamshelana nomphathi-mthetho wesizwe malunga netyala elicetyiweyo, ungqina phambi kwebhunga lesixeko elikwimbambano yengingqi yengingqi, okanye usuka nje uphose igosa elinolwazi ngomhla wonyulo, ukuba uthathe inxaxheba kuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ophila ngayo ngokubonisa imilinganiselo neemfuno zabantu abalawulayo. Le nkqubo isebenza kakuhle xa abemi bengabathathi-nxaxheba, hayi ababukeli abangenzi nto.