Table of Contents

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, abalawuli belizwe baye benza indima ebalulekileyo nenzima ekulungiseni ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente kunye nabantu bomthonyama. Iinkqubo zabo, imiyalelo yegunya, kunye nendlela yokulawula iye yawachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo, amazwe, izithethe, nolongamo lwabantu bamaIndiya kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano luchaphazelayo kubalulekile ukuqaphela okungekho sikweni okungokwembali kunye nemigudu yanamhlanje yokuxolelana nomanyano olunentsingiselo.

Isiseko Solongamo Lwezizwe Nolwalamano Lorhulumente

Phambi kokuhlolisisa indima yeerhuluneli zikarhulumente, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubume obukhethekileyo bomthetho kunye nobezobupolitika bezizwe ezihlala kwamanye amazwe. Iintlanga zesizwe zinolwalamano olunorhulumente karhulumente wesizwe, zinolwalamano olufanayo nolo lubalulekileyo nolo lwabelana ngezizwe ehlabathini lonke. Olu lwalamano lusekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngokwawo, ogqala iintlanga njengoorhulumente besizwe abanegunya eliphezulu lokuzilawula ngokwazo.

Okwangoku, amazwe akwizizwe eziphakamileyo ezingama-553 (ezibizwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo njengezizwe, iintlanga, amaqela, amapublos, uluntu, kunye needolophana zamaIndiya) anolwalamano olusesikweni lwesizwe ukuya kuhlanga olunye norhulumente wase-US, kunye nama-229 ezi zizwe ezihlala eAlaska kunye nezizwe eziseleyo ezikweminye iminye imimandla engama-35. Isiseko somgaqo-siseko solu lwalamano sisuka kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8, elinika iBhunga igunya lokulawula urhwebo nezizwe zamaIndiya, limisela isiseko solwalamano lwezizwe zezizwe ezizimele.

Ingcamango yokuba izizwe zinelungelo elizuzwe njengelingokwemvelo lokuzilawula isekelwe kwisiseko sazo somGaqo-siseko – igunya aligunyaziswa zizenzo zombutho, nangona iBhunga linokusikela umda ulawulo lwesizwe. Ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano okanye umthetho karhulumente ususa igunya, noko ke, isizwe sicingelwa ukuba siyalifumana. Lo mgaqo wolawulo lwemfuza umisela ukusekwa kwe-United States ngokwayo kwaye uhlala ubalulekile ekuqondeni ulwalamano lwesizwe namhlanje.

Imbopheleleko yokuthemba kunye nolwalamano lomanyano

Ngokungafaniyo nolwalamano lwe-United States namanye amazwe, i-United States inembopheleleko "yokuphathisa ityala" kwiintlanga zesizwe. Ngothotho oluntsonkothileyo lolwalamano olungokwembali kunye neziganeko kunye nezizwe, ingakumbi ukwenza isivumelwano, iUnited States iye yazibophelela ngale mbopheleleko yokuthembana. Ngezivumelwano, izizwe zamazwe zihlawulelwe ukuthembana kumazwe nakubuncwane bazo.

Le mbopheleleko yokuthemba idala amandla akhethekileyo apho urhulumente wesizwe unembopheleleko yokukhusela amazwe esizwe, oovimba, namalungelo orhulumente. UMongameli Nixon wavakalisa inkqubo yesizwe yokuzigqibelela kwezizwe zamaIndiya ngo 1970, kwaye kutshanje, uLawulo oluPhezulu 13175, olunomxholo othi Ukuncitshiswa nokuLawulwa noMasipala e-Indiya, lwakhutshwa ngo- 2000, le migaqo-siseko imisela umgaqo apho abalawuli besizwe kufuneka basebenze khona xa besebenzisana nezizwe ngezizwe.

Indawo Entsonkothileyo Yoorhulumente Bakarhulumente

Ngoxa amazwe esizwe enolwalamano oluthe ngqo norhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wesizwe, ulwalamano lwawo noorhulumente bakarhulumente lunzima kakhulu. Amazwe, abeke imida yawo kwimida yama-Indiya, ayaluqonda olu lawulo kodwa ayathandabuza ukuqhubana nokhokelo lwesizwe kulwalamano lukarhulumente norhulumente. Oku kuthandabuza kunemvelaphi engokwembali kwaye kuyaqhubeka kudala imingeni kulwalamano lwamazwe akhoyo.

Igunya lesizwe kumhlaba wamaIndiya lilawulwa yizinto eziphilayo yaye alinikwanga yimimandla apho amazwe amaIndiya akhoyo. Lo mgaqo wolawulo lwemimandla uthetha ukuba abalawuli belizwe abanalo igunya elingokwemvelo kumazwe esizwe okanye oorhulumente besizwe. Noko ke, oorhulumente belizwe noorhulumente besizwe banento eninzi abafana ngayo, kwaye baseka uqheliselo oluhle kulwalamano lweTribal-mon luphumela ekubeni kubekho intsebenziswano engakumbi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kunasekungquzulwaneni.

Imbali yemeko yeRhuluneli-wesizwe

Imbali yokuganana kwabalawuli belizwe nelizwe layo iphawulwa ngamaxesha okushenxiswa, ukunyanzelwa, kunye nemigudu ecwangcisiweyo yokuthoba ulawulo lwesizwe. Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile ekuguquleni imigudu yexesha lokuxolelwanisa kunye nomanyano.

Ixesha Lokushenxiswa Nokushenxiswa Kwendawo

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, abalawuli abaninzi belizwe baxhasa okanye basebenzisa inkqubo eyakhokelela ekususweni nasekushenxisweni kwabantu belizwe labo kumazwe oomadama babo. UMthetho we-Indiya iRemoval wango1830 wawumele ixesha elichithweyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-Indiya yorhulumente, kodwa abalawuli beli lizwe badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzalisekiseni kwayo nasekukhuthazeni ukususwa kwabantu boMthonyama kumasimi abo.

Iinkokeli zikarhulumente ngexesha eliqhelekileyo zazibeka phambili ulwando lwemimandla, ukukhutshwa koovimba, kunye nokuhlaliswa kwabemi abangengobemi bobuGcisa phezu kwamalungelo kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu. IiRhuluneli zazisoloko zinyanzela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba athethe ngezivumelwano ezaziza kuvula amazwe amaIndiya ukuba ahlaliswe, kwaye ezinye zaba nenxaxheba kumkhosi nxamnye namazwe amaIndiyan athintelayo ukususwa.

Iziphumo zale nkqubo zatshabalalisa. Amazwe onke afuduswa ngenkani kumazwe awo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuphulukana nobomi, ukuphazamisana kwezithethe, kunye nokuqhawulwa koqhagamshelwano olungcwele kwimimandla yookhokho. Umzila weenyembezi kunye nokususwa okunyanzelekileyo okufana nokunyanzelekileyo zibonakala njengezikhumbuzo ezicacileyo zesi sahluko simnyama kwimbali yaseMerika, apho urhulumente namagosa karhulumente basebenzisana ukugxotha abantu bamazwe abo.

Inkcitho yoNyaka kunye noNkcubeko

Emva kwexesha lokususwa, abalawuli belizwe baqhubeka bedlala iindima kwimigaqo ejolise ekunyanzelweni kobuIndiya. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye - 19 nasekuqaleni kweye - 20, iinkokeli ezininzi zikarhulumente zaxhasa okanye zaqalisa iinkqubo ezicetywe ukuphelisa izithethe, iilwimi, neendlela zobomi zesithethe.

Oorhulumente badla ngokusebenzisana namagunya karhulumente ekumiseni nasekulondolozeni izikolo apho abantwana bamaIndiya babehlaliswe ngokweemfuno neentsapho zabo kunye noluntu. La maziko, esebenza phantsi kwentanda-bulumko "yokubulala amaIndiya, sindisa le ndoda," afuna ukususa abantwana belizwe labo benkcubeko, iilwimi, kunye nonxulumano nelifa labo. Abalawuli bephondo babenqabile ukungenelela ukukhusela abantwana bamaIndiya kwiinkqubo zokuxhaphaza, kwaye abanye baluxhasa ngokukhuthele ulwando lwabo.

