Ukuqonda Isithethe SobuProtestanti Kulawulo LwaseMerika

Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente norhulumente lumele enye yeziqalelo ezinamandla neziphikiswayo zolawulo lwamaMelika. Olu lungelelwano, olukhutshiweyo kuMgaqo-siseko, aluhlali luhleli luhleli; lutshintshana nomthetho ngamnye omtsha, ulawulo lwenkundla, kunye notshintsho loluntu. Kubafundisi-mfundo kunye nabafundi, ukucaphula okukolu lwabiwo-mali, kubalulekile ukuze baqonde indlela i-United States esebenza ngayo qhaqho kwimithetho yemihla ngemihla elawula unyulo lwesizwe. Uxinezeleko phakathi korhulumente wesizwe omanyeneyo kunye nolawulo lwe-Hulumente nganye ayiso sisiphene kwinkqubo; luphawu oluyilelwe ngabomcinezelelanisa ulawulo olungundoqo lwesizwe nolwezobuqu.

Isiqinisekiso Sokwahlulwa Kwamandla SomGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. luxwebhu olusisiseko olumisela isiseko soburhulumente. Kunokuba kuveliswe igunya elinye, elisembindini, abasebenzi bakha inkqubo yolongamo olubini apho urhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente besizwe bafumana igunya labo kumthombo omnye: abantu. Esi sakhiwo asizimele; siqwalaselwa ngenyameko kukusilela kwamanqaku omanyano, adala urhulumente wesizwe obuthathaka kakhulu ukuba asebenze ngokunempumelelo, noloyiko lukarhulumente onamandla kakhulu ukuba angaphendula.

Amandla Agciniweyo Nawangoku

Ulwahlulo lwamandla phantsi komGaqo-siseko lungaqondwa ngeendidi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo. Udidi ngalunye luchaza umgangatho wegunya kubadlali borhulumente norhulumente kwaye lunika isiseko esisemthethweni kwizigqibo zemigaqo-nkqubo emininzi kunye neengxaki zomthetho.

  • Amandla adweliswe ngamanani (Amiselwe kuRhulumente woManyano): La mandla adweliswe ngokukhethekileyo kwinqaku I, Icandelo 8 lomGaqo-siseko. Aquka amandla okunyusa imali, ulawulo lwelizwe kunye norhwebo lwamanye amazwe, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, kunye nokuseka ii-ofisi zeposi. Ubuchule obukufutshane obukulwa la magunya bekukudala urhulumente wesizwe onobunamandla ngokwaneleyo ukusingatha imicimbi yenzala eqhelekileyo, urhwebo, kunye nolawulo-------------atrono-
  • Imithetho egciniweyo ebekwe eUnited States ngokulandelelanayo, okanye ngabantu. Ulungiso lweshumi loMdaniso lusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla karhulumente, luchaza ukuba amagunya awagunya awagunyaziswanga eUnited States nguMgaqo-siseko, okanye awalelwanga eUnited States, agcinelwe i-Roms, okanye agcinelwe abantu. Oku kulungiswa kusekelwe kumgaqo-siseko wegunya kumazwe kwimimandla emininzi yobomi baseMelika, kuquka imfundo, imimiselo yempahla yasekuhlaleni, imimiselo yemimiselo yomtshato, kunye nempilo kawonke wonke. Amagunya agcinelweyo ayavuma ukuba urhulumente asondele kubantu kwaye axhotyiswe ekuphatheni imicimbi yasekuhlaleni.
  • Amandla akhoyo (Ayabelwe Ngamanqanam Obini): Bobabini oorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente banee-odonga ezithile ngaxeshanye. Ezi ziquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, iibhanki, umgaqo-siseko, kwaye ukwenza nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla akhoyo kusoloko kufuna umanyano kwaye kungaba ngumthombo wokhuphiswano xa urhulumente kunye norhulumente enyukela phambili. Umzekelo, omabini amanqanaba karhulumente angahlawula irhafumsko, kodwa amanani kunye nezakhiwo zinokuhluka ngokuphawulekayo.

