Ukwazisa: Ngubani Osingatha Ntoni Kwingxaki?

Xa kufikelelwa yintlekele, okanye inkanyamba, umlilo oshushu, okanye uhlaselo lwekhompyutha, ingadideka. Inkqubo yolawulo longxamiseko yaseUnited States isekwa kwisiseko soxanduva loxanduva lwahlukeneyo phakathi kwengingqi, iphondo, izizwe, kunye norhulumente. Ukuqonda iindima ezicacileyo ezidlalwayo kwimidlalo nganye akuyomfundo nje ephezulu; kuchaphazela ngqo indlela olufika ngayo uncedo, indlela oovimba abasetyenziswa ngayo, nendlela abantu abahlala kunye abachaphazelekayo abalufumana ngayo ulawulo lwezezongxakeko. Ngo-2024 kuphela, i-FeMA (FEMA) ivunywe ukuba i-R6,000 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zentlekele, ngoxa abahlalingezomthetho. Eli nqaku lihlola ngokokusebenza okudibaniyo, ukusabela okudityanileyo, nokuzinziwa kwemisebenzi yezothulo ntlalo-ntlalo, nokuzinziwa kwemiba.

Umsebenzi wesakhelo soLawulo lweMbali

Abaphathi bemeko yexesha lengozi eUnited States balandela ibhayisekile ebanzi esoloko ichazwa kwimigangatho emihlanu: Prevention, ukulungelelaniswa [[, [[[FLT:]], [[[FLT]]] Inxenye nganye ibandakanya izenzo neembopheleleko ezithe ngqo phakathi kwemeko yasekuhlaleni, imeko yesizwe, kunye nee-oventi yesizwe kumlinganiselo wesiganeko.

Ukukhusela nokulungiselela

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakhokela ekuthinteleni / koorhulumente abathinteleni iintlekele ezithi zithintele ukuba zenzeke, njengemithetho yokwakha, ulawulo lwezikhukula, kunye nocwangciso lwengozi. Ukulungelelanisa kuquka uqeqesho, imithambo, kunye nezixhobo zokufaka inkxaso. Amasebe olawulo longxamiseko (EMA) aphuhlisa kwaye ahlaziye imigaqo yexesha likaxakeka (EOPs). Kumgangatho worhulumente, i-FEMA inika ingcebisi njenge-Homeland Security Program (HSGP) kunye ne-Memodyter Directoring Gants (EMPG) yokulungelelanisa ii-Grants. [[FFLT: 0] Inkqubo yokulungelelanisa yongxamiseko yongxamiseko] kunye neenkqubo zobuzwelo.

Uhlaziyo

Unikezelo lolona nyathelo libonakalayo. lokuqala e-Ingingqi iphendula `ipolice, umlilo, i-EMS, kunye nemisebenzi kawonke-wonke] zisoloko zingezokuqala abadlali. Ziqulathe isiganeko, ziphengulula, ziphumeza, zimisele isiganeko. Ukuba isiganeko sigqitha kumthamo wasekuhlaleni, irhuluneli iwenza asebenze uxakeka (EC) kwaye zingacela uncedo lwamazwe asekuhlaleni. Indima yelizwe, ekhokelwa nguFEMA nge Resoluediso (NRF)[FF:3], ayiwuxhasi umyalelo wasekuhlaleni kodwa ixhasa ngezixhobo ezifana nokukhangela kwedolokhwe, amaqela eencwadi (amaGenethi systmes) kunye nemali ye-oventinezentlalone.

Ukuchacha nokuqukunjelwa

I-Reporation iquka zombini izenzo zexeshana (ukwenza amandla okukhulula, ukususwa kokungcola) kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwexesha elide (ii-Gradient Transport (PA) inkqubo ka-FEMA ka-PUblic helpation (PA) ihlawula iindleko ezifanelekileyo zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ngelixa i-Anditation (IA) inceda abaninimakhaya kunye nabaqeshi. Imigudu yokuqesha, enjengokuphakamisa amakhaya okanye ukuqinisa igridi, isoloko ixhaswa ngokwemithetho ye-orhulumente nge- Hazard Mitigation Inters (HMA)[HMA) iinkqubo ezicetyiweyo nezisetyenzisiweyo.

Indima yeenkonzo zongxamiseko lwasekuhlaleni

Iinkonzo zongxamiseko zasekuhlaleni zingundoqo wokusabela kwintlekele. Zikufutshane noluntu, ziyazazi iindawo ezikuzo, kwaye zinolwalamano olukhoyo nabemi. Iimbopheleleko zazo zidlulela ngaphaya komnxeba wokuqala wama-911.

