Igunya lezobupolitika limi njengenye yeengcamango eziphambili kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika nakwintanda-bulumko. Libhekisela kwigunya elisemthethweni elisetyenziswa ngabantu okanye amaziko phezu kwabanye kummandla okanye kuluntu oluchaziwe. Ngokungafaniyo nemikhosi yezilwanyana, igunya lithetha ilungelo eliqatshelweyo lokulawula .(isizathu esiguqula ingqwalaselo engasetyenziswanga yegunya lezobupolitika ibe ngulawulo. Ukuqonda apho igunya lezobupolitika lisuka khona akuyonkqubo yemfundo nje yemfundo; kubalulekile ukuhlalutya ukufaneleka kwemithetho, ukuzinza koorhulumente, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nabalawuli kunye nabalawuli abalawulwayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ingcaciso, imvelaphi, iingcamango zale mihla yezobupolitika, ukushwankathela kwimizekelo yembali nengxoxo yale mihla.

Ukuchaza Igunya Lezobupolitika

Embilinini, igunya lezobupolitika linegunya eligwetyelweyo lokuyalela nokunyanzelisa ukuthobela. Iingcali zengqondo zahlula phakathi amandla . ubuchule bokunyanzela isenzo ngenkani okanye ngesoyikiso(ne) kwaye ugunya lobuzwilakhe [, oxhomekeke kwimvume okanye inkolelo yaloo nto ithethwa ngayo. Igunya lithetha ukuba imiyalelo ekhutshwe ithathwa njengebopha, hayi ngenxa yoloyiko, kodwa ngenxa yokuba umlawuli unelungelo lokuzimbamba. Eli gunya linokusuka kwimimiselo eyahlukileyo: unyulo lwedemokhrasi, isithethe, okanye ukunamathela kwisiseko somthetho esifunyani esifunyanisweyo: iindidi ezintathu ezinyuliweyo, eziqhelekileyo, ezingokwasemthethweni, ezingokwasemthethweni zooomazwi-mthetho. Ezi ndlela zokuziintlobo zezobupolitika ezithe zahlukeneyo zihlala zikho.

Umbuzo wokufaneleka komthetho ungundoqo. Urhulumente unokuba negunya kodwa angabi nalo igunya ukuba abalawulwa bakhe abalamkeli ilungelo labo lokuziphatha okanye lomthetho lokulawula. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente ohlala emkhosini kuphela unokusebenzisa igunya kodwa hayi igunya. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, urhulumente onyulwe ngedemokhrasi olandela iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko ufumana igunya elixhaphakileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, uphando lwegunya lezobupolitika lubandakanya ukuhlalutya okubini okuchaza indlela elichazwa ngayo igunya nendlela elisetyenziswa ngayo kwaye uhlalutyo oluqhelekileyo xa lifanelekile.

Imithombo Yegunya Lezobupolitika

Igunya aliveli kwindawo engenanto. Lisekelwe kwimithombo enye okanye emininzi enika abalawuli okanye amaziko ilungelo elithathwa njengelifanelekileyo lokulawula. Le mithombo idla ngokudibana ekusebenzeni, kodwa isenokuba yahlukene ngokulandelelana. Oku kulandelayo yimithombo ephambili eyaziwa kwingcamango yezobupolitika.

Ukuvunyelwa Kwabo Balawulwayo

Ingcamango yokuba igunya lisuka kwisivumelwano esisemthethweni okanye kwisenzo sokuvota, okanye ngokufihlakeleyo, kuthethwa ngokuqhubeka behlala nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwingcamango yale mihla. Ngokutsho kwale mbono, abantu bayavuma ngokuzithandela ukunikezela ngenkululeko yabo kwiqumrhu elilawulayo ukuze bakhusele amalungelo abo aseleyo kunye nokugcinwa kocwangco lukawonke-wonke. Le mvume isenokuba cacileyo, njengakwisivumelwano esisemthethweni okanye isenzo sokuvota, okanye ngokungafihliwe, esiboniswa ngokuqhubeka nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwibutho labantu. Isithethe soluntu (*.asccetractal) isithethe soluntu esinxulumene neenkcubatha efana noThoma, uJohn Locke, kunye noJean-Jacques Rous Rouss Rous), kunye nokungavumelaniseki kwabo bonke abantu.