UClaus Oneengcungela Nomthetho Wesizwe

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko wahlula amandla, ikwamisa icandelo lesi-4. IGatya lesi-4, iSiqendu sikaClaus, esaziwa njenge-Supremacy Claus, ivakalisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, kunye nemithetho karhulumente ebekwe kuwo, iza kuba ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umthetho wesizwe uchasene nomthetho karhulumente osemthethweni, umthetho karhulumente uyaphumelela. Noko ke, ibinzana elingundoqo lithi "yenziwe lize"Mgaqo-siseko. Umthetho wesizwe oyaligqitha igunya lawo elibekwe phantsi, ungabethwa ziinkundla. USupreymacle akaniki urhulumente onegunya elingenamda; uqinisekisa ukuba kwi-omda yawo, igunya lorhulumente liphezulu.

Ukufikelela Okukhulu Kwegunya Lomanyano

Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya kuludwe olubanzi lwemiba yesizwe engaphaya kwemida yombuso. Eli gunya aliphelelanga kumagunya adweliswe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Ngomcimbi kaClaus I, ICandelo 8, u-Claus 18), iKhomishini inamandla okwenza yonke imithetho eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo yokuthwala ukubulawa kwamandla ayo adweliswe ngokuphangaleleyo, ivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba andise ukufikelela kwakhe kwiindawo ezinjengezempilo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, namalungelo oluntu.

Ukhuselo lwesizwe nemicimbi yamazwe angaphandle

Urhulumente wesizwe unembopheleleko epheleleyo yokhuselo lwesizwe kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe. Ngurhulumente wesizwe kuphela onokuthi azise imfazwe, agcine imikhosi exhobileyo, athethe izivumelwano, amele iUnited States kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. I-United States iyalelwe ukuba ingene kwizivumelwano okanye ingene emfazweni ngaphandle kokuba ihlaselwe okanye isengozini ekufuphi. Oku kubekwa komkhosi kunye nolawulo lwezizwe kubalulekile ekunikezeleni ugqatso olumanyeneyo lwehlabathi nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lohlanga.

Urhwebo lwangaphakathi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho

I-Choomer Claus inika iKhomishini yokulawula urhwebo namazwe asemzini kunye naphakathi kwamazwe aliqela. Eli gunya liye laba sesinye sezixhobo ezibalulekileyo kugunya likarhulumente. Phantsi kwenkcazelo yangoku, iBhunga linokulawula phantse nawuphi na umsebenzi wezoqoqosho ochaphazela ushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe. Oku kuquka yonke into esuka ekuvelisweni nasekukhuselweni kwezothutho nakukhuselo lwabathengi. [[FLT: 0] Ukutolikwa kweCalme Clausce [[[ yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ingathi inguMbingelelo ingu ephakamileyo ingumzinzi ophambili ekunyuseni amandla orhulumente kwiinkulungwane zamashumi amabini namashumi amabini anesihlanu.

Ukufuduka noKhuseleko loMda

Inkqubo yokufuduka yeyomnye ummandla wegunya eliphantse liphele. UmGaqo-siseko awuwaniki ngokuphandle amagunya okufuduka, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente unegunya elimiselwe igunya lokufuduka njengomqondiso wolawulo lwesizwe. Le misebenzi yesizwe idla ngokucelw'ulwa phantsi kwemfundiso ye-presusion, ebangela ukuba ubani ahlale ekho, aze abe ngummi waseUnited States. Ngoxa amaphondo esenokuzama ukunceda ekunyanzeleni okanye ekumiseni imithetho engachaphazamisi abaphambukeli, ezi zenzo zikarhulumente zisoloko zicelw ’ umngeni yaye zibekwe phantsi kwemfundiso ye-predictionion, ebangela ukuba umthetho wesizwe ungene kumhlaba.

