Ukwazisa: Isiseko soLawulo lwaseMelika

Ulawulo lwe-United States lusekelwe kwinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yemigangatho emithathu eyahlukeneyo: yengingqi, yesizwe, neyorhulumente. Esi sakhiwo, esifakwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kwaye sibunjwe ziinkulungwane zoqheliselo lwezopolitiko, sichaza indlela amandla asasazwa ngayo kwaye asetyenziswa ngayo kulo lonke uhlanga. Ukuqonda ezi misebenzi akuyonto nje yemfundo kuphela esisiseko, kubalulekile ukuba ummi ngamnye aqonde indlela echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka ekulondolozeni indlela ukuya ekukhuseleni uhlanga, yenziwe nasekusetyenzisweni.

Inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika yavela ekusileleni kweZihlomelo zeConfederation (1781-1788), eyadala urhulumente obuthathaka waza yashiya igunya elininzi kumazwe. IConvention yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yavelisa uxwebhu olwahlula amagunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe, ngoxa yayishiya oorhulumente besuka babe zizidalwa zomthetho wesizwe. Le ndlela ihlaziyiweyo, iphuculwe ngokuphuma ekulungisweni kwemithetho, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye namava asebenzisekayo, ngoku ilawula abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-33 kumazwe angama-50, ama-3005, ubalo-mayela-mayela amalunga nama-19,500.

Umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente usebenza ngegunya lawo, kodwa baxhomekeke kakhulu kwizinto ezifunekayo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basingatha iimfuno ezisemgangathweni, oorhulumente balawula imicimbi yengingqi, kwaye urhulumente uthetha ngemicimbi yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho iingxoxo ezisekelwe kuyo yonke into ukususela kwimfundo ukuya kwimigaqo yemekobume, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibaluleke kubafundi nakubafundisi ngokufanayo.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Umgca ophambili wenkonzo kaRhulumente

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basondelelene nabantu kwaye basebenzisa igunya kwiindawo ezichazweyo njengezixeko, iidolophu, iilokishi, kunye nobalo-mali. Basoloko bebizwa ngokuba "ngoorhulumente abanezinjongo zesiqhelo" ngenxa yokuba banikela uthotho lweenkonzo ezininzi ezibumba ubunjani bobomi babemi ngqo. Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente norhulumente worhulumente, oorhulumente abangowona mlawuli . Bafumana amandla abo kwimithetho-siseko nemithetho ngenkqubo eyaziwa njenge- DILLY], ethi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokusebenzisa amandla abekwe ngokucacileyo ngurhulumente okanye banikwe yiloo nto.

Iintlobo Zoorhulumente Basekuhlaleni

IU.S. Census Bureau iyavuma ukuba kukho iintlobo ezintlanu ezisisiseko zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni:

  • Icandelo: Ulwahlulo lokuqala lwemimandla yoorhulumente, olunoxanduva lwemisebenzi efana nokugcinwa komthetho, iinkundla, iirekhodi zempahla, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke. Kukho ubalo olumalunga nama-3,005 eUnited States.
  • Izakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo: izixeko, iidolophu, kunye needolophana ezinikela iinkonzo zasedolophini ezifana namanzi, umkhukula, iipaki, kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni. Oomasipala baseburhulumenteni abangama-19 500 bakhona kulo lonke ilizwe.
  • Iinqanawa ezizizo: ezifunyenwe kakhulu kuMntla-mpuma naseMbindini wentshona, ezi ngamaqela aphakathi okanye amazwe aphatha ugcino lwendlela, ukhuseleko lomlilo, kunye neendawo zasekuhlaleni.
  • Izithili ezikhethekileyo: Oorhulumente abazimeleyo benzelwe ukwenza umsebenzi omnye okanye iqela elimxinwa lemisebenzi, njengesithili sesikolo, isithili samanzi, abaphathi beenqanawa, kunye nesithili sethala leencwadi. Kukho izithili ezikhethekileyo ezingaphezu kwama-35 000 e-U.S.
  • Imikhosi yezizwe zoMbindi Merika: Amaqumrhu alawulayo asebenza ngokufanayo koorhulumente basekuhlaleni kodwa anobume obubodwa obusemthethweni phantsi komthetho wezwe. (Nangona ngokobugcisa ludidi olwahlukileyo, asoloko enxibelelana neenkqubo zasekuhlaleni kunye norhulumente.)