Isithethe

Igunya lesithethe lifumana igunya lalo kumasiko, izithethe, imigaqo, kunye nemizekelo ekwamkelwe kwizizukulwana. Kwiinkqubo ezinjalo, abalawuli banegunya ngenxa yokuba balizuze ilifa okanye ngenxa yokuba basebenzisa iindlela zokucwangcisa ixesha. Iinkqubo zolawulo lolawulo, iinkosi zesizwe, kunye neeofisi zolawulo lobuthixo zisoloko zixhomekeke kwigunya lesithethe. Umzekelo, ulawulo lolawulo lwamaBritane luhlala lunegunya elifuziselayo ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yokuba lusekelwe kwiinkulungwane zesithethe. Igunya lesithethe linika uzinzo nokuqhubeka, kodwa liyakwazi ukumelana notshintsho oluyimfuneko. Umzekelo waphawula ukuba igunya lesithethe lisoloko lixhomekeke kumlawuli othile oqhelekileyo kunokunyaniseka kunomthetho othile ongenakuchazwa. Umthetho walo unokuba buthathaka xa amasiko ethanda ukucekiswa okanye xa echasana kusukelwa kweenjongo ezinzulu.

Imbumba

Ngoxa ukunyanzelisa kusoloko kuthelekiswa negunya elifanelekileyo, kusenokuba ngumthombo wegunya lezobupolitika phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Xa iqela elilawulayo lisebenzisa amandla okanye isisongelo sokunyanzelisa ukumisela ulawulo, kwaye ukuba olu lawulo luqhubekeka ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze lwamkeleke njengemeko eqhelekileyo yemicimbi, ukunyanzelisa kusenokusuka kuhlobo oluthile lwegunya lokukhupha igunya elisemthethweni. Ulawulo loburhulumente ludla ngokuqala ngegunya eligqithisileyo / ukunyanzelisa umkhosi / ukubhukuqwalaza, ukucinezela ulawulo lwemikhosi, ukucinezelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni. I-coerciontion kuphela isoloko ivelisa igunya elihlala ixesha elide; abalawulwayo bathobela ngenxa yoloyiko kunokuba bacinge ukuba nembopheleleko. Noko ke, amandla okunyanzelela kudla ngokuba liyinxalenye yegunya, ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente abasemthethweni kunye nemikhosi yemithetho elungele ukunyanzelelwa. Nokuba ngabalawuli bagwetyelwe yimithetho engqiniweyo.

Ukhokelo olunamandla

Igunya elilawulayo elisuka kwiimfanelo zobuqu zomntu ngamnye qha qha, ubungcwele, ukubona okungaqhelekanga, okanye amandla okuphendula. Ngokungafaniyo negunya lesithethe okanye lokwabelwa komthetho, i-charismsa ingaqhelekanga kwaye idla ngokwaphula imigaqo emiselweyo. Imizekelo iquka abaseki bonqulo abanjengoYesu okanye uMuhammad, abavukeli bezopolitiko abafana noMahatma Gandhi okanye Nelson Mandela, kunye neenkokeli zemfazwe ezifana noWinston Consuperly. Inkokeli ze-Charmatic idla ngokuvela ngexesha lengxaki okanye isiphithiphithi, inikela indlela entsha. Igunya labo libuthathaka ngenxa yokuba lixhomekeke kwimpumelelo eqhubekayo nakwisikhundla sobuqu. Weber wachaza "ukutshintsha ukusetyenziswa kophawu olugqithisileyo" njengendlela yokuguqula igunya elizinziswayo.[5]

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni

Igunya lokwandiswa komthetho lilelona lixhaphakileyo kumaphondo anamhlanje. Lisekelwe kwinkqubo yemithetho emiselweyo, iinkqubo, kunye nemithetho eyamkelwa njengefanelekileyo libutho labantu. Igunya lidibene neeofisi, hayi ngabantu, kwaye lisetyenziswa kwimida emiselwe. I-ofisi, oorhulumente bezomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezisemthethweni. Abami bathobela imithetho kungekhona ngenxa yokunyaniseka komntu ngamnye kumlawuli, kodwa ngenxa yokuba bamkela isiseko esisemthethweni esivelisa loo mithetho. UWeber wacinga ukuba olu hlobo lwegunya lusengqiqweni nobuchule obubokulawulayo, njengoko luvumela ukuxelwa kwangaphambili nokulawulwa kwemithetho engakhethi. Noko ke, lunako ukuthobela imithetho engekho semthethweni, kodwa luxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zokwayamkelekileyo, nokusetyenziswa kakuhle kwemithetho, nokulawulwa kwayo.