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni nemigangatho yesizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseni nasekunyanzeleni imigaqo yesizwe yamalungelo abantu. Umthetho wophawu lwelizwe onjengoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, uMthendeleko Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1965, kunye noMthetho we-Voting Rights (uMthetho weSigunyaziso saMazwe) noMthetho we-1990 oneziphene omisela imigaqo esisiseko esetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amazwe. Nangona amaphondo ekwazi ukunikela inkxaso eyongezelelekileyo, asenokungawachasi amalungelo asisiseko amiselwe phantsi komthetho wezwe. UMthetho we-1449th Amend Confectionment, kunye nesiqinisekiso sawokukhuselwa kwawo sokhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo, usebenza njengesixhobo esinamandla sokuphatha imicimbi yesizwe.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yegunya Likarhulumente

Oorhulumente abangoorhulumente abangoorhulumente abalawulayo borhulumente wesizwe. Bayimibutho elawulayo enemithetho-siseko yayo, izindlu zowiso-mthetho, amasebe alawulayo, kunye neejaji. Amagunya agcinelwe amaphondo ayabavumela ukuba basebenze njengeegumbi zolawulo-lwazi-melo, bezama iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezibonisa amaxabiso neemfuno zabemi babo abakhethekileyo. Olu lawulo lungolunye lwamandla achazayo olawulo lwamaMelika.

Inkqubo yemfundo neeSikolo sikaWonk ’

Imfundo ingumsebenzi oyintloko karhulumente nowasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente ngamnye unesebe lakhe lemfundo elimisela imigangatho yofundo, iimfuno zokufundisa, kunye nemigaqo yokuphumelela. Isithili sezikolo zobulali, esisebenza phantsi kwegunya lorhulumente, silawula imisebenzi yemini yonke yezikolo zikawonke-wonke, kuquka abafundisi-mfundo abaqeshileyo, izibonelelo zokulondoloza, kunye noqingqo-mali. Ngoxa urhulumente worhulumente elungiselela inkxaso yemali kunye nokunyanzelisa iimfuno ezithile zamalungelo abantu ngeSebe lemfundo, asithethi okanye asimisi inkqubo yesikolo soluntu. Le ndlela ifanelekileyo ivumela iinkqubo zokuhambisa iinkqubo zemfundo kwimiqathangozo kunye neemeko ezithile zezoqoqosho.

Unyango namanyathelo Okuqalisa Empilo Kawonke-wonke

Amazwe anendima ephambili ekulawuleni ulawulo lwezonyango. Alawula iimarike ze-inshorensi yezempilo, iingcali zezezonyango, kunye noomalathisi bezonyango kunye neekliniki. Ngocwangciso lwenkqubo yeMedicaid, anikela ukhathalelo lwempilo kubemi abafumana imali ephantsi kweziphumo zemali phantsi komanyano olulawula ubuchule obubalulekileyo ekuhlolweni, iingenelo. Amazwe nawo anamandla amapolisa okukhusela impilo kawonke wonke, aquka igunya lokugunyazisa ukugonya, ukukhupha imiyalelo yokukhupha ingxubeko, kunye nokulawula ukuqhatha kwezifo ezikhoyo. Isifo se-COVID sabonisa indima ebalulekileyo yeminyango yempilo karhulumente ekuhlolweni kweminyango, ukuhambisa iingenelo-zamayeza, kunye nokuqinisekisa amanyathelo ezempilo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Nokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Amagosa aseburhulumenteni kunye namaziko asekuhlaleni okuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza ngokusemthethweni ajongene noninzi lwamapolisa kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni, amaphondo, namasebe amapolisa aseluntwini, ahlola ulwaphulo-mthetho, enza amabanjwa, kwaye anyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente. Iinkundla zikarhulumente zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, asuka kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezihamba ngeetrato ukusa kwityala letyala. Inkqubo yentolongo ifumana abantu abagwetyiweyo phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe esebenza ngokwawo amasebe omthetho, njenge-FBI kunye ne-DEA, la masebe ajolise iliso kulwaphulo-mthetho nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokutsho kwe-mthetho ye- Bureau yeMigaqo yeMigaqo-mthetho yezomthetho yezomthetho. [FLT.]], urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uphendula ngokolawulo lwezintlawulo-mthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Amazwe azimele kwaye agcine uninzi lweendlela zelizwe, iindlela, kunye neebhulorho. Amasebe karhulumente esicwangciso sezothutho, ukwakhiwa, kunye neenkqubo zokuqhuba, ngokufuthi ngoncedo lwemali oluvela kurhulumente wesizwe ngeenkqubo ezifana nenkqubo yeNdlela ephakamileyo eManyeneyo. Ama-odolo alawula ubhaliso lwezithuthi, umqhubi wesithuthi, kunye nemithetho yeetrato. Lo mgangatho wesizwe uvumela ukutshintsha kwengingqi //imeko yekhephu lekhephu elinzima inokuba nemilinganiselo yendlela elungeleleneyo kumgangatho wenkqukubeko, kwaye imithetho yendlela ilungelelamganyana.

