Indima yerhuluneli yephondo yenye yezikhundla ezibonakalayo nezineziphumo eziphambili kurhulumente waseMerika. Ngelixesha abemi abaninzi benokuthiya irhuluneli yabo amagama, bambalwa abanokuqonda ngokupheleleyo ububanzi begunya eliza ngesikhundla. Amandla erhuluneli awaphelelanga; ichazwa yimithetho-siseko karhulumente, imimiselo esemthethweni, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso. Le nkqubo yandisiweyo ikhokela iphazamisa imvelaphi, iimbopheleleko, iintsilelo, kunye nezicelo zehlabathi ezizokwenene zamandla e-gabernerator, inika ukuqonda okucacileyo ngendlela ezizi zisebenza ngayo ezibugqwenga borhulumente, imigaqo esemthethweni, ilawula imigaqo esesikweni, kunye nempembelelo yobomi bemihla ngemihla kwizigidi zabantu.

Ukuqonda Ubukhulu Begunya Elilawulayo

Irhuluneli ikhonza njengegosa eliyintloko eliphetheyo lelizwe labo, igosa eliyintloko kuMongameli waseUnited States kodwa kumgangatho wesizwe. Le ndawo ingumxube womGaqo-siseko, i-statory, kunye namandla angacwangciswanga. Irhuluneli inomthwalo wokumisa imithetho karhulumente, ukulawula uqingqo-mali, ukumisela amagosa angundoqo, nokusebenza njengentloko yesithethe sorhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo nomphathi-rhulumente, irhuluneli isoloko inentsebenziswano oluthe ngqo kunye neemfuno zayo zasekuhlaleni kwaye iyakwazi ukusabela ngakumbi kwiimfuno zikarhulumente.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Yokulawula

Isikhundla serhuluneli sinemvelaphi enzulu eMelika yamathanga. Abalawuli bokuqala bekoloni babedla ngokumiselwa nguMlawuli waseBritane yaye babenegunya eliphangaleleyo, kuquka igunya lokuhlanganisa nokunyibilikisa izindlu zowiso-mthetho. Emva kweNguqu yaseMerika, amagunya amatsha azimeleyo afuna ukumisela amandla olawulo oluphezulu, ukuqaqaqadeka ukusungula kwakhona ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo. Imithetho-siseko yokuqala yadala iidemon ebuthathaka ngemiqatha kunye nolawulo olufutshane lwemithetho-mthetho. Ngeenkulungwane ye-19 kunye neye-20, noko ke, irhuluneli yaguquka yaba lizikhuthane lesikhundla esiqhutywa ngokunempumelelo kwelizwe layo. Namhlanje abalawuli basemagunyeni alawula uqingqoomashishini, abaqeshineempuluke abaqeshi, abalawula amawaka eencwadi, nabasebenzi, nabahleli kwimidabawabo abalawula amawaka.

Imithombo yamandla esemthethweni neyomGaqo-siseko

Umthombo oyintloko wamandla erhuluneli ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ngapha koko, umgaqo-siseko ngamnye kumazwe angama-50 unomgaqo-siseko wawo ochaza isakhiwo sikarhulumente kwaye uchaza isebe eliphetheyo. La maxwebhu anika irhuluneli igunya lokunyanzela imithetho, amisele amagosa, amisele nemiyalelo yeSizwe. Ngaphezu koko, imimiselo karhulumente edluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho ichaza kwaye inike amagunya. Umzekelo, umthetho karhulumente unokunika irhuluneli igunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yomphathi-ofisi ngexesha longxamiseko okanye ukuphinda ilungelelanise amaziko karhulumente. [[FLT: 0] iNgqungquthela yesizwe kaRhulumente kaRhulumente yeRhulumente yeR.[FLT] ibonelela izibonelelo ezibanzi kwindlela la mandla asebenza ngayo kwaye asetyenziswa ngayo.