Iingcamango Zegunya Lezobupolitika

Ngaphandle kwemithombo echazayo, abaxhasi bezobupolitika baye bavelisa iingcaciso eziphangaleleyo ngesizathu sokuba igunya ligwetyelwe nendlela elifanele lilungiswe ngayo. Ezi ngcamango ziphendula imibuzo enzulu engokwesithethe: Liliphi igunya elifanelekileyo? Ziziphi iimbopheleleko abanazo abemi ukuba bathobele? Ezi zizinto ezilandelayo zisisiseko zezithethe zengcamango.

Ingcamango enxulumene neNtlalo

Ingcamango yezentlalo i-posit ukuba igunya lezobupolitika lisuka kwisivumelwano phakathi kwabantu sokuba bakhe ibutho labantu nokuseka urhulumente. Thomas Hobbes, . ULeviathan, waphikisa ukuba kwimeko yendalo `imeko engekho rhulumente'. Uluntu luza kuba yimeko ekhoyo enokuba nxamnye nabo bonke abantu. Ukuphuma kule ngxaki, abantu ngabanye banokunikezela amalungelo abo kumphathi opheleleyo onokuthi anyanzelise uxolo. UJohn Lockelele ingulo oluphandle kakhulu: kwimo yendalo, abantu banamalungelo emvelo, kodwa abakhuselekile. Bavuma ukwenza urhulumente okhusela ubomi, inkululeko, nempahla, kwaye ukuba urhulumente uyabathemba, uJean uGrousterians" uya kugxininisa ukugxininisa ukuchasana kwendlela elungileyo yokulawula ulawulo lwendalo, kodwa uvume ulawulo olunento olulungileyo.[3] I-F3, ivukele ingulogosasasasasasa ingulo yemithetho elungileyo. [enyosi ye-ogropolgo.

Ilungelo Elingokobuthixo Lookumkani

Kangangeenkulungwane, abalawuli bathi igunya labo lalimiselwe nguThixo ngqo. Le mfundiso, eyaziwa njengelungelo lobuthixo lookumkani, yayikholelwa ukuba ookumkani banokuphendula kuThixo kuphela nokuba imvukelo sisono. Yayinempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo kwiYurophu yamandulo, inempembelelo enjengoKumkani James I waseNgilani noBhishophu Jacques-Bénigne Bossue eFransi. Ingcamango yanikela ulungiso olunamandla lwenkosi epheleleyo, idibanisa ukuthobela kwezobupolitika kwimisebenzi yonqulo. Noko ke, imfundiso yobuthixo yacelwwa yiNtlekelelo, ingcamango yentlalo, nokunyuka komGaqo-siseko wemi. Yawohloka kakhulu kweminye imikhosi yaseMelika, nangona iminombo eshiyekileyo apho ulawulo lwe-mospopu yecawa. Namhlanje, ikho kwinkcuko yobuthixo ekhoyo kunenkcukuhlayo yembali, kodwa igciso yemithetho yezopolitiko. [5][0]

Imfundiso KaMarx

UKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels bajonga igunya lezobupolitika njengembonakalo yolawulo lwehlelo. Kuhlalutyo lwabo, urhulumente sisixhobo sodidi olulawulayo. . i-bourgeoisie(isandla sokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwe-proletariat nokugcina impakamo ye-kapitali. Inkcazo ka-Marx iyakhanyela ukuba igunya lezobupolitika kwimicimbi yemali lifaneleke; liyisigqubuthelo seliqela leqela lenjongo yodidi. Ngokutsho kwe-Marx, isisombululo siphendulisa imo yendalo nemeko yebutho labantu. Ngoxa ingcamango ye-Marxism igxekwa inkcaza imbono yokuxhasa ipropati yezopolitiki elungele ukulawulwa kwemeko-makhampasi.