Ungquzulwano Nentsebenziswano Kwibutho Lanamhlanje

Ukusetyenziswa kwegunya lorhulumente norhulumente kusoloko kuphawulwa kukungquzulwano. Xa imithetho karhulumente nemithetho karhulumente ingqubana, isigqibo sixhomekeke kuhlobo lwaloo ngxabano nesiseko somGaqo-siseko sokwenza umsebenzi karhulumente. Kwezinye iimeko, amatyala axhathisa izigunyazo zikarhulumente; kwezinye, afuna ukuzalisa amakhefu ashiywe ngurhulumente ongenanto. Ukuqonda ezi ngxabano kubalulekile ekuqwalaseleni iziganeko zangoku neengxoxo zemithetho.

Ukwenziwa komthetho kweMarijuana noMthetho woManyano

Omnye wemizekelo ebalasele kakhulu yemfazwe karhulumente ubandakanya intsangu. Kungonyaka wama-2025, amaphondo amaninzi aye agunyazisa umya wokusebenzisa unyango, kwaye amaninzi aye awubhalisa ngokusemthethweni ukuze asebenzise ukuzonwabisa. Noko ke, umya iShedyuli Ndilawula into phantsi kweSigqeba se-Romalted Substances Act, ukuphatha, nokulima phantsi komthetho karhulumente osemthethweni. Urhulumente uthathe umthetho jikelele umthetho ongekho mthethweni, uthathe inkqubo yokungavumela umatshini womjelo womjelo ukuba usebenze ngaphandle kokubekwa esongeni, kodwa lo mthetho uxhomekeke kwigunya le nkqubo yegunya likarhulumente kunokuba uzenze iingxaki ezingoko ngokomthetho. Ingxabano ibangela ulwaphulo-mthetho nezoqoqosho ezingundoqo zeshishini ezisebenzayo kweli sithuba somthetho, kuquka ukufikelela koncedo lwemali kunye nokhuseleko lorhulumente. Le nkupho ibonakalisa ukuxakelelwa kwemeko-mali phakathi kolawulo nomthetho-orhulumente nomthetho-onki.

Ukubonelela ngamalungelo nolawulo lokhetho

Ulawulo lokhetho lusebenza ngokuyintloko, kodwa lusebenza phakathi kwesiseko semfuno-siseko yomgaqo-siseko wezwe kunye nokhuseleko lomthetho-siseko. Ama- States amisela iiyure zokuvota, indawo yokuvota, iinkqubo zokuvota, kunye nendlela yokufaka izibheno. Noko ke, imithetho yequmrhu efana ne-Voting Rights Act yokwalela izenzo zokuvota, kwaye uMgaqo-siseko umisela izicwangciso ezincinane zonyulo lwesizwe. Iimpikiswano ziphakama xa amazwe emisela imithetho ye-i-imo yokuvota, ukucoca ii-pontir, okanye ukusungula iiplani ezinokuchaphazela ngokungenakubonwa nakuqwalasela. Urhulumente wolawulo lungavavanyaza ukucel' ezi zenzo zenkundla, kwaye iNkulawula iNkulawula ityala imo yomthetho wonyulo. Kunyaka wama-20135. [5]