Indima yomGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente usoloko uchaza kwaye ulungiswa rhoqo kunoMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Zidwelisa ngokucacileyo amagunya erhuluneli kwaye zibeka imiqathango ecacileyo. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi ufuna ukuba irhuluneli inike iRhulumente yeGaqo-siseko, ilungiselele uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo, ize inikezele kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Amanye amazwe, njengoTexandumasi yawo elinganiselweyo, ngelinye ixesha, ngelixesha ezinye, njengeNew York, anika igunya elikhulu, kuquka ukumisela iintloko ezininzi zamaqela ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso somthetho.

Imithombo Yempembelelo Engacwangciswanga

Ngaphandle kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko nemithetho, abalawuli bafumana amandla aphawulekayo kwimithombo engacwangciswanga. Ukujongwa kwerhuluneli yezobupolitika, ukuthandwa ngumntu siqu, ukubonelela ngobuchule, nobukho bobuzwe bonke bunegalelo kwimpembelelo yabo. Irhuluneli efumana igunya elinamandla elinguwonke wonke ingasebenzisa iqonga labo lokungqwabalaza ukukhuthaza inkxaso kawonke wonke yamanyathelo, abalawuli bemithetho, kunye noluvo lukawonke wonke. Ubuchule bokwenza imicimbi yezomthetho, ulwalamano neenkokeli zemithetho, kunye nekhono lokwakha imibutho elingurhulumente, zibaluleke kakhulu kanye njengegunya eliqhelekileyo.

Amagunya namagunya alawulayo

Igunya elilawulayo lerhuluneli likhulu kwaye liquka ulawulo lwamasebe karhulumente, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nolawulo loqingqo-mali. Njengoko umphathi oyintloko, irhuluneli iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Oku kubandakanya ukuvelela amasebe akwimfundo nezothutho ukuya kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nemekobume. Irhuluneli imisela iintloko zezi zinhlangano, imisela iinkqubo eziphambili, kwaye iyakwazi ukususa abo bamiselwe kwiimeko ezininzi.

Igunya lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla irhuluneli enazo kukulawula uqingqo-mali lwezwe. Phantse kufutshane kwiphondo ngalinye, irhuluneli kufuneka icebise uqingqo-mali kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Esi sicelo simisela imigangatho yemali kwiinkqubo zonke zikarhulumente kwaye sibonise inkqubo ephambili yerhuluneli. Ngelixesha indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaluguqula uqingqo-mali, abalawuli bangasebenzisa into yabo igunya (elikhoyo kumazwe amaninzi) ukubetha izinto ezithile ngaphandle kokulahla uqingqo-mali. Oku kunika abalawuli abaxhasi bemali abaphezulu ekuxazululeni uhlahlolo.

Amandla Edinga

IRhuluneli imisela amawaka amagosa, kuquka iingcebiso zekhabhathi, ibhodi kunye namalungu omsebenzi, abagwebi (kwimimandla ethile), nezinye iindawo ezingundoqo. Le nkqubo yobume borhulumente kangangeminyaka emininzi, emva kokuba irhuluneli ishiyile iofisi. Umlinganiselo wamandla okumisa uyahluka: kwamanye amazwe, irhuluneli imisela ngecebiso nangemvume ye-senate; kwezinye, ukumiswa kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwigunya lerhuluneli. Eli gunya livumela irhuluneli ukuba ilungelelanise amaziko karhulumente nezopolitiko kunye nentanda-bulumko.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Namandla Angxamisekileyo

Irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko-ntloko yoMgaqo-mkhosi wesizwe wesizwe, ngaphandle kokuba uGunya lugunyazisiwe. Oku kunika irhuluneli amandla okuthumela amajoni ngenxa yeentlekele zemvelo, isiphithiphithi samakhaya, okanye ezinye izinto ezingxamisekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, umgaqo-siseko wephondo unika irhuluneli ulawulo olubanzi lwamandla ongxamisekileyo ukuvakalisa urhulumente, onokuthi ongeze okomzuzwana agunyaze igunya lolawulo lolawulo lweququzelo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lobhubhani lwe-COVID-19, abalawuli kulo lonke ilizwe bakhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala kwikhaya, imfuno yesigqubuthelo esifake, kwaye ilathise ukubiswa koncedo lwezamayeza. iGenegarvers A.