Ingqikelelo-magama yamabhinqa

Iingcali zezobupolitika zamabhinqa ziye zahlolisisa indlela imbono yesithethe yegunya lezobupolitika efana neyobufanasini ngayo. Baphikisa ngelithi igunya ngokwembali lakhiwa njenge-smond(association). Ngomzekelo, ingcamango kaPateman yesivumelwano sentlalo yamabhinqa iye yakhutshwa okanye yabekwa kwimisebenzi yangasese, yasekhaya. Abaphengululi abakwizigqibo zezobufazi bobufazi. UCaole Pateman neNancy Fraser baye babalaselisa indlela imbono yobukhokhobo besizwe. Umzekelo, inkxaso yesivumelwano sobubhishophu esenziwe ngomdlalo lwamakhwe, igxininisa ukubaluleka kwengcamango yemisungulo yomthetho yoluntu ibonisa ukuba isivumelwano sokuqala asingomthetho kuphela kodwa kwakhona isivumelwano seentlobano zesini ezingaphantsi kwamabhinqa. Iimbono zobufayinanotho lweziko lobugqeqentiso, ukuncedisana kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho engokwentlalo, kunye nezonganyelelwa kwimi, icandelo eliphambili.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ingcamango ye-Pluralist, enxulunyaniswa nabaphengululi abafana noRobert Dahl, iphikisa ngelithi igunya lezobupolitika kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi lisasazeke phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi, amaqela, amabureaucracy. kwaye akhuphisana ngempembelelo. Akukho gunya linye eliphezulu eliququzelelwayo ngokuphikisana nokunye. Oku kuyaphikisana nengcamango ephezulu (C. Wright Mills, Gaetanosca), eqikelelwayo ekubusweni kwasekuhlaleni. Ezi ngcamango zibonisa ukuba udidi olulawulayo olusoloko lusebenzisa igunya. Ezinye iindlela zanamhlanje ziquka ububhishophu (i-Moucene), ezibona ukungavumelani kwezobupolitika, kunye nenkqubo ye-Pronotempy, eziqwala imbono engqinela ekuhleni. Ezi mfundiso zibonakalisa ukuntluntlukwanolukwano lwezikomdlamkelo lwamangeno, uk-athomote, kwaye zinyuke ngokunzulu kwe-etheneyo. [F.][1]

Izicelo Zale Mihla Zegunya Lezobupolitika

Imithombo neengcamango zegunya azizizo nje iingcamango ezingacacanga; zibumba ngokuthe ngqo indlela esebenza ngayo kwinkulungwane yama - 21. Iziphumo eziphambili eziliqela zivela kwiingcamango ezitshintshayo zegunya lezobupolitika kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokhetho

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, umthombo oyintloko wegunya kukuvuma okulawulwa, okuboniswa ngonyulo oluthe rhoqo, olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo. Unyulo lusebenza njengenkqubo yokunika igunya okwexeshana, ivumela abemi ukuba baphendule iinkokeli. Noko ke, ulawulo- yolawulo lwedemokhrasi lwangoku lujamelene nocelomngeni: ukurhoxa, impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika, nokuvela kobupopu kusenokuphelisa ukufaneleka okucingelwayo kweziphumo zonyulo. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba unyulo luxhotyisiwe okanye lungahoywa, igunya linokwenza buthathaka. Oku kusenokukhokelela kwingxaki esemthethweni, apho kwanorhulumente onyuliweyo ngokusemthethweni ezama ukuthobela. Ukugcina igunya lezolawulo lwezolawulo-demokhrasi lifuna kungekuphela nje ukufuna ukuba nobulungisa kodwa nokusabela okuququle.

Amalungelo Abantu Nemida Yegunya

Ucwangciso lwamalungelo abantu lwangoku lubeka imida kwigunya lezobupolitika. Phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, amatyala anyanzelekile ukuhlonela amalungelo athile asisiseko , inkululeko yokuthetha, inkqubo efanelekileyo, ukuvalwa kokuthuthumbisa , okungenakungamkeleki kwanangee-ooyena mandla edemokhrasi. Le mingeni ingokwesithethe yokuba igunya ligqibelele okanye lisuka kulawulo oluqhelekileyo. ISindululo somhlaba wonke samaLungelo oluntu (1948) kunye neminqophiso elandelayo igxininisa ukuba eminye imigaqo ephakamileyo yokulawula igunya. Ngokuqhelisela oku kuthetha ukuba abemi banelungelo lokuchasa imiyalelo karhulumente engqubana namalungelo asisiseko. Ikwanika imikhosi yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nemibutho engengoorhulumente ukuba isebenzise kakubi igunya labo. Uchasano phakathi kolawulo lwabo kunye namalungelo abo.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nokwahluka Kwegunya

