Ukwazisa

Urhulumente wase-United States wakhiwe kwisiseko solawulo olumabini, apho igunya lahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-constalism, inika imbopheleleko eyahlukileyo kwiKhomishini `iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho(* neyayayayamagunya esizwe ngalinye. Ngelixesha omabini lamaziko enza imithetho, amagunya, amagunya, nemisetyenzana yosuku iyahluka ngeendlela ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi. Ukuqonda ezi misebenzi kubalulekile kungekuphela kubafundi bakarhulumente kodwa nakumntu ngamnye ofuna ukuqhuba ulawulo lwezopolitiko, ukuxhasa, okanye ukuqonda ukuba kutheni imigaqo ethile yenziwe kumgangatho wesizwe ngoxa abanye beshiywe kumazwe.

Eli nqaku lindisa iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo zeNgqungquthela kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, zihlola imvelaphi yazo, iinkqubo zomthetho, kunye nohlolo kunye nolungelelwaniso olugcina isebe ngalinye likwindlela yalo efanelekileyo. Ekupheleni, uza kuba noxabiso olunzulu ngendlela ezi maleko zowiso-mthetho zimbini ezisebenza ngayo kunye, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zilawulana nohlanga olwahlukeneyo nolwandayo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla oMthetho

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ubeka amagunya eNgqungquthela kwiQumrhu I, udwelisa amagunya akhethekileyo afana nokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, ukuveliswa kwemali, ukukhutshelwa kwemfazwe, nokumiswa komkhosi. Kwangaxeshanye, uMgaqo-siseko weshumi ugcine onke amagunya angagunyaziswanga eUnited States kumazwe okanye kubantu. Lo mgaqo-siseko umisela inkqubo yomthetho apho iBhunga lisingatha imicimbi yobuzwe ngoxa izindlu zowiso-mthetho zithetha ngeemfuno zengingqi.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zifumana igunya lazo kwimimiselo yesizwe, eyahluka-hlukeneyo kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo inika amapolisa amaninzi — amandla okumisela impilo, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu ngokubanzi. Eli cala lisisiseko lichaza isizathu sokuba ubone imithetho efanayo karhulumente engokwabelana kwabantu abafudukayo nemvume, kodwa urhulumente owahlukeneyo kuyo yonke into ukususela kwisantya ukuya kwixesha lomtshato ukuya kutsho kwisigaba somtshato somthetho osemthethweni.

Ingqungquthela: IMithetho Yowiso-mthetho Yomanyano

Ukwakhiwa nomelo

ICandelo liqulethwe yiNdlu yabameli (435, eyabiwe ngabantu) kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali (amalungu ali-100, amabini ngeli zwe). Indlu yenzelwe ukubonakalisa ukuthanda kwabantu ngoko ngqo, kunye namalungu akhonza amagama eminyaka emibini kwaye ajongana nonyulo oluthe rhoqo. ICanon, enemiqathango eneminyaka emithandathu kunye nomelo olulinganayo kulo lonke ilizwe, yayijoliswe ukuthoba umthetho nokukhusela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente kumgangatho worhulumente.

Olu xinezeleko lokwakha luthetha ukuba nawuphi na umlomo omkhulu kufuneka uzuze inkxaso kuninzi lwabameli babantu kunye nobuchule obuphezulu bolawulo (ngemithetho yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi, efuna ngokunempumelelo amavoti angama-60 ukuqhubela phambili umthetho omninzi). Isiphumo yinkqubo yemithetho ecothayo nevumelanisayo ngabom.