Ngeli xesha, amazwe amaninzi amisela imithetho ethintela izithethe zonqulo, izithethe, kunye neenkcubeko zenkcubeko. Amagosa aseburhulumenteni, ngenkxaso okanye ngokusilela kweerhuluneli, anyanzelisa imigaqo-nkqubo eyathi yayenza izithethe zobuGcisa zobuGcisa zobuGcisa zamazwe oMbindini zaza zazama ukunyanzela abantu boMda ukuba bamkele izithethe ze-Yuro-Melika.

Ixesha lokuphelisa

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 yazisa elinye ixesha elilucelomngeni lolwalamano lwesizwe. Ngeminyaka yee-1950 kunye nee-1960, urhulumente wesizwe walandela inkqubo "yokuphelisa," efuna ukuphelisa ukugqalwa korhulumente wezizwe ngezizwe ezininzi nokudlulisela igunya phezu koorhulumente bamaNdiya. Lo mthetho ujolise ekungeniseni amaIndiya kwibutho eliqhelekileyo lamaMerika ngokususa oorhulumente besizwe nokuphelisa iimbopheleleko zokuthembana kukarhulumente.

Iimpendulo zabalawuli belizwe ekuphelisweni zahluka-hlukeneyo. Bambi bamkela ithuba lokwandisa ulawulo lwesizwe kumazwe nakumazwe abantu, belujonga njengendlela yokufumana ulawulo kubuncwane obuxabisekileyo nokuphelisa oko bakugqala njengeentlangano zikarhulumente ezahlukeneyo kumazwe abo. Abanye baqonda ukuba ukupheliswa kwempembelelo etshabalalisayo kwakuza kuba nempembelelo kuluntu lwamaIndiya kwaye bachase le nkqubo.

Ukupheliswa kwexesha lokungaqatshelwa kwezizwe ezininzi, ukutshatyalaliswa koorhulumente bezizwe, nokufuduswa kwezigidi zeehektare zomhlaba wesizwe ngenxa yokungathenjwa. Iziphumo zale miphumo ziquka ubuhlwempu obuphezulu, ukuphulukana nolawulo lwamagunya karhulumente, nokuwohloka kolawulo lwesizwe. Kwakuya kuthatha amashumi eminyaka ukuba amaIndiya namahlakani awo aphelise imigaqo emininzi yale migaqo-siseko aze avuselele ukuqashelwa kwezizwe eziqeshiweyo.

IGawulayo-iNdlela yokuHlanganisa: Umhlaba otshintshileyo

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kuye kwabakho inguquko enkulu kwindlela abalawuli bamazwe abalufikelela ngayo ulwalamano lwabo noluntu lwalapho. Ngoxa iingxaki neengxabano ziqhubeka, inani elandayo leerhuluneli liye lakuqonda ukubaluleka kokuhlonela ulawulo lwesizwe nokubandakanya urhulumente norhulumente obalulekileyo.

Ukukhula Kwezithethe Zesizwe

Enye yezona nkqubela zibalulekileyo kulwalamano lwezi zizwe kwirhuluneli zale mihla kukusekwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni yokubonisana kwesizwe. Imithetho esisithoba (i-Arizona, iLouisiana, iMontana, iNew Mexico, iOklahoma, i-Utah, i-Utah, iWashington, kunye neWyoming) yayila indawo yokunxibelelana ebekelwe inxaxheba kwimimandla yelizwe elithile.

Le nkqubo yokubonana iyavuma ukuba amazwe esizwe anezimvo, ulwazi, kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo ezimele ziqwalaselwe xa oorhulumente belizwe bevelisa iinkqubo, imimiselo, okanye iinkqubo ezinokubachaphazela. Kuphela ngamagunya amathathu achaza ukuxilonga kwesizwe. Phezu kwayo nje ukungabi nankcazelo, imimandla eli-15 yanika ukhokelo oluthile kwiinkqubo zokubandakanya abantu belizwe elithile ekudibaneni nabo.

Ukusekwa kweemfuno zokujongana ne-ofisi kumela inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuqondeni ulawulo lwesizwe nokuqinisekisa ukuba amalizwi amaIndiya avalwa kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo zikarhulumente. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kwale nkqubo kuyahluka-hluka kuxhomekeka kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kwaye nokuba amaziko karhulumente afaka igalelo lokwenyaniso kwisigqibo sawo.

Izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu zakutshanje: Umzekelo weWashington

Izenzo zakutshanje zerhuluneli zikarhulumente zibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho ulwaneliseko kunye nomsebenzi oqhubekayo ofunekayo ukwakha ubudlelane obulinganayo ngokwenene. iWashington Gov. Bob Ferguson wasayina umyalelo olawulayo wesithathu ukuqinisa indlela urhulumente ajongana ngayo nemisebenzi nezizwe zamaMelika amaNdiya eWashington. Ngo-Oktobha 2025 umisela umzekelo wexesha elililo wendlela abalawuli abanokuthabatha ngayo amanyathelo acacileyo ukuphucula ulwalamano lwesizwe.

Umyalelo ufuna ukulungiselela iinkqubo ezintsha zokucebisana nesizwe kwaye ufuna uqeqesho olwandisiweyo kubasebenzi borhulumente kulawulo nezinye imibandela ezinxulumene nokuqonda uhlobo olukhethekileyo lonxulumano phakathi kwephondo noorhulumente besizwe. Ngaphezu koko, i-Ofisi yeRhuluneli ye-Indiya Affairs iza kufumana isihlalo esisisigxina kwikhabha-bhusayithi ephetheyo ye-Ferguson, igunya eliphezulu kunye negunya elandisiweyo lokuphumeza imiyalelo yomthetho.

Umyalelo olawulayo wakhela kwisiseko esikhoyo solwalamano lwesizwe sesizwe eWashington. Isivumelwano se-Centennial Limental Accounting, isivumelwano sonyaka ka-1989 esasayinwa nguRhuluneli weWashington Booth Gardner kunye neenkokeli zezizwe ezamkelwe ngurhulumente, sisakhiwo solwalamano phakathi kwesizwe noorhulumente. Abameli bahlanganisana nyaka ngamnye ukuze baqwalasele indlela olu lwalamano oluqulunqwe ngayo.

Lo myalelo ukwaxhasa ukuma kwembali iRhuluneli eyayifudula ithathe njengoNjengele-mkhosi wama-Attorney ngowama-2019, ngokuchaza uphando lwesizwe ngomgaqo wenkululeko, wezokuqala, noweSivumelwano. Lo mgaqo, oqwalaselwa zwenibanzi njengomgangatho wokuganana kwelizwe, umela imbopheleleko ebalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iintlanga zinegalelo olunentsingiselo kwaye zinegunya lokwenza izigqibo kwimicimbi ezichaphazela zona.

Indlela Yokufikelela Kwizinxulumanisi Zesizwe EKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya inikela omnye umzekelo wolwalamano olujikelezayo lwerhuluneli-zizwe. Ngo-2011, ngo-Governor Edmund G. Brown, Jr. wakhupha uLungelele loMlawuli B-10-11, olufuna lonke uRhulumente wamasebe aseKhalifoniya ukukhuthaza unxibelelwano nonxulumano nezizwe zaseKhalifoniya. Emva koko, ngoMatshi 28, 2016, i-Agency yoRhulumente yaseKhalifoniya yamkela i-Tribal Concation Policy.

NgoJuni 18, 2019, iRhuluneli yama-Newstom yakhupha uLungelelwano lweSigqeba uN-15-19, olwaqinisekisa lwaquka imigaqo eyacaciswa kuLungelelwano olunoLawulo oluPhezulu B-10-11 kwaye lwayamkela kwaye lwacela uxolo ngenxa kaRhulumente ngenxa yembali "ugonyamelo, ukuxhatshazwa, ukugxothwa nokutshatyalaliswa kwezizwe zalapho" ezathi zasusa amaMelika amaIndiya aseCalifornia kumazwe awo kunye nezenzo ezingcwele.