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ingumsebenzi owabelweneyo odla ngokudala imfazwe. Urhulumente wengingqi weNgqongqo-moya (EPA), umisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yomgangatho womoya namanzi, ulawulo lwenkunkuma enobungozi, kunye nokhuseleko lwemichiza. Noko ke, amaphondo ngabona basebenzisa ngokuyintloko le migaqo kwaye anokusebenzisa imithetho engqongqo kunaleyo ifunwa ngurhulumente. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniyani igcine imilinganiselo yezithuthi ezikhutshwayo engaphaya kwemilinganiselo karhulumente, uqheliso oluvunyelwe phantsi kwe-Ceoc Air Act i-raving kodwa kwakhona ingenza umsebenzi wemimiselo ekufuneka amashishini ahambele phambili. Xa urhulumente egcina imigaqo engokobume yokulondolozwa kwemeko-bume, amatyala angagcina imilinganiselo ekhoyo, ekhokelela kwimiqatha yezomthetho eqhubekayo.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neNkxaso

UMthetho we-Affordicure Care (ACA) wadala ungquzulwano olukhulu lwamazwe azimeleyo, ingakumbi kulwando lweMedicaid. I-ACA yakuqala yafuna iimeko zokwandisa uMdicaid i-Medicaid intlukwano kubo bonke abantu abadala abafumana ingeniso ukuya ku-138% kumgangatho wobuhlwempu obuseburhulumenteni, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula i-National Federation of Independent , i-Intelligence v. I-sebelius[[FLT] [[FLT] [2] (202] le mfuneko yayingasetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni.) yanikwa ukhetho lolwandiso okanye lokuncitshiswa kwemeko. Ngokomphumo, umsantsalo obalulekileyo, kunye nabahlali be-expointssion. Oku kubonisa ukuba iziphumo zemeko olufanelekileyo xa kusenze iziphumo esinelo sigunyaziso sobuzwe.

INkundla Ephakamileyo Njengomthetheli WeFederalism

INkundla ePhakamileyo inendima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imida yegunya lorhulumente nelorhulumente. Ngamandla okuhlola ityala, iNkundla itolika umGaqo-siseko ize igqibe enoba imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga okanye yimithetho yowiso-mthetho ivumelekile phantsi kwesakhiwo sorhulumente. Izigqibo zeNkundla zibumba ulungelelwano lwamandla ngeendlela zokwenene nezihlala zihleli.

Ityala Elingumqondiso Elachaza Ukulungelelana

Amatyala aliqela asisiseko aseke imigaqo elawula ulwalamano lwamazwe asekuhlaleni namhlanje.

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Lo mba useke imigaqo emibini enzima: ukuba iKhomishini ibonise amagunya angaphaya kwalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo kuMgaqo-siseko, kwaye loo nto ithetha ukuba ayinakuphazamisana namaziko asekuhlaleni. Uluvo lweNkosi uJohn Marshall lwachaza ububanzi botoliko lwamandla karhulumente ngokubaluleka kunye nolufanelekileyo Claus.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Le meko imisele utoliko oluphangaleleyo lweChwethezo Claus, ilawula ukuba amandla karhulumente okulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo athe ngqo kwaye angodwa, athelekisa isiseko segunya lesizwe kumsebenzi wezoqoqosho othe ngqinelanayo weminqamlezo.
  • A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935): Lo mba umele umlinganiselo obalulekileyo kumandla orhwebo lwamazwe, ukubetha phantsi amalungiselelo eNational Industrial Recovery Act yokulawula ushishino olungachaphazeleki ngqo kwintengiso yengingqi. Umzekelo wabonisa ukuba urhwebo lwe-Classiane lunemida.
  • [FLT] Wickard v. Filburn (1942): Kumahluko ocacileyo Schechter[, elityala landisa iChwebial Claus kumgangatho wayo ofikelelweyo, lilawula ukuba ingqolowa yekhaya lomlimi elungele ukusetyenziswa ngumntu ngamnye izakulawulwa ngenxa yesiphumo sayo sorhwebo oluphakathi. Esi sigqibo sanika iziseko lomthetho-siseko somgaqo wolawulo olubanzi lwezoqoqosho.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995): Eli tyala laphawula ukutshintsha okubalulekileyo, njengoko iNkundla yabetha umthetho karhulumente wegunya lorhwebo eligqithisileyo lika Claus kwiminyaka emalunga namashumi amathandathu. INkundla yagqiba ukuba uMpun-Sikhululo soMgaqo-o-omthetho wolawulo olusemthethweni, ubonakalisa ukuvuma kwakhona ukunyanzelisa imiqathango kwigunya likarhulumente.
  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202) (20: sele ikhankanyiwe ngokunxulumene ne ACA, elityala lixhasa igunya lomntu ngamnye njengokusetyenziswa okusemthethweni kwamandla eBhunga arhafisayo kodwa igunya elilinganiselweyo likarhulumente ukunyanzela ulwandiso kulwando lweMedicaid. Isigqibo saqinisekisa umgaqo othi urhulumente worhulumente akakwazi ukulawula oorhulumente.