Ukuphendula ngoko nangoko nomyalelo ongxamisekileyo

Ngaphantsi kwenkqubo yolawulo lwesizwe (] Lwesizwe. Umlawuli we-EMA umisa i-, amasebe asekuhlaleni asebenzisa isakhiwo somyalelo esimanyeneyo ukudibanisa iimpendulo ezininzi. Amasebe omlilo acima imililo, amapolisa akhuselekile, amaxhoba e-peremita, kunye nolwazi lukawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, ngexesha le-2023 ye-Mauiforks, abasebenzi bomlilo bazama ukuqulatha ii-oyile ze-expoints, njengoko i--explot synds, njengoko i---explonet ingaphumelelanga.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo noncedo lomanyano

Oorhulumente bendawo bagcina amaphenyane abo ezixhobo, ingqokelela yezixhobo zesanti, kunye nezibonelelo zongxamiseko. Noko ke, akukho gunya lilawulayo lizixhasayo kwisiganeko sentlekele. izivumelwano zoncedo lweMinia phakathi kwamadolobha angoongingqi, ubalo, kunye nolawulo luvumela ukwabelana ngokukhawuleza nabasebenzi kunye nezixhobo. Emergency Managency Unity Unity [EFLT:3], inkqubo yombuso-ukuncedisana, isoloko iveliswa phambi kokuba kufike uncedo lwesizwe. Abagxeki baphawula ukuba uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni lukhal'okelele, kunye nezixhobo ezincinane ezingekhoyo kwimisebenzi yasemaphandleni edityani ekhoyo okanye kwimisebenzi emikhulu.

Unxibelelwano Lwasekuhlaleni

Amagosa ongingqi lilizwi eliyintloko labaphathi ngexesha likaxakeka. Bakhupha imiyalelo yokukhulula, izikhuseli ezivulekileyo, kwaye banika uhlaziyo lwexesha lokwenene ukudlula kuhlengahlengiso lwama-911, amajelo-mathematika asekuhlaleni, kunye namajelo-mathematika entlalo. Isigqibo sokuphuma sixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kukhokelo lwasekuhlaleni, ngokusekelwe kuhlolo lomngcipheko kunye nolwazi lwemeko. Ngexesha leSiphepho Ian (20222), iLee County, iFlorida, ijongene nengcebiso elinzima lokungakhawulezisi kwimiyalelo yokufuduswa, ukubalalisa ubunzima bobomi okanye ukufa bokwenza isigqibo sasekuhlaleni.

Ingxamiseko yolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka

Ingingqi nganye, isixeko, nesizwe sinomphathi okanye iofisi. Ezi zifundiswayo ziyalungelelanisa iiplani zokulungiselela, zifaka isicelo semali karhulumente, ziqhubele phambili imfundo kawonke-wonke, kwaye zisebenzisana norhulumente kunye namaqabane karhulumente. Ii-EMA ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zithotywa phantsi kwaye zisetyenziswa lula ngabasebenzi abasebenza ixesha elininzi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Nangona kunjalo, zisebenza ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke inkqubo yolawulo longxamiseko, ziguqulela imigaqo yolawulo lukarhulumente kwimibutho yabantu abasebenzayo.

Indima Yolawulo Lwexesha Lengozi Lomanyano

Urhulumente wesizwe, ngokuyintloko ngeFEMA, usebenza njengesandisi somkhosi. Indima yakhe idityanisiwe kuMthetho , olawula izibhengezo zentlekele kunye nokunikezelwa koncedo lwamazwe. Indima yalo ixhaswa, ayingumsebenzi womyalelo.

Izindululo Zentlekele

Xa uxakeka lwasekuhlaleni ludlula amandla karhulumente, irhuluneli icela iSindululo seNkathi yePhondo [[FT:1]. I-FEMA ivavanya ubukhali namandla ombuso wokuphendula. Ukuba iyavunywa, isindululo sivula uludwe lweenkqubo ze-operation Confective (PA) yokulungisa ingqameko, i-IA i-IA inika amakhaya, i-Azakhono, kunye nenkxaso ecacileyo yengingqi yengingqi ye-ongingqi njengeqela lezindlu zexeshanazo okanye amaqela e-FEMA. Ngonyaka wama-2024, i-FEMA iphumele izibhengezo eziphambili ezikhulu zentlekele ezingaphezulu eziye zave zihambela phambili ngenxa yemozulu.