Oku kucela uxolo kumele ukuvunywa okubalulekileyo kwezono zembali kwaye kubonisa ukukulungela ukujamelana nendima karhulumente kwingcinezelo yabantu belizwe. IRhuluneli u-Newpom yacela uxolo ngenxa yeRhulumente ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwesizwe, ukushenxiswa nokuxhatshazwa kwembali yabantu bamaIndiya aseKhalifoniya. ULawulo lwakhumbula ukuxolelwa ngoMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe N-15-19, ovuma indima kaRhulumente kumkhosi, ukusetyenziswa kwemilo yesizwe, ukugxothwa nokuzama ukutshatyalaliswa kwezizwe.

NgoSeptemba 25, 2020, iRhuluneli i-Massadom yakhupha iNgxelo yoMgaqo-nkqubo woLawulo kwiNative American Ancestral Lands, eyakhuthaza wonke umbutho wephondo, isebe, ibhodi, kunye nogunyaziso lokufuna amathuba okuxhasa ukulawulwa nokufikelelwa kwezizwe zaseKhalifoniya kumazwe endalo akwilizwe lookhokhokho beKhalifoniya, phantsi kolawulo okanye ulawulo lweLizwe laseKhalifoniya, nokusebenza kunye nezizwe zaseKhalifoniya ezinomdla ekufumaneni amazwe emvelo kwiimfuno ezininzi zikaRhulumente. Lo mthetho umela inyathelo elicacileyo lokuthetha ukugxothwa nokuxabisa izilangazelelo zesizwe kwimimandla yookhokhokho.

Iindawo ezingundoqo zoXweso lweRhuluneli- Olungaqondakaliyo

Ukuqonda le mimandla yokuganana kunceda ukuchaza ububanzi bolwalamano lwesizwe nesizwe kunye namathuba okusebenzisana ngokunentsingiselo.

Uphuhliso Lwezoqoqosho Nezoqoqosho Neenkcubeko Zezizwe

Inkqubela yezoqoqosho imela enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zokudityaniswa kwemibutho. Abalawuli abaninzi baye baqonda ukuba ukuxhasa inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho yesizwe akuncedisi nje kuphela abantu boMda weKanti kodwa kwanemimandla engqonge imimandla kunye norhulumente uphela.

Ukwabelana ngezizwe kuye kwaba ngummandla obalulekileyo wokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho kunye nolwalamano lwesizwe. Emva kokudlula koMthetho we-Indiya Gaming Regugation ngowe-1988, izizwe ezininzi ziye zamisela imisebenzi yokugembula evelisa ingeniso kurhulumente wesizwe kwaye zivelisa amathuba emisebenzi kubemi besizwe nabemi abangengobemi besizwe. Abalawuli belizwe badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuququzelweni kokhuphiswano lwesizwe, olumisela amagunya phantsi kwawo anokuthi izizwe zisebenzise amagumbi okungcakaza.

Le ngxoxo idibeneyo inokuba nengxabano, njengoko ibandakanya ukulungelelanisa ulawulo lwesizwe nezilangazelelo zezoqoqosho kunye nenkxalabo zolawulo nenkcitho yengeniso. Bambi abalawuli baye bathetha ngezi ngxoxo njengamathuba okwakha ubudlelane nokuxhasa ukuzanelisa ngokwesizwe, ngoxa abanye befuna ukwandisa ingeniso karhulumente okanye ukumisela imiqathango ejongwa njengechaphaza ulongamo lwabo.

Ngaphandle kokungcakaza, abalawuli banokuxhasa inkqubela yezoqoqosho yesizwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukukhuthaza amashishini esizwe, ukukhuthaza ukufikelela kwikomkhulu kunye noncedo lobugcisa, ukuxhasa amanyathelo okuthatha iindwendwe, nokuqinisekisa ukuba loo nkqubo ingurhulumente inika amathuba amashishini esizwe. Ilungu elinoorhulumente besizwe ukuxhasa inkqubela yezoqoqosho eKhalifoniya imela ukuzinikela korhulumente omnye kulo mmandla wokuganana.

Imfundo noLondolozo lweNkcubeko

Imfundo yenye indawo enzima apho abalawuli belizwe banokuchaphazela khona ngokuphawulekayo uluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo zemfundo karhulumente, izigqibo zemali, nokuxhasa imfundo ethandwayo ngokwenkcubeko zonke zixhomekeke kwiijaji nakulawulo lwazo.

Ukuvuselelwa kolwimi kuye kwavela njengendawo ebalulekileyo. Emva kokuba izizukulwana zemigaqo-nkqubo ejoliswe ekuthinteleni iilwimi zobuGcisa, amaIndiya amaninzi asebenzela ukuvuselela nokugcina iilwimi zawo. IGalume linokuxhasa le migudu ngokuxhasa iinkqubo zolwimi, ngokuxhasa izikolo zokuntywiliselwa, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ekwaziyo nokuxabisa iilwimi zelizwe ekulwazini iinkqubo zemfundo zikarhulumente.

Amanye amaphondo aye amisela iimfuno zokuhlola imfundo yesizwe. Ukuthatha indawo yeBhili yeNtsimbi yeQela yoMzantsi Afrika (202) ithi ukususela ngoSeptemba 1, 2024, amalungu ebhodi yesikolo, abagcini-ofisi, kunye nabo nabani na omnye umncedisi kwisithili sesikolo ekufuneka enze uNcedo lweSithombo VI lwe-ESSA ejongene nemfundo yesizwe. Ukuvavanywa kwesizwe kungundoqo wokuqinisekisa ukuba abafundi bafanele bafumane imfundo ephezulu enxulumene nezithethe zabo neelwimi zabo, kwaye kumele kuhlonelwe ulawulo lwabo kunye nokuzibandakanya kwabo ngokwabo ngokwabo njenge-Ivertiverys. Ngexesha lokuqulucalucalucalucalution, ngokwesizwe, ngokwesizwe nakumasebe emfundo yorhulumente kufuneka babandakanye noorhulumente borhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba abameli beemfundo bafanele bahlonele kwaye baqwalasele iinkcubango, iimfuno zemfundo, iimfuno zeentsapho, kunye neentlanga zemfundo, kunye neentlalo-AN.

Kwakhona iiRhuluneli zinokuxhasa ukulondolozwa kwenkcubeko ngokuxhasa ii-oyile zesizwe namaziko enkcubeko, ukukhuselwa kweengingqi ezingcwele kunye nemithombo yenkcubeko, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo evumela ukufikelela kwizizwe ezihlala kwimimandla ephantsi kwezithethe nezithethe.

Ulondolozo lwemekobume kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo zendalo

Imicimbi yokusingqongileyo imela indawo ebalulekileyo yokubophelela irhuluneli yezizwe, njengoko amazwe amaninzi esizwe enxibelelana ngokunzulu nezithethe, ngokomoya, kunye nezinto zokuziphilisa namazwe ookhokho bawo kunye nezinto zendalo. IGavera-mikhosi ingenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe nokudibanisa ulwazi lwesizwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yemekobume yesizwe.

Yamkela uze uquke ulwazi lwendawo apho kufanelekileyo khona. Amaziko eKhabhinethi enza izigqibo okanye amisela imilinganiselo esekelwe "kweyona nzululwazi ikhoyo" kufuneka aphendule ngolwazi olukhoyo nolwamkelekileyo lwesizwe uLonk Indalike ekwenzeni oko. Olu lwazi lobuhlanga lumela utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwizenzo zembali ezigatya okanye ezingahoyi ukuqondwa okunzulu kwabantu bendalo.

Umanyano lolondolozo lwemekobume lungathatha iindlela ezininzi, kuquka izivumelwano zolawulo oluhlangeneyo lwezinto zendalo, imigudu encedisanayo yokukhusela izilwanyana neendawo ezisengozini, amanyathelo okulungisa imozulu eguqukileyo, kunye nokuxhasa iinkqubo zemo yezulu. Olu manyano luyavuma ukuba abantu belizwe lobuzwe bebengabaphathi bamazwe abo kangangeminyaka eliyiminyaka eliwaka yaye banolwazi olubalulekileyo kunye neembono ezikumgangatho wemekobume.