Amandla Omthetho: IiVetoes, Iintlanganiso Ezikhethekileyo, NoRhulumente

Abalawuli babandakanyeke ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngeli xesha bengenako ukuvelisa amatyala ngqo (ngaphandle kumaphondo ambalwa), bangaphembelela umthetho ngamandla abo, ukukwazi ukubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo, kunye noRhulumente wezidleke zikaRhulumente omisela ucwangciso lwemithetho.

Umbane weVeto

Irhuluneli nganye inegunya lokunika umthetho weveto odluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oluninzi uhlobo oluqhelekileyo yiveto eqhelekileyo, elwaphula umthetho wonke. Noko ke, amaphondo amaninzi ayayinika irhuluneli i-barbar-temveto (okanye into iveto) ukwenzela ityala lokukhupha iziphumo zemvume, ezivumela ukuba zicime izinto ezithile ezizodwa ngexesha zisayina eziseleyo kumthetho. La mazwe ambalwa anika abalawuli abalawuli i-antentelliation, ewavumela ukuba acebise iinguqu kwisivumelwano kwaye ayithumele kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ukuze avume. Ukukhupha ityala eliqhelekileyo kufuna uninzi lwamagumbi amabini alishumi anesihlanu kumagumbi omsebenzi, enza nzima.

Name

Irhuluneli zingayihlanganisa indlu yowiso-mthetho kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo ukucombulula iingxaki ezithile, ezifana nengxaki yoqingqo-mali okanye intlekele yendalo. Ngethuba lentlanganiso ekhethekileyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaqwalasela kuphela imixholo etyunjwe yirhuluneli. Oku kuvumela irhuluneli ukuba inyanzele inyathelo kwizinto eziphambili kwaye ilawule ikhalenda yewiso-mthetho. Amanye amaphondo akwavumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba izibizele kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo, kodwa kuphela ngevoti ebalaseleyo.

Idilesi ye-Web

Ngokufana neSizwe soMongameli weSizwe se-Union, irhuluneli idlulisela umyalezo weSizwe seSizwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ichaza izinto eziphunyezweyo, imingeni, kunye nezindululo zemigaqo-nkqubo zonyaka ozayo. Le ntetho ayingomsitho nje wesithethe; isebenza njengeqonga likarhulumente ukuba irhuluneli imisele imimiselo yemithetho kunye nokuxhasa uwonke wonke.

Amagunya Okugweba: AmaPardon, Amagunya, Nokubuyiselwa

Kumaphondo amaninzi, irhuluneli inamandla okunika imvume, kuquka ukuxolela, ukugqithisa isigwebo, kunye nokuphinda ifumaneke. Eli gunya lilawulayo lisebenza njengovavanyo kwinkqubo yokugweba. Ukuxolela kuxolelwa ngokupheleleyo kuxolelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye kubuyisela amalungelo abantu, ngoxa i-commotic inciphisa isigwebo ngaphandle kokuxolela ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kungalibaziselisa okomzuzwana ukuphunyezwa kwesigwebo. Amanye amatyala, njengo-Alabama neFlorida, aneebhodi ezincomelayo, kodwa irhuluneli igcina igunya lokugqibela. Kumaphondo ambalwa, izigqibo, ifuna ukuvunywa kwebhodi. Ukusetyenziswa kwala mandla kungaphikiswa, ngokukodwa kwiimeko eziphezulu ezibandakanya ukufa.

Ukusikelwa Imilinganiselo Nokuxilongwa Kwamandla Okugalela

Amandla erhuluneli, nangona ebanzi, akathintelwanga. umgaqo-siseko wesizwe nemithetho yesizwe ibeka imiqathango emininzi, yaye amanye amasebe karhulumente anika imilinganiselo echaseneyo. Ezi zihlolo zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwahlukana kwamandla nokuthintela ukuqhatha kwegunya.