Umanyano loovimba besizwe

IFEMA ayithi “ithathe intlekele. Endaweni yoko, ilungelelanisa ukubekwa koovimba borhulumente abanjenge Iqela loncedo lobuNtlobongela (IMATS]), , u-Urbal Uphendlo lwelizwe & Isihlanguli (US&R) Imikhosi yoMsebenzi woMsebenzi [[FLT: 3]], kunye [[FLT:]] ne [FLT] Iqela le-DOSster Medicalgit Imprase (DTS). Isibonelelo sikwalawula i-Resolicture Resolickery [[FFFF] [FFD] [FG7], ezizikhokelo olude-umbini lwe-uthodiyolkt (UT) ye-USD, i-USD, i-URCM, i-ENUS]

Uqeqesho, Iminikelo neMigangatho

I-FEMA iqhuba i- EMEGREFSY Iqumrhu loLawulo lwasekuhlaleni e-Emmitsburg, Maryland, kunye ne ingaphakathi leNquba yekhaya lokuLungisa (CDP) e-Alabama, inika uqeqesho lwesisa olukhululekileyo kubaphendula-amkelwe-engingqi. Ngokwalo hlobo lwe-EMPG, HSGP, kunye no- i-Indawo e-INqululelanisa i-INFraclast ne-ERCT [FLT] inkqubo , inika iireyividiyo zemali kunyaka ngamnye kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ezi nkqubo zicwangcisa iimali zengini zemali zasekuhlaleni.[FLD:5]

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yoorhulumente

Ngokufuthi, oorhulumente belizwe basebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kwemigudu yoluntu kunye neyamazwe. Amabamba anegunya kubuncwane besizwe, kuquka i- uKhuselo lwesizwe, amapolisa karhulumente, kunye namasebe ezothutho kunye nezempilo. Isebe lolawulo longxamiseko (umz., Texas Division of Emergency Management, California OES) alungelelanisa izicelo zasekuhlaleni zoncedo, ilawula i-EMAC compacters, kwaye ithumela isicelo serhuluneli yesaziso sikarhulumente solawulo lwesizwe. Kwakhona i-Asmouse ilawula [[FLT.FLD:2] intlekele enokuthi isetyenziswe phambi kokuba isindululo sikarhulumente sivunyiwe. Umzekelo, New York i-State i-Mountralviced Resoult Bugnst 202, phambi kokuba kufike iiyure zomkhosi ze-Ftmouse

Ulwahlulo nomanyano phakathi kwamaqondo

Inkqubo ye-U.S. yenzelwe ukuncedisana. Impumelelo ixhomekeke kunxibelelwano oluthe rhoqo, ucwangciso lwamalungu kunye nokusebenzisana kwenkqubo.

Iziko lolwazi oludityanisiweyo (ii-JIC) nomyalelo omanyeneyo

Kwizehlo ezinkulu, imikhosi yasekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni amisela Umyalelo ongaqinisekiswanga phantsi kwe-NIMS. Iziko lolwazi lomgangatho (JIC) uqinisekisa ukuba iposi kawonke-wonke. Ngexesha lama 2020 eKhalifoniya, i-Cal, i-U.S Nkonzo yeFO, kunye ne-FEMA isebenza phantsi kwesakhiwo esinye somyalelo, izahlulo zenqanawa zokuthutha ipetroyile, iidozeri, kunye nabasebenzi bezandla. Olu manyano lwacatshulwa njengendawo engundoqo ekuqulathelweni kwemililo enokuba mbi kakhulu.

Ukuzilolonga nokuceba

Imithambo yomgangatho omninzi oqhelekileyo `njenge Iqonga lokuzilolonga lohlanga (NLT) uthotho-lcelo-ukusebenzisana kwe-exam phakathi kwe-FEMA, amazwe, kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Imithambo yetafile kwiqondo lobulali iquka unxibelelwano lwamagunya. Noko ke, iingxelo ziphawule ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni abanazo izibonelelo zokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwezi mithambo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizithuba ekuqhelaneni xa isenzeka ngokwenene.

Inkqubo yokucela icebo

Inkqubo esesikweni yokucela ugcino-lwazi lwezwe (ebizwa ngokuba yi Isicelo ]) isuka kwi-EOC yasekuhlaleni ukuya kuqinisekisa i-EOC kwi-FEMA's National Reformation Coonative Center (NRCC). Umaleko ngamnye uvumela imfuneko kunye nezinto ezimiselwe kwangaphambili. Le nkqubo inokuba nocotho--------acityhefu ngexesha lenkanyamba Katrinah/kodwa utshintsho luphucule isantya. UMasisGO yoMsGO yokwenziwa kwemisebenzi ye-FEMA kumsebenzi wabanye abameli besizwe (njenge-Countrive) ukunceda abaphendula abantu basekuhlaleni.