Amalungelo amanzi amela indawo ebalulekileyo nedla ngokuba nengxabano yenkqubo yokusingqongileyo echaphazela ulwalamano lwesizwe nesizwe. Izizwe ezininzi zigcina amalungelo asekelwe kwizivumelwano nakumthetho wesizwe, kodwa iimfazwe zisoloko zivela kulwabiko lwamanzi, ingakumbi kwimimandla ehamba ngamanzi. IGalume liyakwazi ukudlala indima eyakhayo ekuthetheni ngengxoxo kunye nezivumelwano ezihlonela amalungelo asekuhlaleni ngelinye ixesha xa kuthethwa ngeemfuno zokukhuphisana.

ISebe lezeMpilo nezeNtlalo

Ukwahluka ngokwempilo okuchaphazela uluntu lwasekuhlaleni kumela enye indawo enzima apho abalawuli belizwe banokuchaphazeleka khona. AmaMerika amaIndiya anamaqondo aphezulu eemeko ezininzi zempilo, amaxhoba obomi obuphantsi, kunye nemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekufumaneni unyango olusemgangathweni. Ngoxa urhulumente wengingqi enembopheleleko ephambili kwiinkonzo zempilo zamaIndiya ngeNkonzo yempilo, abalawuli bephondo nabaphathi bawo banokuxhasa iingcebiso zempilo zesizwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Irhuluneli zinokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zempilo neenkonzo zikarhulumente zinokufikeleleka kubemi besizwe, umanyano oluphakathi kwamasebe ezempilo karhulumente neenkqubo zezonyango, ukuxhasa inkxaso yemali yemali yezonyango yesizwe samaIndiya, nokuthetha nabantu abathintela impilo echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abemi boMda.

Isifo se-COVID-19 sibalaselisa ukwanda kwemimandla yelizwe lasekuhlaleni nokubaluleka kwentsebenziswano yesizwe kwiimeko ezimaxongo zempilo kawonke-wonke. Ezinye iirhuluneli zasebenza ngokusondeleyo neenkokeli zesizwe ukulungelelanisa imigudu yokuphendula ebharhileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ngokulinganayo ukuvavanya kunye nokugonya, nokuhlonela ulawulo lwesizwe ekuzalisekiseni imilinganiselo yempilo kawonke-wonke kumazwe.

Okusesikweni Nokhuseleko Loluntu

Ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho luyenye yezona ndawo zinzima nezilucelomngeni kulwalamano lwesizwe. Imibuzo ephathelele ukuba yeyiphi urhulumente olawula ulwaphulo-mthetho oluye lwenziwa kumazwe ezo zizwe, ingakumbi ulwaphulo-mthetho olubandakanya iinguqu ezingezozamaGama namaxhoba amaNgesi, ibisoloko ikho ingxabano.

IRhuluneli zingaxhasa iinkqubo zobulungisa besizwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuhlonela igunya lenkundla yesizwe, ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente nawobuzwe, ukuxhasa izivumelwano zokubekwa kwamacala anqamlezileyo, nokukhuthaza imithetho yesizwe eyomeleza igunya lolwaphulo-mthetho. Amanye amazwe aye athabatha amanyathelo okulungisa ingxaki yokulahleka nokubulawa kwamabhinqa namantombazana, ukuseka imikhosi kunye nenkqubo yokulungelelanisa ukuphucula ukusabela kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ubuchule bokuxhasa iRhuluneli

Unxulumano lwephondo olusebenzayo lwezizwe lufuna ubuchule kunye nezakhiwo ezibangela ukuba kuqhubekeke unxibelelwano, ukudibana, kunye nokusebenzisana. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo ziye zaveliswa ukuxhasa olu lwalamano.

Iiofisi NeeKhomishini Zokunxibelelana Nezizwe

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela iiofisi okanye izikhundla ezinikezelwe ngokukhethekileyo kulwalamano lwesizwe. Ezi ofisi zisebenza njengeengongoma eziphambili zokunxibelelana phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe esizwe, ukunxibelelana kweenkqubo zonxibelelwano, nokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono zesizwe zifakwe kwinkqubela-nkqubo karhulumente.

Ukujongana okusemgangathweni kuyasebenza xa ulawulo lulawula okanye luvumela imisebenzi yoluntu ukuba luthethe nomntu omnye okanye isikhundla. Le ndlela inokuba luncedo ekuqinisekiseni indlela urhulumente adibana ngayo nezizwe kwaye ibonelele iinkokeli zesizwe ngemijelo ecacileyo yonxibelelwano norhulumente.

Kumagunya angama-49 ane-1 ubuncinane kumthetho wobuhlanga onika uqikelelo, 42 (85.7%) ubuncinane unogunyaziso olu-1 oluphethe inkqubo yobumi. IiKhomishini ezahluka-hlukeneyo ukusuka kwimixholo (umnyaka, imfundo, indawo yokuhlala) ukuya kugqithisa. Ngo- 81.0% yolawulo (34 of 42), irhuluneli emiselwe abameli ubuncinane 1 bogunyaziso. Ezi zigunyaziso zinganikezela ngee-projekthi zengxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi korhulumente nabameli besizwe kwaye zibonelela izinto eziphambili kwisenzo sokusebenzisana.

Iintlanganiso neeNgqungquthela zeRhulumente ezijoliswe kurhulumente

Iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo phakathi kweerhuluneli neenkokeli zesizwe zinika amathuba okuncokola ngokuthe ngqo nokwakhiwa kolwalamano. Amanye amazwe aba neengqungquthela zonyaka okanye iingqungquthela ezihlanganisa irhuluneli, amagosa ekhabhinethi, neenkokeli zezizwe ukuxubusha imicimbi yokukhathalelana nokuchaza amathuba okusebenzisana.

Ezi ntlanganiso zifeza iinjongo ezininzi: zibonisa ukuzinikela kwerhuluneli kulwalamano lwesizwe, zinika iinkokeli zesizwe ingqwalaselo yokuphakamisa inkxalabo nezinto eziza kuqala ngqo ngokhokelo lukarhulumente, zinceda ekucombululeni ingxaki ethile, kwaye zinceda ukwakha ulwalamano lobuqu nokuthembana phakathi kwamagosa esizwe.

Uqeqesho Nemfundo Yamagosa Karhulumente

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente ayaluqonda ulongamo lwesizwe, amalungelo esivumelwano, kunye nesikhundla esikhethekileyo esingokwasemthethweni nesezobupolitika samazwe esizwe siyimfuneko ukuze kuphumelele ulwalamano lwesizwe nesizwe. Umyalelo ufuna iintloko zombutho ngamnye wequmrhu eliphetheyo kunye nekota encinane, kunye nenkqubo yeRhuluneli nganye yamalungu eenkqubo kunye namalungu eqela eliphetheyo aqeqeshelwe ukuqhuba uqeqesho oluphuhliswa nguGOIA olukhuthaza unxibelelwano olunempumelelo kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwesizwe neTHRGO, GOIA, ekudibaniseni nabasebenzi besizwe kunye namaziko afanelekileyo karhulumente, kuza kuveliswa uqeqesho olongezelelekileyo.

Uqeqesho olunjalo lunceda ekuthinteleni ukungaqondani, kuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente asondela kwintsebenziswano yesizwe ngentlonelo nengqiqo efanelekileyo, kwaye akha ubuchule kurhulumente wesizwe ukuba asebenze ngokunempumelelo namazwe esizwe. Imixholo yokuqeqesha iquka imbali yenkqubo yesizwe samaIndiya, isiseko esisemthethweni solongamo lwesizwe, amalungelo esivumelwano neemfuno, ukukhuphisana kwenkcubeko, kunye noqheliselo olufanelekileyo lokuthethana norhulumente kurhulumente.

Imithetho yokuziphatha yovavanyo olusemthethweni

Imigaqo-nkqubo ebhaliweyo yonxibelelwano nemithetho elandelwayo inika ukucaca xa kumele kwenzeke, ukuba yintoni ebangela unxibelelwano olunentsingiselo, nendlela igalelo lesizwe eliza kudityaniswa ngayo ekwenzeni izigqibo zikarhulumente. Le mithetho inguncedo lokuqinisekisa ukuba incoko yababini ayiyo "ibhokisi-yeheck" nje kuphela kodwa yinkqubo enentsingiselo ebandakanya ulawulo lwesizwe kwaye ibandakanya iimbono zesizwe.