Amagunya Amiselweyo Engqungquthela

Ngaphandle kwezinto ezidweliswe kwinqaku lokuqala, iKhonkxane ikwaphethe amandla alawula uqoqosho lwesizwe kunye nenkqubo yangaphandle. Ezi ziquka:

  • I-Commerce Claus Power: Congress ilawula zonke imimandla yelizwe nezorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe, namhlanje ezinwebela phantse kwimisebenzi yonke yezoqoqosho .ukusuka kwintengiso yengingqi ye Internet ukuya kugcino lwemimiselo yemekobume.
  • [[NTLA] Ukuqhatha kunye nokusebenzisa imali: Ingqungquthela ingayikhupha irhafu ye-vy, iboleke imali, ichithe imali ukwenzela intlalo-ntle jikelele. Le “mandla esipakethi” sisixhobo esinamandla sokuphembelela inkqubo, kuquka ukukhokelela imali kwiimeko ngenkxaso-mali.
  • Amandla emfazwe:[ Kuphela iBhunga elinokwazisa imfazwe, nangona uMongameli njengoMthetheli- kwiNtloko angathumela amajoni ngaphandle kwesaziso seentsuku ezingamashumi amathandathu phantsi kweSigqibo semfazwe.
  • Ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko kunye neBhanki: imisela imithetho efanayo yobumi nokuwiswa kwamalungelo omntu, ithintela umsebenzi wemithetho yesiphatho sikarhulumente.
  • Amandla eposi: Congress imisa ii-ofisi zeposi kunye neendlela zasemva, amandla asekela yonke iNkonzo yeposi yase-U.S.

Indlela IBhili Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo Kwingqungquthela

Inqaku lokuqala lichaza amanyathelo asisiseko, kodwa inyaniso isekelwe ngakumbi.

  1. Imposiso: Umlomo ungaveliswa kwigumbi ngalinye (ngaphandle kwemali yengeniso, emele iqale kwindlu). Amawaka aziswa intlanganiso nganye, kodwa iqhezu liba ngumthetho.
  2. Committee Referral: Lo mqathango unikwa ikomiti emileyo ````Inqanawa''',' njengeMidicio, Iindlela kunye neeNkqutyana', okanye iiNkonzo zokuxhobisa.' Apho umsebenzi wokwenyani uyenzeka khona. Iikomiti ezingaphantsi zingabamba amava, zithathe ubungqina kwiingcali nabagcini-mathiriyeli, kwaye ziphawule (isiphelo) ityala.
  3. Committee Vote: Ukuba ikomiti epheleleyo iyayivumela imali, ixelwa phantsi ngengxelo ebhaliweyo. Imali engaphumeleliyo kwikomiti ifile ngokusisiseko.
  4. [[NTL: 0] Uqwalaselo oluphezulu: Endlungwini, iKomiti yeMimiselo icwangcisa ixesha lengxoxo kunye nemithetho yokulungisa. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, impikiswano engenasiphelo ivumelekile ngaphandle kokuba ihratya iyabizwa (60 amavoti). Abaququzeleli bangabamba i-fivsbester ukuvala ivoti.
  5. IPassage: ivoti nganye yegumbi. Uninzi olulula lugqithisa irejista (ngaphandle kweminye imicimbi enjengezivumelwano, ezifuna iintambo ezimbini-ntathu zendlu yendlu yolwaluko).
  6. IKomiti yeNkcubeko: Ukuba iNdlu neNdlu yeQela zigqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi iyakuvumelanisa ukungqubana. Ulalanisa kufuneka kudlule omabini amagumbi kwakhona.
  7. [[NTL: 0] Isenzo sePresidenti: UMongameli angasayina ityala, iveto, okanye alivumele libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino (imposiso iveto ukuba iingqungquthela zengqungquthela ngeentsuku ezilishumi).