IiNkqutyana zoMgaqo-siseko

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ingayiphelisa irhuluneli ngokuvota okuphezulu. Imithetho ikwalawula uqingqo-mali kwaye isenokungavumi ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa kwerhuluneli. Kwamanye amazwe, indlu yowiso-mthetho iyakwazi ukutyumba nokususa irhuluneli ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. Ngaphezu koko, iintsebenzi-mthetho ziyakwazi ukumisela imithetho emisela igunya lerhuluneli okanye elungelelanisa amaziko aphetheyo ngendlela engaxhaswa yirhuluneli.

IiNkcukacha zoMgwebo

Iinkundla zingawisa imiyalelo okanye izenzo ezingaphezulu kwegunya lerhuluneli. Ukuba irhuluneli ithatha inyathelo elingaphandle komthetho okanye iphula amalungelo abantu, abemi okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho ingamangalelwa. Iinkundla zephondo nezorhulumente zisoloko zingenelela ukuthintela imiyalelo yerhuluneli, ingakumbi ngexesha longxamiseko, xa igunya elilawulayo liphikiswa.

Imida karhulumente kaManyano

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nomthetho wesizwe umisela imiqathango kubalawuli besizwe. Umzekelo, iSupremacy Claus ithetha ukuba imithetho karhulumente ayinakungqubana nomthetho karhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe unokukwala ukuxhasa ngemali ukuthobela imigangatho karhulumente. UMongameli angawulawula urhulumente, awususe umyalelo weRhulumente. Kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-siseko ofana nokufuduka nomgaqo wemekobume, imimiselo yorhulumente ekhutshelwe phantsi kwesenzo sombuso.

Iimbono Zezobupolitika Nezasekuhlaleni Ziyaphendulwa

IiRhuluneli zinyulwa ngabantu kwaye zijongene nonyulo oluthe rhoqo. Izigqibo ezingathandwayo zingakhokelela ekoyiseni kunyulo okanye zikhumbule unyulo kwamanye amazwe. Amajelo eendaba kunye namaqela anomdla asoloko ehlolisisa izenzo zerhuluneli, edala ityala. Imida yemithetho kumaphondo amaninzi ikwathintela nawuphi na umntu ongatshatanga ekubambeni isikhundla ngokungenasiphelo, eqinisekisa ukujika neembono ezintsha.

Imizekelo Yamandla Erhuluneli

Ukuqonda amandla engcinga kubalulekile, kodwa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibonisa indlela abalawuli abasebenzisa ngayo igunya. Nazi iziganeko ezimbalwa eziphawulekayo:

  • [[NTLA:0] Ukukhupha amatyala: Ngo-2023, iGunya laseKhalifoniya uGavin Newsom wakhupha amatyala amaninzi aphezulu-profile kwimixholo esuka kumalungelo omsebenzi ukuya kumgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlala, ukubumba iziphumo zomthetho kwindlu yolawulo-melo.
  • Ikhupha iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo: Ngo-2021, iGunya leTexas uGreg Abbott libiza iintlanganiso ezininzi ezikhethekileyo ukugqithisa imithetho yokuvota engqongqo kunye neemaphu eziqulunqayo, inyanzelisa indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba iqwalasele kwezo miba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amagosa abeka amagosa: IRhuluneli yaseNew York uKathy Hokul wamisa ijaji entsha eyintloko kunye neentloko ezininzi zombutho worhulumente emva kokunyukela kwakhe eofisini, enika uphawu lokutshintsha kwindlela yenkqubo.
  • Intethelelo ezigqithisiweyo: IRhuluneli yaseFlorida uRon Desantis wazenzela intloko-ndaba yokukhupha ukuxolelwa kwabantu abagwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile njengenxalenye yezaphuli-mthetho zolungiso.
  • iingozi ezingxamisekileyo: Ngexesha lenkanyamba iIan ngo2022, IRhuluneli yaseFlorida uRon Desantis wavakalisa imeko yongxamiseko, wavuselela uKhuselo lweSizwe, kwaye walungelelanisa impendulo yentlekele ngamanye amasebe amaninzi.