UBill Iyall onguSihlalo saseIndiya uCowlitz wathi amalungiselelo aza kuqinisa imbopheleleko yesebe eliphetheyo yokucebisana. "Ekugqibeleni, yayiyinyani enkulu kwibhokisi. Le yimvume entsha yonxibelelwano lwangaphambili nonxibelelwano oluthe rhoqo". Oku kuqwalasela kubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokushukuma ngaphaya kokuthethana ngokungenanjongo kulwalamano lokwenyaniso.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Kulwalamano LweRhuluneli

Nakubeni kukho inkqubela kwiindawo ezininzi, iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ziyaqhubeka zichaphazela ulwalamano lwerhuluneli nezizwe. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni iindlela zokuzilungisa nokuyila umanyano olunempumelelo.

Ukungathembani Kwembali Nelifa Lako

Iinkulungwane zezivumelwano ezophulwayo, ukususwa, ukupheliswa kwezithethe, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ejolise ekupheliseni ubuzwe, iye yabangela ukungathembani okunzulu phakathi kwabantu belizwe kunye namaziko karhulumente, kuquka oorhulumente belizwe. Elifa lembali alinakucinywa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye liyaqhubeka lichaphazela ulwalamano lwesizwe sasekuhlaleni.

Akukho kukhanyelwa ukuba ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe ne-U. luye lwazala neengxaki zobugxwayiba zamakhulu eminyaka adluleyo. Noko ke, kukho izizathu zokuba ukulondoloza ulwalamano oluqinileyo phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente we-U. Kubaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe lobuhlanga lobuhlanga kunye neziphumo ezinamandla kwizizwe. Oku kungathethwa kulwalamano lwesizwe.

Ukwakha intembelo kufuna ukuzibophelela okuzinzileyo, ukungaguquguquki kwamazwi nezenzo, intlonelo yokwenene ngolongamo lwesizwe, nokukulungela ukuvuma nokulungisa izinto eziphosakeleyo zexesha elidluleyo.

Iingxabano Nengxabano Engokwasemthethweni

Imibuzo ephathelele igunya-elinye (lwenziwa ngurhulumente onegunya kumazwe athile, kubantu okanye kwimisebenzi ethile) iyaqhubeka ibangela ungquzulwano phakathi kwamazwe nezizwe. Le mbambano ibandakanya igunya lolwaphulo-mthetho, ulawulo lwamakhaya, irhafu, umgaqo wemekobume, nezinye iinkalo ezininzi.

Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe enegunya eliyintloko kwimicimbi yamaIndiya, yaye amazwe esizwe enolawulo lwemfuza, imida yolawulo lukarhulumente nolobuzwe ayisoloko icacile. Izigqibo zeNkundla ziye zadala imigaqo entsonkothileyo eyahluka-hlukeneyo exhomekeke kwimida efana nokuba umhlaba ukwimida engasikelwanga mda, enoba amaqela abandakanyekileyo angowamaIndiya okanye awawaphili, kunye nombandela othile ongombandela ochaphazelekayo.

Iirhuluneli zinokuqhubeka okanye zincede ekucombululeni iingxabano ezikhoyo ngokwendlela eziqhubana ngayo. Abo bahlonela ulawulo lwesizwe, bafune izicombululo ezincedisanayo ngokunxibelelana nangengxoxo kunye nesivumelwano basenokuba neziphumo ezintle kunabo basukela iphulo elinogonyamelo okanye bazame ukwandisa igunya lombuso kumazwe nezizwe.

Iingxaki Zezibonelelo Neengxaki Zezoqoqosho

Ukungavisisani ngobuncwane bendalo, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, nokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho kuyaqhubeka kubangela ungquzulwano kulwalamano lwesizwe nesizwe. Le milo isenokubandakanya amalungelo amanzi, ukuloba nokuzingela, ukukhutshwa kwezimbiwa, ukuphuhliswa kwamandla, okanye eminye imiba yoovimba.

Ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho lungadala inkxwaleko, ingakumbi kwimiba yongcakaza yesizwe. Amanye amagosa karhulumente kunye neemfuno zoshishino ezingezozasizwe ziye zachasa imisebenzi yokungcakaza ngokwesizwe, ziwujonga njengokhuphiswano olungekho sesikweni okanye zifuna ukwandisa ingeniso karhulumente ngenxa yokhuphiswano lwesizwe. Olu nxunguphalo lwezoqoqosho lunganciphisa imigudu yokwakha ulwalamano lwentsebenziswano.

Ukulungisa iimfazwe zovimba kufuna ukuqaphela amalungelo esizwe, kuquka amalungelo esivumelwano, ngoxa kubhekiswa kwiimfuno zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni. Izivumelwano ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nokufikelela kolawulo olusebenzisanayo kusoloko kungqineka kuphumelela ngakumbi kunokucombulula ezi mpikiswano.

Impumelelo yoovimba

Oorhulumente besizwe kunye namasebe karhulumente ajongene nolwalamano lwesizwe basoloko bejamelene nemiqathango ethintela amandla abo okubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo. Oorhulumente besizwe basenokungabi namisebenzi yaneleyo kunye nenkxaso ekhoyo yokuthatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokucebisana ezichaphazela izilangazelelo zabo, ngoxa iiofisi zokunxibelelana kwesizwe zisenokuba phantsi kwemisebenzi nemvelaphi ephantsi.

Ezi zithintelo zovimba zingaphumela kwinkqubo yokuxilonga ekhawulezileyo okanye ekha phezulu, ukuphoswa kwamathuba okusebenzisana, nobunzima ekuzalisekiseni izivumelwano kunye namanyathelo. IiRhuluneli ezizimiseleyo ekuphuculeni ulwalamano lwesizwe kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba oovimba abaneleyo banikezelwe kulo msebenzi.

Ukungaguqu-guquki kolawulo lwangaphesheya

Ulwalamano lwesizwe nolo hlanga lungachaphazeleka ngokuphawulekayo lutshintsho kulawulo lwequarter. Irhuluneli ebeka ulwalamano lwesizwe kuqala ize imisele ulwalamano olunamandla ingangenelwa ngulowo ungabotshelelwanga okanye ongazinziyo kwintlalo yohlanga. Oku kuguquguquka kudala ukungaqiniseki kwaye kungonakalisa ulwakhiwo lolwalamano lwexesha elide.

Amanye amaphondo aye asingatha olu celomngeni ngokucebisana kwesizwe ngomthetho kunokuthembela kuphela kwimiyalelo yegunya enokuthi ipheliswe yirhuluneli elandelayo. IGatya LePaget''s Umyalelo olawulayo "Ukwamkela Ulwalamano Olukhethekileyo Phakathi kweSizwe saseMaine neNative American Commond Lived Ingaphakathi kwiLizwe laseMaine," ifuna urhulumente abuze ngezizwe nangawuphi na umthetho, umthetho, okanye inkqubo ezakubachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo. Uyibuyisela kwakhona kwiminyaka emine kamva, ikhuthaza izizwe zePassamaquody nePenaobst ukuba zikhuphe abameli bazo bemithetho-mthetho ekuvuseleleni umkhalazo. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela iinguqulelo ekuphatheni umthetho, umthetho, okanye inkqubo eya kuphazamisa ngayo ulwalamano lwesizwe.

Ukulungelelanisa Iingenelo Ezininzi Nezinto Eziluncedo

Iinkokeli kufuneka zilungelelanise izilangazelelo zezizwe nezo zezizwe, kuquka oorhulumente belizwe abangengobesizwe, izilangazelelo zoshishino, amaqela emeko-bume, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Ezi zilangazelelo zikhuphisanayo zingenza imingeni yezobupolitika kubalawuli abafuna ukuxhasa ezona zinto ziphambili zesizwe.

Ngokomzekelo, izigqibo ezimalunga nolawulo lwendalo lwemiba yogcino-mali zingabangela ukuba iminqweno yesizwe ichaswe yileyo yoshishino olukhutshwayo okanye abasebenzisi bokuzonwabisa. Ii-gamming zingajamelana nenkcaso kwimfuno engeyoyoyoyasizwe. Inkcaso yomhlaba okanye izicelo zolawulo loluntu zisenokudibana nokuchaswa kubemi okanye abasebenzisi bale mihla.