Uphando lwetyala kwimivs-engingqi. Impendulo yomanyano

Ukuhlolisisa iziganeko zehlabathi zokwenene kutyhila amandla nobuthathaka benkqubo.

Inkanyamba uKatrina (2005)

Ukungaphumeleli kwawo onke amaqondo amathathu karhulumente kwakuphazanyisiwe. Ubuncwane basekuhlaleni eNew Orleans bathwaxwa kukungaphumeleli kwemeko. Umbuso wawungenaso isicwangciso sokufuduka esisebenzayo, kwaye impendulo karhulumente phantsi kwe-FEMA yagxekwa kakhulu ngokuba nesantya, ukuhlasela, nokungakhutshwa. Le ntlekele yakhokelela kwi PP-Katrina Emergency Management Religionalment Act (2006, eyathi yarhoxa igunya leFEMA, iphucula i-logics, kwaye yagxininisa ukubaluleka kwempahla ebekwe phambili. Isifundo: ngaphandle komanyano lokwenene, inkqubo egqunywe ngumaleko ingaphuka ngokuyintlekele.

EKhalifoniya kutsha umlilo oshushu (2020)

Ngexesha lokwesasa-ngxelo, amasebe omlilo obulali asekuhlaleni (i-CAL FILE, isithili somlilo) aphendula kuqala, kunye noqikelelo lorhulumente kunye nolawulo lwengingqi ngokukhawuleza. I-FEMA eyabelwe phambili yalatha amaqela oLawulo lobuNtloko yaza yenza ukuba kubonakale imodeli yentsebenziswano phakathi kwe- uLawulo lomlilo olunobuFOLT [FMAG]] inkqubo, ehlawulela imeko kunye neendleko zobulali. Umyalelo odityanisiweyo phakathi korhulumente, urhulumente, noomeli bommandla basekuhlaleni babenomlinganiselo. I-2020202020 yabonwa ngokuba yimodeli yentsebenziswano, nangona abagxeki bebonisa ukuba ukunqongophala koovimba kusenzeka ngenxa yenani elipheleleyo lomlilo ngexesha elipheleleyo.

COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2023)

Le ngxaki ibhence ingunophelo olwahlukileyo: urhulumente wasekuhlaleni wakhupha ukhokelo kunye nokusasazwa kwemiqhano exhaswayo (Isantya se-Operation Warp), kodwa amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni ayenoxanduva lokuvavanya, lokunxibelelana, kunye nokunyanzelisa imiyalelo yempilo kawonke-wonke. Indlela elungeleleneyo yakhokelela kwimisebenzi edibeneyo yemigaqo-nkqubo . /amanye amazwe akhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala ekhayeni, amanye awazange. Indima ye-FEMA yatshintshela ekulungiseleleni iinkonzo ze-mortuary, i-PPED, kunye nokusebenza kwemibutho yemibutho yothintelo. Isifo sabalasemdla imfuneko ephambili yezonyango lwasekuhlaleni kunye nemiqatha yegunya likarhulumente kwimiqathangokwarhulumente.

IMililo etshileyo yeMaui (2023)

NgoAgasti 2023, umlilo okhawulezayo ohambayo watshabalalisa iLahaina, Hawaii. Abasebenzi bomlilo basekuhlaleni bakhawuleza boyiswa ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwamanzi olusikelwe umda kunye nokusilela konxibelelwano. Ilizwe lacela umkhosi wesizwe laza lacela isindululo sentlekele karhulumente, esavunywa ngeentsuku ezimbalwa. Noko ke, abasindi namagosa bayigxeka iFEMA ngeteyipu ebomvu kunye nenkxaso yezindlu ezibambekayo. Ityala libonisa ukuba xa umanyano lukhawulezileze, ulungiso lwequmrhu luhlala luhleli lululucelomngeni.

Ucelomngeni Namathuba

Phezu kwaloo minyaka ingamashumi eminyaka iguqukile, iingxaki eziliqela ezingapheliyo zibangela ukuba ulawulo longxamiseko lungasebenzi kakuhle.