Amatyala omanyano akhoyo

INkundla iyaqhubeka ithetha ngeempikiswano zorhulumente kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu. Ityala elibandakanya ukukhutshwa kwemithetho karhulumente kwimibandela enjengokunyanzeliswa kokufuduka, ukulawulwa kwemekobume, kunye nerhafu ye-Intanethi lisoloko likho phambi kweNkundla. Isigqibo sakutshanje Dobs v. Jackson Madobs Organization of Health Organization[ [202]) ngokuphawulekayo ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wolawulo lwesizwe ngokubuyisela umthetho wokuqhomfa kumazwe, ukubhukuqamba iminyaka emalunga namashumi amahlanu e-ogxampyutha yomthetho. Esi sigqibo sibonisa ukuba ukutolika kweNkuhla kweNkuhla yezo yezo yezo ngokomthetho, ngeziphumo ezinzulu zemeko zomthetho namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Kwimeko yangokunyaka ophezulu yeNkuhlalo [FFOT] [FF]

Ukuguquka Kwenkqubo Yomanyano

Umanyano asiyomfundiso eqinisekisiweyo kodwa luyinkqubo ephilayo evumelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo. Ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe luye lwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, luphenjelelwa yimfazwe, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, imibutho yentlalo, kunye notshintsho lobugcisa. Ukuqonda urhulumente kufuneka uqonde iziseko zalo zomGaqo-siseko kunye neempembelelo ezisebenzayo kubume bezobupolitika banamhlanje.

INew Federalism Neendaleko

Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1970, bekukho umbutho ophinda-phindeneyo wezopolitiko kwiNew Federalism, efuna ukukhulula amandla kunye noxanduva kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente emva kumazwe. Le ndlela igxininisa ukulungelelaniso lwesizwe, izithintelo, kunye negunya elincitshisiweyo lesizwe. Bobabini ulawulo lweRiphabliki kunye nolwedemocratic luye lwamkela iziqalelo zale ntanda-bulumko, nangona iqondo lokuguqula utshintsho lungaguquguquki ngokwemithetho. Umthetho weNtlalo lweNguquko ka-19969, othathe indawo yegunya lokunika imali ngoncedo lwezibonelelo zikarhulumente ngezibonelelo zebloko zizimeleyo ezikhoyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba amacandelo ayamkela ulwanolwano oluninzi kwaye acebisileyo; abagxeki abagxeki ukuba umgangatho wolawulo lokhuseleko olungenayo.