Ukumisela ezi njongo zikhuphisanayo kufuneka ubuchule bezobupolitika, ukubambelela kwimigaqo yolongamo lwesizwe nakumalungelo esivumelwano, nokukwazi ukwakha imibutho nokufumana izinto ezifanayo. IGatya-mbuso ezikwaziyo ukuchaza indlela ukuxhasa izilangazelelo zesizwe eziyingenelo ngayo kuluntu olubanzi kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba lwakhe inkxaso kawonke-wonke kwimigaqo-siseko sezizwe.

Izenzo ezingcono zobandakanyeko loMlawuli-Oliboda

Ngokusekelwe kwimizekelo ephumelelayo nakumava eenkokeli zezizwe nawamagosa karhulumente, kuye kwavela iindlela ezininzi ezintle zokulawula ezifuna ukwakha ulwalamano oluphumelelayo nabantu bomthonyama.

Ukuhlonela Ngokunyanisekileyo Ulongamo Lwesizwe

Isiseko solwalamano oluphumelelayo lwerhuluneli nezizwe kukuhlonelana ngokwenene kolawulo lwesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuqonda ukuba iintlanga zingoorhulumente abanegunya elingokwemvelo lokulawula imicimbi yazo, kungekhona amaqela afumana inzala ekhethekileyo.

Ukuhlonela ulawulo lwesizwe kufuna ukubandakanyeka kwizizwe ngesiseko sikarhulumente oya kurhulumente, uthethe neenkokeli zesizwe ngaphambi kokwenza izigqibo ezichaphazela izilangazelelo zesizwe, ukuhlonela amalungelo esivumelwano neembopheleleko, nokuphepha ukuzama ukumisela igunya lorhulumente kumazwe nakumazwe abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yesizwe.

Uhlolisiso Lwangaphambili Nolunentsingiselo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe kwasekuqaleni kwinkqubo yokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo, xa igalelo lesizwe linokuphembelela ngenene iziphumo, kunokuba kulandele izigqibo ezisele zenziwe. Ukuxilonga okunentsingiselo kuquka ukunika izizwe inkcazelo epheleleyo, ixesha elaneleyo lokuhlola nokuphendula, nokuqwalasela ngokunyanisekileyo iimbono zesizwe ekwenzeni izigqibo.

Ukudibana ngexesha elifanelekileyo xa nayiphina inkqubo yombutho, iinkqubo okanye izenzo zingachaphazela izizwe zimele ukuzinikela kulo mgaqo. Uhlolo kufuneka lungabi sisiganeko sexesha elinye kodwa endaweni yoko lube yingxoxo eqhubekayo eqhubekekayo ukuqhubekeka kophuhliso lwenkqubo kunye nokuzalisekisa.

Ukwakha Ulwalamano Lobuqu

Ulwalamano oluphumelelayo lwesizwe sesizwe sesizwe luxhomekeke kungekuphela nje kwizakhiwo eziqhelekileyo neenkqubo kodwa nakulwalamano lobuqu phakathi kwabalawuli neenkokeli zesizwe. IiRhuluneli ezizinika ixesha lokutyelela izithethe, ukuya kwiziganeko zezizwe, nokunxulumana neinkokeli zesizwe zisengozini yokuhlakulela ukuthembana nokuqonda.

Olu lwalamano lobuqu lunganceda ukucombulula ingxaki, lukwazi ukucombulula iingxubusho ezicacileyo ngemibandela enzima, kwaye ludala ububele obunceda ukuxhasa umanyano kwiintlanga ezikwimingeni. "Ndityelele izizwe ngeenxa zonke eWashington, kwaye ndiye ndeva kwinkokeli zezizwe ngendlela esinokuphucula ngayo ubudlelane bethu noorhulumente bezizwe," iRhuluneli uGenegoverson yathi. Le ndlela yokuzibophelela ngokuthe ngqo nokuphulaphula ibonisa ukubaluleka kolwakhiwo lolwalamano lobuqu.

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Irhuluneli kufuneka zicacele ngemigudu yazo yokuganana yesizwe kwaye zimele ziphendule ngokulandela izivumelwano. I-opera ngokubonakala nokuziphendulela ngokuvelisa ingxelo yonyaka malunga nemisebenzi ebandakanya okanye impembelelo yezizwe zamazwe zimela enye indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba ziyaziphendulela.

Xa abalawuli besenza izibophelelo kumazwe esizwe, kufuneka bafeze ezo zithembiso. Izithembiso eziphukileyo zikhuthaza ukungathembani ngokwembali zize zibangele ulwakhiwo lolwalamano lube buthathaka. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuthobela izivumelwano kukhulisa ukuthembana nokuthembeka.

Inkcitho yeQumrhu neNkcubeko

Ulwalamano oluphumelelayo lwesizwe sesizwe lufuna ulawulo lwequmrhu kurhulumente wesizwe. Oku kuquka abasebenzi abazinikeleyo abanobuchule kulwalamano lwesizwe, oovimba abaneleyo bokunxibelelana nokusebenzisana, nokuqeqesha amagosa karhulumente ngolawulo lwesizwe kunye neembambano ezinxulumene nalo.

Irhuluneli kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba iiofisi zonxibelelwano lwesizwe zinegunya elaneleyo kunye nobuncwane bokulungelelanisa ukudibana kwesizwe ngaphesheya kwamaqumrhu karhulumente. Beka ingxelo yonxibelelwano lohlanga oluthe ngqo kwintloko yombutho, kunye nelungu leqela lokhokelo lombutho liqukiwe kwisigqibo somaziko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono zesizwe ziqukiwe kumgangatho ophezulu wokwenza izigqibo.

Ukusingatha Ukungekho Sikweni Kwembali

IRhuluneli zingenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuvumeni nasekulungiseni okungekho sikweni okungokwembali nxamnye nabantu belizwe lakubo. Oku kunokuquka ukucela uxolo ngokusesikweni ngezono zexesha elidlulileyo, ukuxhasa inyaniso neenkqubo zoxolelwaniso, imigudu yokubuyisela umhlaba kulawulo lwesizwe, nemigaqo ethetha ngokuchasene okuqhubekayo okuchaphazela intlalo yamaIndiya.

Ivuma ukuba iziphumo ezitshabalalisayo zokutshatyalaliswa kwelizwe lobuhlanga laseKhalifoniya amaMelika aseKhalifoniya namhlanje, kwaye oko kubalulekileyo, kubalulekileyo, kunokwenziwa nguRhulumente kunye noMphathi waseKhalifoniya, waseka iBhunga leNyaniso ne-Herance. IBhunga linyathelo elisetyenziswayo leMveli yase-California elizimisele ukucacisa ingxelo engokwembali yolwalamano phakathi kweLizwe ne-Orivens yaseKhalifoniya yaseKhalifoniya ngokunikela ubungqina, ngokushicilela, ukuhlolisisa uxwebhu olukhoyo kunye nokwamkela iingxelo ze-Frikstanans achaza ngenyaniso kunye nokuphilisa. Izenzo ezinjalo zibonisa imbopheleleko yokuqhuba imbali enzima nokusebenza ekuphiliseni.

Ukuxhasa ukuzimisela kwesizwe ngokwaso

Ekugqibeleni, ulwalamano lwe-arhente nesizwe olunempumelelo kufuneka luxhase ukuzenzela izigqibo kwesizwe sokuzigqibela ngokwaso, ukukwazi kwezizwe ukwenza izigqibo zazo ngekamva lazo, ukulawula imicimbi yazo, nokusukela imbono yazo yentlalo entle.

Oku kuthetha ukuxhasa ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, ukuhlonela igunya lesizwe, ukukhuthaza ukufikelela kwesizwe kubuncwane namathuba, nokususa imiqobo ethintela izizwe ukuba zingakwazi ukusebenzisa ulongamo lwazo. IiRhuluneli zifanele zingayijongi indima yazo njengengalathisi okanye ukulawula imicimbi yesizwe kodwa njengexhasa amazwe esizwe ekufikeleleni usukelo nezinto zawo eziza kuqala.