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Uhlolo lweKhomishini kwisebe eliphetheyo alupheleli nje kumandla aphantsi kwaye luyeke ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezikhankanywe ngaphambili. Ezinye izixhobo ziquka:

  • Icebiso neNkomfa: Indlu yendlu yemibutho iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu ecabinet, iijaji zezwe, ii-arhente) kwaye iqinisekisa izivumelwano ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukulawula okungagqibekanga: Iikomiti zamangqina namaxwebhu, zibamba amatyala kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, kwaye zinokususa amasebe angalunganga.
  • [[Ukwahlulwa kooMagunya angomnye: Indlu ingakwazi ukutyunjwa ngabagwebi bequmrhu, oonobhala bekhabhinethi, kwanoMongameli osisiGqibo, ngokuvavanywa nokususwa yiBhunga.
  • Amandla okungenisa iProjekthi: iBhunga linegunya elipheleleyo lokuphanda nawuphi na umcimbi onxulumene nemisebenzi yalo yowiso-mthetho, kuquka ukuziphatha okubi komongameli.

IMithetho yeRhulumente: IAmahashe Asebenzayo Olawulo

Iinguqu Ezahlukahlukeneyo

Ngokungafaniyo neBhunga, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente azifani zonke. Ngoxa amaphondo angama-49 enezindlu ezimbini (indlu esezantsi nendlu ephezulu, ngokuqhelekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso), iNebraska inendlu yowiso-mthetho enye, ene-uncameral. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zeSizwe zikwahamba ngendlela ephawulekayo ngobukhulu: Indlu yeNew Hampshire inamalungu angama-400, ngoxa i-Alaska enobude beminyaka engama-40 kuphela (iCalifornia, iNew York) ukuya kwixesha elithile (iTaxtas idibana nyaka ngamnye).

Ezi ntlobo zolwakhiwo zibonakalisa imbali engaqhelekanga yelinye ilizwe nenkcubeko yezobupolitika. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amazwana asemaphandleni amancinci nangaphezulu atyekele kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha elithile, ngeli lixa amazwe amakhulu, anabemi abaninzi abanobuchule obudibeneyo bokusingatha uqingqo-mali oluntsonkothileyo kunye namalungiselelo olawulo.

Amandla Omthetho KaRhulumente phantsi koMphetho-ntle weshumi

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ziphethe oko kubizwa ngokuba “ngamagunya agciniweyo.” Ezi ziquka amagosa adumileyo amapolisa okulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, nokuziphatha, kodwa kwakhona aquka uludwe oluninzi lwamagunya:

  • Imfundo:[ Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zimisela imigangatho yofundo, inkxaso-mali yemfundo yeK --12 yeso sixhobo, izikolo zerhafu, neeyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke. Zikwalawula ulungiso-zifundiswa kunye nesiqinisekiso.
  • Imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho elawulayo: Imithetho emininzi yolwaphulo-mthetho ngumthetho karhulumente, ukusuka ekuphuleni kwendlela ukuya kwityala elinzulu. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho, zimisela izikhokelo, kwaye zilawula ulungiso.
  • Imali ephambili: Ama-odoli alawula izibhedlele, iinkampani ze-inshorensi, kunye noogqirha nabongikazi abangoogqirha. Ezinye ziye zandisa uMicaid phantsi koMthetho we-Affordble Care Act; ezinye azizange.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano sokurhweba:[ iintlawulo zemithetho yowiso-mthetho kunye nokuphatha uhola weendlela, uthutho lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokulungisa abaqhubi. Kwakhona bamisela imithetho yendlela.
  • Ulawulo lwamazwe ahlalayo: Amazwe enza ubalo, izixeko, kunye nezikolo, kwaye agqiba amagunya awo ngemithetho yomthetho-siseko kunye nokwenza umthetho.
  • [[NTL:0] Ummiselo wesithuthi: Amazwe angamisela eyawo imilinganiselo yemeko-bume, ngokufuthi engqongqo kuneyaseluntwini (umz., imigangatho yezithuthi zeKhalifoniya).
  • Unyulo:[ izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zephondo zizoba ingqungquthela kunye nesithili sowiso-mthetho (isithoba soMthetho wamaLungelo weSizwe), imisela imithetho yonyulo, kunye nokulawula ubhaliso lovoti.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho KaRhulumente