Isifundo setyala: Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ne-COVID-19 Pandemic

Le ngxaki yabonisa ububanzi kunye nemida yamandla ongxamiseko. AmaGavera akwimimandla enjenge New York, California, Michigan, neOhio yakhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu eyavala amashishini, isigqubuthelo esigunyazisiweyo, kunye neembutho ezisikelwe umda. Le miyalelo yayidla ngokucelw'ucelwa enkundleni, ikhokelela ekulawuleni okubuyiselwa kwezinye iirhuluneli ngoxa iqinisekisa igunya labanye. Umzekelo, iNkundlalo ePhakamileyo yeWisconsian yabetha iRhuluneli uTony Evers’s ahlala eqeshweni, ilawula ukuba ugqithise amagunya akhe ongxamiseko. Eli tyala libalase indlela ekwabalula ngayo ngexesha lengxaki, amandla erhuluneli aphantsi kwezomthetho kunye namalungiselelo angqalileyo omthetho.

Imeko- Ngesimo soguqu-guquko kumandla egubernatorial

Akukho magunya amabini anika irhuluneli amagunya afanayo. Amanye amarhuluneli aphakathi kwawona anamandla kweli lizwe, ngelinye ixesha amanye asebenza ngemiqathango ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, irhuluneli yaseNew York inamagunya okumisa anamandla, i-veto, kunye negunya elikhulu longxamiseko. Ngokwahlukileyo, irhuluneli yaseTexas inamagunya okumisela (amagosa amaninzi anyuliweyo ngokuzimeleyo), akukho mgca-isiseko sexesha esisithintelayo. Irhuluneli yaseNorth Carolina ayinawo amandla okulawula umthetho odluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, iwenza abe ngomnye wamagosa abuthathaka kakhulu ngokwezolawulo lomthetho. Oku kungabonisi umahluko okuvela kwemeko yezopolitikitiki nenkqubela yembali.

Iminqweno Yanamhlanje Nekamva Lamandla Ezinto Ezingalawulekiyo

Zininzi izimvo ezilolongelwayo ezilawulayo kwinkulungwane yama-21. Eyokuqala, ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yabalawuli kunyuke ngokuphawulekayo, ingakumbi kwiindawo apho izikhululo zibotshelelwe khona. Iirhuluneli zisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo isenzo esingesososathu ukuphendula imozulu, ukufuduka, nempilo yoluntu. Okwesibini, indima ekhulayo karhulumente karhulumente ibangele ingxabano namazwe, ikhokelela ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo nokwenziwa kwemithetho karhulumente kunye nokucelw'ingenise imigaqo-mthetho karhulumente enkundleni. Okwesithathu, imida yemithetho eqhubeka ilungisa umhlaba; malunga namazwe angama-3 amisela imida elawulayo, enokunciphisa ukunyuka kwamandla equlu neendlela ezintsha. Ekugqibeleni, ukunyuka koondaba yezentlalo-ndaba yama-ntle kunye namahora angama-24 kunyusa indima ye-ofisi ye-ofisi yezondaba, ivumela ukuba abemi-makhwekhwekhwekhwela ukuba badlulisele i-ndaba bathethe, bathethe nabemi bemi boluntu.

Isiphelo

Amandla erhuluneli angundoqo kwaye ayimfuneko kwilungu lolawulo lwaseMerika. Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko wesizwe osekelwe kwimithetho-siseko yorhulumente kwaye omiswe ziinkulungwane zokuqheliswa, kubandakanya ulawulo, uwiso-mthetho, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba. Ngoxa iphantsi kokuhlola okunentsingiselo kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, iinkundla, kunye noluntu, iofisi ihlala iyindawo ephambili yamandla ezobupolitika kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo. Ukuqonda umlinganiselo kunye nemida yegunya lesazulu kungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela asebenza ngayo amaphondo, kwaye nendlela abanokuziqhelanisa ngayo nokuhlangabezana nocelomngeni lwexesha elizayo. Nokuba ngombhalo wesigqeqesi, okanye ngesikhululo, isikhululo-Propul, iza kuqhubeka ukubumba ubomi babemi babo ngendlela enzulu.