Uphando lwetyala: Umahluko ochaseneyo

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ethile yolwalamano lwezi zizwe nerhuluneli kubonisa uludwe lweendlela zokuthetha ezithathiweyo kunye noothunywashe abafak ’ isandla kwimpumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli kolu lwalamano.

ILizwe laseWashington: Ukwakha kwiZiko Lesakhelo

ILizwe laseWashington linikela umzekelo wolwamkelo oluzinzileyo kulwalamano lwesizwe ukutyhubela ulawulo oluninzi. Lo myalelo uyawuvuma yaye uyawuhlonela umsebenzi owenziwa ngaphambili okhokelwa zizizukulwana zephondo nezohlanga, kuquka iCentennial Aption (1999), kunye neMinion Agumentation (1999), eyamisela izicwangciso zolwalamano lorhulumente noBhobhiso-mthetho.

Indlela yesizwe ibonisa indlela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezikhoyo nokusebenza ngokuziphucula okungaqinisa ngayo ulwalamano lwesizwe sesizwe ngexesha. Umyalelo wegunya eliphetheyo okhoyo nguRhuluneli Ferguson umele indaleko yakutshanje kule nkqubo iqhubekayo, ukudibanisa izinto ezintsha ezifana nokhuseleko lolwazi lwelizwe lobuhlanga kunye neemfuno zoqeqesho.

EKhalifoniya: Ukuvunywa Nokuphinda Ufumane Inyathelo

Indlela yakutshanje yeKhalifoniya phantsi kweRhuluneli ichaza ukubaluleka kokuvuma iimpazamo zembali nokuthatha amanyathelo acacileyo ekuthatheni inyathelo elibalulekileyo. Ukucela uxolo okusesikweni ngokutshatyalaliswa kwentlalo nokuxhatshazwa kwembali, kudityaniswe nemigaqo exhasa ukubuya komhlaba kunye nokuphathana, imela indlela ebanzi yokulungisa okungekho sikweni okudlulileyo ngexesha lokwakha amaqabane amatsha.

Ukusekwa kweBhunga leNyaniso ne-Reformation kubonisa ukuzibophelela ekuqondeni nasekubhaleni imbali epheleleyo yolwalamano lwesizwe, kuquka izahluko ezibuhlungu abaninzi abangathanda ukuzityeshela. Oku kuvuma ukujamelana nembali enzima kubalulekile ukuze kuxolelwane ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye kuphiliswe.

Ingqalelo: Ukulwa Okuqhubekayo Ngenxa Yolongamo

Amava kaMaine abonisa ucelomngeni olunokuvela xa urhulumente kunye noorhulumente besizwe benolwazi olwahlukileyo lobungangamsha besizwe kunye nolawulo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amane kamva, iPasmaquody okanye iPenobscot Zizwe zikwazi ukufumana umhlaba othenjiswe zona, imithetho iye yasetyenziswa ngokungafaniyo phakathi kwezizwe, iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni, ulwalamano lwesizwe nezizwe luhlala ngokuchasene, kwaye impumelelo yezoqoqosho yabemi bazo zombini izizwe nezizwe ezingezozizwe iyathintelwa. Ngaphandle koko iMaine I-Indian Tribalbut Commission, eyakhiwe ngesakhiwo sokulungisa ukuphumelela kwayo, amaqela amaninzi emisebenzi, izigqibo, iingxelo, kunye nemisebenzi iye yakhuthaza zonke iinguquko-ziko zesizwe ukuhlalisa amashumi eminyaka, kodwa kuphela izizwe (ezifana nezizwe) ezinikwe amandla okulawula, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo olulawulayo, kunye neenzuzo zemithetho ezibonelelo, ezisoloko ukuvunywa.

Le meko ibonisa indlela ukungalungelelani kwesizwe kulwalamano lwesizwe ekunako ngayo ukukhuthaza ingxabano nokuthintela inkqubela. Kukwabonisa ukubaluleka kokuba iirhuluneli zisebenzise igunya lazo ukuxhasa iinguqu ezithetha ngenkxalabo yesizwe nembeko eziya kwenziwa kwizivumelwano nakwiziqendu.

Indima yomgaqo-nkqubo woManyano oluManyano

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku libhekisa kwijaji yelizwe, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inkqubo karhulumente iwubumba ngokuphawulekayo umongo apho ulwalamano lwerhuluneli nezizwe luvela khona. Imithetho yomanyano, imimiselo, kunye nemigaqo imisela isiseko solongamo lwesizwe kunye nolwalamano lwesizwe.

Iimfuno zoNcedo-suku loNcedo-ntle, ezifana nezo zimiselwe nguMyalelo-waka eliLawulayo 13175, zimisela imilinganiselo ephembelela uqheliselo lomgangatho wokubonisana norhulumente. Iinkqubo zomanyano kunye nemijelo yemali isoloko ifuna okanye ikhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe sorhulumente. Izigqibo zenkundla yomanyano lwamasebe zichaza imida yolawulo nolawulo lwesizwe.

Iirhuluneli kufuneka zilusebenzise olu cwangciso lorhulumente ngoxa ziphuhlisa iindlela zazo zonxulumano lwesizwe. Ukuqonda umthetho kunye nenkqubo yamaIndiya asekuhlaleni kubalulekile kubalawuli abafuna ukuqhubana ngokunempumelelo neentlanga. Kwakhona iiRhuluneli zinokuba nendima ekukhuthazeni imigaqo-siseko exhasa ulawulo lwesizwe nokubonelela ngobuncwane kwintlalo.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Ikamva LeRhuluneli-ePhakathi

Njengoko sikhangela kwixa elizayo, iziphumo ezininzi namathuba anokuguqula ulwalamano lwezi zizwe nerhuluneli kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Neengxaki Zemekobume

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kudala iingxaki ezingathethekiyo kumazwe amaninzi, ukususela ekukhukulisekeni konxweme lwemizana yamaIndiya aseAlaska ukusa kwimbalela echaphazela ubuncwane bamanzi kuMzantsintshona ukusa ekutshintsheni inkqubo yendalo echaphazela indalo.

Iirhuluneli zinamathuba okusebenzisana namazwe esizwe ekulungiseni imozulu, ngokwendlela yokuziqhelanisa nokulungisa. Ulwazi lobuzwe kunye nezithethe zendalo zingazisa iindlela zokusabela kwimozulu, kwaye amazwe esizwe asoloko ephambili ekuphuhliseni iindlela ezintsha zokulawula indalo.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nokuzinceda

Ukuxhasa inkqubela yezoqoqosho yezizwe kuya kuqhubeka kuyinto ephambili kumazwe esizwe noorhulumente besizwe. Njengoko izizwe zitshintsha uqoqosho lwazo ngaphaya kokwandiswa nokuphuhliswa koshishino kwiindawo ezifana namandla avuselelweyo, ubugcisa, ukhenketho, kunye nolimo, amathuba okusebenzisana kwezoqoqosho kwezizwe zikarhulumente aya kwanda.

Iirhuluneli zinokuyixhasa le migudu ngokususa imiqobo yokulawula, zimisele ukufikelela kwikomkhulu nezorhwebo, zixhase ukuphuhliswa kwezizwe, ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho zinokufumaneka kumaziko esizwe.

Ukuvuselelwa kweNkcubeko nemfundo

Inkqubela yokuvuselela iilwimi, izithethe, kunye neenkqubo zolwazi lwesithethe iza kuqhubeka zikhula. IiRhuluneli zingayixhasa le migudu ngomgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo, ngemali yeenkqubo zenkcubeko, ukukhusela iindawo ezingcwele kunye nobuncwane benkcubeko, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo exabisayo nedibanisa ulwazi lobundlobongela.

Njengoko amaphondo amaninzi efundisa ngokuchanileyo ngembali yabantu belizwe lasemzini nokubakho kwabo neminikelo yabo, abalawuli banokudlala indima ephambili ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iinkqubo zemfundo zilungiselela bonke abafundi ukuba baqonde baze bahlonele ulongamo lwesizwe nezithethe zasekuhlaleni.