Ngoxa kufana nenkqubo karhulumente, ukwenziwa kwemithetho kurhulumente kuneinkalo eziliqela ezahlukileyo:

  1. [[FLT: 0] Ukwazisa: IiBhili zingaziswa ngu nawuphi na ummisi-mthetho. Kwamanye amazwe, abemi bangacebisa imithetho ngenkqubo yokuqalisa (umz., California, Colorado, Oregon).
  2. [[UMTL:0] Isenzo seCommittee: iikomiti zikarhulumente zisebenza kakhulu njengabahlobo bazo borhulumente, nangona imithetho yahlukene. Amanye amazwe afuna iimvo ukuze ziviwe kuzo zombini iikomiti zale miphanda nasemva kokudlula.
  3. [[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo yencoko yababini ne Votion: Amazwe amaninzi anamaxesha engxoxo amafutshane kwaye ambalwa imiqobo. Amanye avumela inxaxheba ekude.
  4. Indima yeGovernor: Abalawuli belizwe bangasayina okanye barhoxise amatyala, kwaye abaninzi banamandla omgca wento iveto (ubuchule bokubetha izinto ezithile zokuchitha ngaphandle kokukhupha yonke irekhothi). Amanye amaphondo avumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ilawule iveto ngenkoliso elula kwezinye iimeko.
  5. I-Referal to Voters: Amazwe ambalwa afuna imvume yovoti kwiintlobo ezithile zomthetho, ezifana nonyuko olubalulekileyo lwerhafu okanye ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko (umz., i-TaBOR'Amendiment).

ISebe leMicimbi yoHlahlo lwabiwo-mali neMidlalo

Indlu yowiso-mthetho nganye karhulumente kufuneka idlulise uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo (onke amazwana ngaphandle kweVermont anemfuneko yoqingqo-mali esemthethweni okanye elungeleleneyo yomgaqo-siseko). Le miyalelo ingurhulumente yokusebenzisa imali ngendlela iNgqungquthela engajonganiyo. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zikwagqiba ukuba yiyiphi irhafu yempahla: irhafu yengeniso, irhafu yerhafu, irhafu yenkampani, irhafu yerhafu. Ingxoxo emalunga nexabiso lerhafu kunye nerhafu ehlawulwayo idla ngokuba ziingxaki zemali ezindlwini zikarhulumente kulo lonke ilizwe.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe nazo zinika ityala eligunyazisa ityala likarhulumente, njengeminqophiso yeeprojekthi zezibonelelo. Imvume ye Voter isoloko ifuneka kwimibutho emikhulu.

Ukucalucalula Nokuqhwaba Ngokugqithisileyo Kweembopheleleko

Imigca ephakathi kwegunya likarhulumente norhulumente ayisoloko icacile. Kwimimandla emininzi yezomgaqo-nkqubo, iBhunga lowiso-mthetho kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziyabelana ngegunya okanye zisebenza kunye ngentsebenziswano yorhulumente.