Uthungelwano nogcino-lwazi luyabelana

Amasebe asekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente womhlaba asoloko esebenzisa iinkqubo zikanomathotholo ezingahambelaniyo okanye amaqonga ogcino-lwazi. SAFECOM inkqubo yedilesi ezisebenzisanayo, kodwa iindawo ezininzi zasemaphandleni azikabinazo izibonelelo zamanani. Ngexesha lezoqhwithela ezingama-2024 eTexas, amagosa asekuhlaleni axhomekeke kunomathotholo weham xa iinkqubo zeseli zingaphumeleli. Amathuba: Ukuxhobisa isizukulwana Esilandelayo (NG 911) kunye nokudityaniswa, iinkqubo zokuphatha amaqela asekelwe kwiziganeko zamaxesha.

Umahluko wemali

Ubalo lobutyebi lungafumana ixesha elipheleleyo le-EMAs, imaphu entsonkothileyo ye-GIS, kunye neengqokelela zexesha likaxakeka. Amahlwempu okanye ulawulo lwasemaphandleni lusoloko luxhomekeke kwimali yemali enikiweyo. Ingxelo yowama-2023 yeNational Emergency Management Management Association yafumanisa ukuba ama-40% eenkumezo ye-EMAs asebenza namalungu asekuhlaleni angaphantsi kwamathathu abasebenzi. Urhulumente wengingqi uyakwazi ukunciphisa iimfuno ezingqinelanayo ukwenzela ukunikwa kwemibutho eliphezulu, eliphantsi kwemibutho lenqanawa.

Uhlaselo Lwezobupolitika Nolwaseburhulumenteni

Izicelo zezindululo zikarhulumente ziye zaphenjelelwa. Abanye abalawuli bayathandabuza ukucela uncedo ngenxa yekratshi okanye inkxalabo yabanqolobi, ngelinye ixesha abanye bangacela iziganeko ezincinane. Ngokuchaseneyo, iFEMA isenokuba icotha ukuvumela izindululo ngenxa yokungamiselwa koqingqo-mali. UMthetho wezicelo zotshintsho ujolise ekuqukumbeleni iinjongo zomjelo ukwenzela izindululo, ngelixa ukwandisa ubheduso lokwenza izigqibo.

Imigaqo Yexesha Elizayo Yolawulo Lwexesha Lexesha Lentlekele

Njengoko imozulu itshintsha kakhulu yaye iyingozi, le nkqubo imele izenze iguquka.

Indlela Abaya Kusondela Ngayo Bonke Abantu

I-FEMA ye-WMT:0 i-Whotle Uluntu igxininisa ukubandakanya abantu, amashishini, iinzuzo, kunye nemibutho esekelwe kukholo ekucwangcisweni kwentlekele. Oku kuguqula uxanduva kurhulumente kuphela kwaye kwakha ugcino-lwazi lwengingqi. I-EMAS iya ifumana i-Community Emergency Responsement At kunye neqela lamavolontiyama elifana neRed Cross neQuicion Rubino.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokutshintsha - guquka

Utyalo-mali lwenani elidityanisiweyo kwimingcipheko eyingozi . I-Infracturactment and Jobs Act (201) kunye noMthetho we-Inflatiation Reduction Reuction [2022]).

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuhlaziywa

I-drones, uhlolo lomonakalo we-Al-driven, kunye nee-apps ezihambayo zokubhaliswa kwabasindi zingumgangatho. I-FEMA ityalisela kugcino-lwazi [[FLT: 0] olukwi-data ye-geospatial ukuphucula ukuphapha okuqhubekayo. Abameli bobulali bazakufuna uncedo lobugcisa ukuze bamkele ezi zixhobo ngaphandle kokugqithisisa abasebenzi abancinane.

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko Yokudlelana

Ukusabela ngemfezeko yengozi akungomdlalo we-zero-sum phakathi koorhulumente bengingqi kunye norhulumente. Yinkqubo exhomekeke kuluntu apho amasebe anika umgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela [, achaza ukuba asebenza njengabaquququzeleli ababalulekileyo, kwaye oovimba besizwe banikela umnatha wokukhusela iintlekele ezinkulu. Ezona ntlalo zidibeneyo zemali zithenge ekulungiseleleni kwengingqi, zivelisa ii-'mbutho zoncedo olunamandla, zigcine unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo nomanyano lwangaphakathi. Kubantu ngabanye, le nkqubo ingunolwazi lokuqala kwi-ekulungiselela ukuphuma kobuqu, intsimbi, okanye umbhalo ophaphapheleyo usoloko uvela kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, phambi kokuba ufike. Ulwazi lokuphatha abahlali bethemba abahlali, imiyalelo, nokuthelelana kwisakhiwo.