Okusesikweni Nokhuseleko Kubemi Bomthonyama

Ukulungisa amanqam okulahleka nokubulawa kwamabhinqa namantombazana, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kumaqela esizwe, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zobulungisa zesizwe zinobuncwane obufanelekileyo negunya ziya kuhlala zibalulekile. Iirhuluneli zinokuyixhasa le migudu ngokunxibelelana okungakumbi phakathi kwesizwe nomthetho wesizwe, ukuxhasa iinkundla zesizwe, nokulawula imithetho eqinisa ulawulo lwesizwe.

Umhlaba ubuyela nokusebenzisana

Intshukumo yokubuyisela umhlaba kulawulo lwesizwe nokumisela izivumelwano zokulawulana kwemimandla yookhokho iyahambela phambili. Ukubuyela umhlaba kulawulo lwezizwe kuphucula indalo, kwandisa ukufikelela emhlabeni, kwandisa ukufumaneka kwentlalo kunye nokwenza izigqibo kumazwe esizwe. IRhuluneli ingenza le migudu ngokukhetha amazwe azimeleyo karhulumente anokubuyiselwa kulawulo lwesizwe nokuxhasa izivumelwano zikarhulumente kumazwe asekuhlaleni kumasimi esizwe.

Ukuqinisa iMisebenzi yeSicwangciso soMgaqo-siseko neSiqulunu

Ukuhambela phambili, kuza kuqhubeka kugxininiswa ekomelezeni izicwangciso ezisemthethweni neziququ ezixhasa ulwalamano lwesizwe nesizwe. Oku kuquka ukumisela umthetho oyalela iimfuno zokubonana, ukuseka iiofisi ezisisigxina kunye nezikhundla ezinikezelwa kulwalamano lwesizwe, nokuphuhlisa imithetho nemigangatho ecacileyo karhulumente kumanyano lwephondo.

Ezi zicwangciso zincedisa ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inkqubela kulwalamano lwesizwe sesizwe ixhaswa kwiinguquko zolawulo nokuba ukubophelelana ngokwesizwe kuba yinxalenye yemisebenzi karhulumente kunokuba kuxhomekeke kwizinto eziphambili kumlawuli ngamnye.

Isiphelo: Indlela Engaphambili

Ulwalamano phakathi kwabalawuli belizwe kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo kwimbali yaseMerika, ukusuka kwixesha elimnyama lokususwa, ukupheliswa, nokunyanzelwa ukuya kwimigudu yale mihla yomanyano, uxolelwaniso, kunye nokuxhasa ukugqibelelana kwesizwe. Nangona kusekho iingxaki ezinkulu, kukho nezizathu zokuba nethemba ngekamva lalo buhlobo.

Iirhuluneli ezifikelela kulwalamano lwesizwe ngentlonelo yokwenene ngolongamo, ezizimisele ukucela uncedo olufanelekileyo, ezikulungeleyo ukuvuma nokusingatha okungekho sikweni okungokwembali, nokuzinikela ekwakheni ulwalamano olufanelekileyo kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu kubomi babantu bomthonyama nakulwalamano oluphakathi kwamazwe azo namazwe ezizwe.

Imizekelo yemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yakutshanje, imigaqo-nkqubo yokuthetha, ukucela uxolo olusemthethweni, kunye namanyathelo asebenzisanayo abonisa ukuba inkqubela inokwenzeka. Kwangaxeshanye, iingxabano eziqhubekayo, iimbambano zoovimba, kunye nelifa lokungathembani ngokwembali kusikhumbuza ukuba ukwakha ulwalamano olunokuthe tye nokuphumelela kwesizwe kufuneka kuhlale kunyanzelekile kwaye kuqhubeke umgudu.

Ngoxa ukumanyana nezizwe kunokuzisa ithuba nengozi kumalungu orhulumente orhulumente anokukhuthaza iimeko zeentlanga aze aphucule iimeko kumazwe amaIndiya, amazwe esizwe amele azilumkele izenzo zikarhulumente ezisongela ulongamo lwawo okanye ezingawahloneli amalungelo awo.

Kubalawuli, ukuganana namazwe esizwe akumele kuqondwe nje njengembopheleleko esemthethweni okanye njengemfuneko yezobupolitika kodwa njengethuba lokwakha ubudlelane noorhulumente abalawulayo abanolwazi olukhethekileyo, iimbono, kunye namandla. Amazwe esizwe aye alawula amangingqi awo kawakawaka eminyaka, kwaye ayaqhubeka enika ingqiqo eluncedo kwimibandela esukela ekubeni ligosa elikwimekobume ukuya kumgangatho olungileyo wentlalo kwintlalo.

Indlela engaphambili ifuna indaleko eqhubekekayo kwindlela oorhulumente belizwe abalufikelela ngayo ulwalamano lwabo noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Oku kuquka ukuhamba ngaphaya kokujongana njenge "check-box" ukuqhelisela unxulumano lokwenyaniso ekwenzeni izigqibo, ukusuka ekujongeni izizwe njengezibambi zixhobo zokuzigqala njengoorhulumente abalawulayo, nokusuka ekuqwalaseleni kuphela kwimiba yanamhlanje ukusingatha iziphumo eziqhubekayo zokungekho sikweni kwembali.

Kukwafuna iinguqulelo zombutho ezibangela ukuba intlonelo ehlaziyiweyo ngolawulo lwesizwe nokuzibophelela ekugananeni kwesizwe kuzo zonke iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ukuqeqeshelwa amagosa karhulumente, ubuncwane obaneleyo beeofisi zokunxibelelana kwesizwe, imigaqo-nkqubo yokunxibelelana ecacileyo, kunye nenkqubo yokuphendula zonke ezifak' isandla ekwakheni ulwalamano oluphumelelayo nolunokulondolozwa kwesizwe.

Ekugqibeleni, ulwalamano lwerhuluneli nezizwe lunentsingiselo enzulu kuluntu lwelizwe, oluchaphazela yonke into kusukela kumathuba ezoqoqosho ukuya kukhuseleko lwenkcubeko ukuya kwiziphumo zempilo, ukukwazi kwezizwe ukusebenzisa ulawulo lwazo nokulandela imibono yazo yokulunga kwentlalo. Kwakhona luchaphazela ibutho labantu ngokubanzi, njengoko indlela yokuphatha abantu belizwe elo ibonisa imilinganiselo esisiseko engobulungisa, ukuhlonela ukwahlukahlukana, nokuhlonela izibopho.

Njengoko sihambela phambili, imigudu eqhubekayo yokwakha ulwalamano olunentlonelo nolusebenzisanayo phakathi kwabalawuli besizwe kunye nabantu belizwe lasekuhlaleni ibalulekile. Olu lwalamano kufuneka lusekelwe ekuqapheleni ulawulo lwesizwe, ekuvumeni okungekho sikweni okungokwembali, ekuzibopheleleni ngokubhekiselele ekuboneni intsingiselo kunye nokuzibophelela ekuxhaseni ukuzigqibela ngokwesizwe. Kuphela ngolu hlobo lozibophalo luqinileyo esinokuthemba ukucombulula izono zexesha elidluleyo size sakhe ikamva eliphawulwa kukuhlonelana, ukuqonda, kunye nomanyano lokwenyaniso phakathi koorhulumente nezizwe.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngolawulo lwesizwe saseIndiya kunye nobudlelwane borhulumente norhulumente, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yamaIndiya eMelika inikela ubuncwane obuninzi kunye nolwazi lwenkqubo. inika ugcino-lwazi malunga nolawulo lwemiba yamaIndiya [[ olumalunga nolwalamano lwesizwe kunye noxanduva. Ngaphezu koko, i-[FLT:] iNgxoxowa-mali yamaLungelo lwaseMelika [ inika izinto zokufundisa ngamalungelo ohlanga nolawulo. Ulwazi olumalunga nemigaqo-nkqubo yonxulumano yesizwe kunye ne-ntlalo-ntlalo-ntle lungafunyanwa ngokusesikweni ngezomthetho-zobuzwe okanye ii-ofisi ze-ofisi ze-ofisi ze-ofisi ze-ofisi ze-ofisi zesizwe.