Imizekelo Yokuwa Ngokugqithiseleyo

  • Imfundo: Ngeli xesha amaphondo eqhuba izikolo, urhulumente worhulumente unika inkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo ngeSihloko I (kubafundi abafumana kancinci), abantu ngabanye abanoMthetho wemfundo (IEA), kunye noMfundi ngamnye Wempumelelo yoMthetho (ESA), omisela iimfuno zokuvavanya nokuphendula.
  • I- I-Health care:[ yinkqubo ye-Medicaid edityanisiweyo yesizwe apho iimeko ziyila khona ukufezekisa nokuncedana phakathi kokhokelo lwesizwe. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zigqiba ukuba ziyakwandisa na ukhupho phantsi kwe-ACA.
  • [ Imali yerhafu yerhafu yerhafu kazwelonke iRandi yeNkxaso yeNkxaso yeNdlela Yolawulo, ehambisa imali kumazwe yolwakhiwo lweendlela] kodwa irejista yeyiphi imisebenzi yokuxhasa imali kwaye ingenelisa ngeengeniso zayo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Inkqubo yemfundo: Umoya Ococekileyo kunye nococeko lwamanzi lwemisebenzi yemisebenzi yesizwe, kodwa urhulumente unikwe igunya lokuzalisekisa nokunyanzelisa (izicwangciso zokuzalisekisa). Amazwana ayakwazi ukumisela imithetho engqongqo.
  • IJaji yoMgaqo-siseko: igquma ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphakathi kwelizwe, ukurhwaphilizwa kweziyobisi, kunye nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, logama amazwe esingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lwasesitratweni. Noko ke, amagunya anokudibana, nto leyo ekhokelela kumatyala olawulo olubini avumela ukutshutshiswa korhulumente norhulumente ukwenzela isenzo esinye.

Imisebenzi

IKhomishini isoloko isebenzisa izibonelelo ezibotshelelweyo kwimpembelelo yenkqubo karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, ithi ukufuna inkxaso-mali yohola wendlela esetyenziswayo kufuneka kunyuselwe iminyaka yokusela ukuya kwi-21:“ le mitya idityanisiweyo” ingadala uxinezeleko phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezixabisa ukuzilawula, kunye neBhunga, ezifuna ubunye besizwe. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziye zalwa nxamnye nokuqhatha kwemiqathango karhulumente ngokumangalelwa nokunikwa kwesigqibo sokuqinisekisa amalungelo karhulumente phantsi koMthetho weSihlalo seshumi.

Ukubaluleka Kokubandakanyeka Kwisityalo Secapuca

Ukuqonda iimbopheleleko zeendlu zowiso-mthetho neMbutho karhulumente kungaphezulu nje kokuba kucetywe ngemfundo ephambili. . Kungenxa yokuba izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisondelelene nekhaya, izigqibo zazo zisoloko zinempembelelo ekhawulezileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla: ukufaneleka kwezikolo, imeko yeendlela, amaxabiso ezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo, kunye nokhuseleko lwabamelwane. Kodwa umvoti kunyulo lwemithetho-mthetho usoloko ephantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nonyulo lwezwe.

Kwangaxeshanye, iKhomishini isingatha imicimbi engaphaya kwemida yesizwe: ukhuseleko lwesizwe, uzinzo lwezoqoqosho, amalungelo oluntu kunye nokhokelo lwehlabathi lonke. Ingingqi ezibandakanyeka kumgangatho woorhulumente / ngokuvota, ngokuya kwiintlanganiso, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli okanye ngokubalekela isikhundla, luncedo lokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ihlala isabela kwaye iphendula.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngendlela indlu yowiso-mthetho yakho yesizwe esebenza ngayo, tyelela iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMasipala eMgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Kwinkcazelo yemithetho yesizwe, .

Isiphelo

Iimbopheleleko zezindlu zowiso-mthetho neNgqungquthela ziyasebenzisana kodwa zahlukile. Ingqungquthela isingatha imicimbi yesizwe, imali, urhwebo oluphakathi kwelizwe, kunye nemicimbi yamazwe angaphandle.) Ngeli xesha imigaqo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente ilawula iinkalo zemihla ngemihla zobomi kwimida yayo. Zidibanise inkqubo yesizwe elungelelanisa umanyano nolwahluka-hluka, ivumela ukuvavanywa koluntu kunye nokudityaniswa kwesizwe.

Ukuqonda ezi ndima kunceda abafundi, abafundisi nabemi bakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Enoba ukhuthaza ukutshintsha kwemali yemfundo karhulumente okanye ubeka ityala kwimali yezonyango, ukwazi ukuba ngubani onegunya lokuthatha inyathelo elifanelekileyo, kwaye indlela abalisebenzisa ngayo, linyathelo lokuqala lokuthetha.