INgxowa-mali yoManyano kunye noMbutho weSizwe

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla urhulumente wesizwe anazo zokuphembelela umgangatho wokuziphatha okungurhulumente kukusetyenziswa kwemali. Ngokudibanisa iimeko kwimali enikezelwa ngurhulumente, iKhomishini ingabangela ukuba amazwe amkele iinkqubo angenakuzikhetha. Lo msebenzi, owaziwa ngokuba yi-fiscal urhulumente, uvumela urhulumente ukuba alungise inkqubo karhulumente kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lohola wendlela (ngokuxhasa uhola wemali exhasa ukusela okuncinane kweminyaka engama-21), imfundo (ngokusukela kwiimfuno ezinxulumene nenkxaso yemfundo yomthetho wemfundo kazwelonke), kunye nenkxalabo yempilo (ngemithetho yenkqubo yeMedicaid). Inkundla ephakamileyo ixhasa amandla okusetyenziswa kwemali enxulumene nokunyanzelwa kwemali, okungangeni macala okungangeni macala okucacileyo. Oku kudala i-webrouthssss zenters nemfuneko ezin

Indima YamaZwe Kwinkqubo Yomanyano

Phezu kwako nje ukufikelela okude kwegunya likarhulumente kwimimandla emininzi, amaphondo ahlala ebalulekile kwimimandla emininzi engoorhulumente, enegunya elithe ngqo kwimibandela echaphazela ngokungqalileyo ubomi bemihla ngemihla beminye imibutho. Amazwe ngabona balawuli bokuqala bempahla, izivumelwano, intsapho, netort mthetho. Alawula unyulo, asebenzisa inkqubo yemfundo kawonke-wonke, iindlela, ulawulo lwepaki, kunye noogxamrhu abagunyazi begunya. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko unikela ukhuseleko olukhulu lwamalungelo abantu ngabanye kunawoMgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, oorhulumente basebenza njengesixhobo esilinganayo, begcina isithuba sokwahlukahlukana, uvavanyo, kunye nolawulo lommandla. Ukuhlola umgaqo-siseko, ukukhusela umgaqo-siseko, [[FLT]

Umanyano Nekamva Lolawulo

Ikamva lolawulo lorhulumente liya kulolongeka luninzi lweengxaki ezivelayo. Unyuko lorhwebo lwamanani kunye nogcino-lwazi luphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nokuba umgaqo wemeko-bume unokwenzeka okanye uyanqweneleka. Utshintsho lwemozulu lufuna ukulungelelaniswa kwesenzo esinokudlula kumandla ombuso, kodwa amaphondo ebeziinkokeli kwinkqubo yemozulu. Iimeko zongxamiseko zempilo yoluntu ziyalingamela imigaqo-mali yegunya likarhulumente kunye nemfuneko yomanyano lwamagunya karhulumente. Ubuchule bobuchule bobuchule bobuchule bomgaqo-jini, kunye nezinye izinto eziphuhlisa ziza kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo karhulumente wokulawula iingozi ezinokuvela. Inkqubo yezonyango, kunye nobuchule bayo bokuvavanyanisa, ilungele ukuphendula kwezi ngxaki, kodwa ukuba abaenzi benkqubo kunye nabantu bayazi indlela yolungelelaniso kunye nemimiselo yemithetho yolawulo lwe-orhulumente borhulumente bolawulo lwentlalo mhlaba.

Isiphelo

Ulwahlulo lwegunya phakathi korhulumente worhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwana luphawu oluchazayo lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Yinkqubo eyenzelwe ukukhusela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla, ukulondoloza ulawulo lwengingqi, nokunceda ulawulo olunempumelelo kwimigangatho emininzi. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko, kodwa ukulungelelana kwamandla okuhlala kuxoxwa ngomthetho, inyathelo lolawulo, kunye notoliko lwezomthetho. Abafundisi norhulumente waseMelika, ukuqonda urhulumente akuyonkqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo. Kubalulekile ekuzameni ubumi, ukuqinisekisanako okunentsingiselo kweyona mpikiswano iphambili yexesha lethu eliphambili. Uxinzeko phakathi komanyano lwesizwe nolwahluka-mthetho akuyokugqitywa; kuyinto enamandla ukulawulwa ngobulumko, umgaqo-mgaqo-siseko, kunye nokuhlonela okunzulu ngomgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko oye wasetyenziswa yimeko-Melikaneelikaneenkulungwane ezimbini.