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi ngokwesithethe kuyenze yanengxaki imodeli yegunya lezobupolitika eWestphalia, apho ilizwe elilawula imimandla elilawulayo linegunya eliphakamileyo kwimida yalo. Namhlanje, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe (iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iZizwe Zorhwebo, iNkundla yezizwe ngezizwe), iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nabadlali begunya abangengobasemthethweni (NGOS, iinkqubo zobugrogrisi) nazo zisebenzisa igunya (okanye impembelelo ebalulekileyo). Amazwe olawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe azimeleyo kwimimandla efana ne-Europe, adala amagunya anokuphazamisa imithetho yesizwe. Le mikhosi i-radiationus yegunya iphakamisa imibuzo ephathelelene ne-demokhrasi: ukuba izigqibo ezichaphazela abemi bazweni kude okanye amaziko angenawo azimeleyo, unxulumano phakathi kwegunya negunya. Amanye amagunya alwanelo alwayo, ngoxa exhasa ulawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe. [5]

Ixesha Lamanani: Iinkqubo Zonxibelelwano Neendidi Ezitsha Zegunya

Ukwanda kobugcisa bezentlalo kunye nezixhobo zezentlalo kuye kwaguqula indlela igunya lezobupolitika eliqondwa ngayo, eliphikiswayo, kunye nelakhiwe ngayo. I-Platforms efana ne-twitter, iFacebook, kunye neTikTok yenza abantu bangakwazi ukucel ’ umngeni amagunya esithethe ngezantsi kunye nentshukumo zokucelwna amagunya esizwe. (iii-Creaw Spring, i-Black Livesting, ne-atism i-mediaism ibonisa indlela izixhobo zobugcisa ezinokukhuthaza nokuthoba ulawulo olusemthethweni. Ngokuphikisana noko, amaqonga eeyunithi amanani anokusetyenziswa ukwahlula i-transportin, inglate imithombo yezolwazi, i-democracrac i-democracy. Ngoku ke ngoku kucengwa ngumthetho omthetho omthetho-ogcomptic, iinkampani zezobugcisa nezinamandla, zisenza izigqibo ezilawulayo ezilawulayo ezithenezo ezo zincwadi ezithe.

Ukuhla Komthetho Nekamva Legunya

Kulo lonke ihlabathi, imithombo emininzi yegunya iphantsi koxinzelelo lwesithethe. Ukuthemba oorhulumente, amajelo eendaba, kunye namaqumrhu enzululwazi kuye kwancipha kumazwe amaninzi. Iinkokeli zePopulist zidla ngokulahla igunya elimiselwe ngokusemthethweni, zinomtsalane endaweni yoko ukwalathisa okanye "ukuthanda kwabantu. Oku kunokukhokelela ekulawuleni ngokwedemokhrasi, apho iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo zithoba iimvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano. Ngelinye ixesha, imibutho yokufuna ukulawulwa kwemithetho esesikweni yobuhlanga neyobufana neentlobano zomthetho. Ikamva legunya lezobupolitika lisenokuba libandakanya iinguqu-jini: iziyilelo zobugcisa ezintsha nokunxibelelana intlalo-mthetho-wonke, ngoxa zikwathi zizama ukukhuthaza ukuphumelela nokucombulula iingxaki ezifanelekileyo zoluntu.

Isiphelo

Igunya lezobupolitika aliyonto nje elula okanye engenakuchazwa. Lisebenzisa imithombo enzulu ``imvume, isithethe, ukunyanzelisa, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nomthetho'. "izithethe ezinamandla nobuthathaka obukhoyo). Izithethe zezopolitiko ezisuka kwingcamango yezentlalo-ntle ukuya kwisivumelwano sobufama zinike inkcazo yendlela yokuphikisa xa igunya ligwetyelwa, nendlela elimele lilinganiselwe ngayo. Kule mihla, unyulo lwedemokhrasi, amalungelo abantu, ukudityalwa kwehlabathi, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, kunye nobugcisa bezobugcisa bamanani ziyaqhubeka ziqhubeka zisenza izisekelo zegunya lezobupolitika. Ukuqonda apho igunya lisuka khona kuyimfuneko, kungekuphela kwezo zezopolitiko nezithandi zobulumko kodwa nangenxa yokuba ngabami bani bonke abafuni ukuvavanyaniswa komthetho babo. Njengokuba imimandla yalentengo ihlala ingxamisekile kulwazi lwezo zezobupolitika njengoko isenza sisithintela kwaye sithintele ukusetyenziswa kwalo.