Iinkonzo ze-Core ezilungiselelwe ngoorhulumente

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajongene neenkonzo ezichaphazela ubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi ziquka:

  • Ukhuseleko lwamapolisa:[ amasebe amapolisa, amasebe omlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni aphatha uninzi lwabanyanzeli bomthetho eUnited States.
  • Imfundo:[ izikolo zoluntu ezisisiseko nesekondari zilawulwa ngokuyintloko kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni ngeebhodi zonyulo lwesikolo nabaphathi abamiselweyo, nangona inkxaso-mali nemigangatho idla ngokubandakanya oorhulumente norhulumente.
  • Isakhiwo sendlela zasekuhlaleni, iibhulorho, iindlela, iindlela ezisecaleni, izibane zesitrato, iimpawu zeetrato, kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha amanzi aselwandle. Iimayile ezine zendlela zikawonke-wonke ziphantsi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.
  • Unikezelo: Uqokelelo lomgqomo, ukuphinda usetyenziswe, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nonyango lokulahla inkunkuma. Oomasipala abaninzi basebenzisa izambulo zabo zomhlaba okanye isivumelwano nezixhobo zokutsala zabucala.
  • [[UMHLA] IiPark kunye noHlaziyo: iipaki zikawonke-wonke, iindawo zokudlala, amaziko oluntu, amaqula okuqubha, amabala emidlalo, kunye nezakhiwo zenkcubeko ezifana namathala eencwadi kunye neemyuziyam.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqhatha nomhlaba Ukusetyenziswa: ukulawula ukuphuhliswa kwempahla ngamasiko okubekwa, ikhowudi yokwakha, nemimiselo yolwahlulo. Eli gunya limisela indawo apho amakhaya, amashishini, kunye nemizi yogcino-lwazi inokukhiwa khona.
  • Iinkonzo zobunewunewu: Uorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni banika amanzi, umbane, igesi yendalo, kunye neenkonzo ze-intanethi ezibanzi, nokuba zingeyonto ngqo okanye ngoncedo lwezingeni-litistiki zikawonke-wonke.

Indlela Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Abaxhaswa Ngayo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kwimithombo yengeniso exubileyo:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Irhafu efunyanisiweyo: Owona mthombo mkhulu wengeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni, eqokelelwe ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso empahla e-asethi. Le nto iqhele ukuba ngumsebenzi wenkcitho wezikolo zikawonke-wonke.
  • Irhafu yerhafu i- izixeko ezininzi kunye nobalo longezelelo lwerhafu yazo kwirhafu karhulumente.
  • Umsebenzisi ongaphezulu kunye ne-FOL: izimangalo zenkonzo ezifana namanzi, umphunga, imvume yokumisa imoto, kunye nemvume yokwakha, kwakunye neemali zentengo zokwaphulwa kwendlela nekhowudi.
  • Isizwe kunye neeGrants eziManyano: ukufuduswa kwezePhondo ngeenjongo ezithile ezifana nemfundo, izibonelelo, kunye neenkqubo zonyango lukawonke-wonke.
  • Irhafu ehlawulwayo: Abanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni (njengesiXeko saseNew York kunye noomasipala abaninzi baseOhio) ingeniso ye-v yengingqi okanye irhafu ehlawulwayo.

Imizekelo Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni Esebenzayo

Qwalasela isigqibo esiqhelekileyo: ibhunga lesixeko livota ukuqokelela umhlaba ukusuka kwindawo yokuhlala ukuya kwezentengiselwano ukuvumela ivenkile entsha yokutya. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuchonga, ukuqwalasela ikhomishini, ukuvavanya impembelelo yemekobume, kunye nezibheno ezinokwenzeka kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Ivenkile yevenkile, eyakhiweyo, iya kuhlawula impahla kunye nerhafu yentengiso, ivelisa imisebenzi, kwaye ichaphazela imicimbi yezithuthi zezithuthi zelizwe eliya kulawula zonke iinkqubo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ukungena nzulu kumaziko karhulumente, tyelela uManyano lwesizwe lwaseCitys, olunika oovimba kunye nolawulo kurhulumente kamasipala kulo lonke elaseUnited States.

URhulumente WeRhulumente: Imikhosi Yolawulo - melo

Oorhulumente bamazwe bakwindawo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMelika. Banegunya elilawulayo (ngaphandle kokuba lilinganiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.) kwaye basebenzisa igunya kuludwe olubanzi lwemicimbi yasekhaya. Ibinzana elithi "oomaququzeleli bedemokhrasi," eliqanjwe nguJaji Louis Brandeis, libonisa ingcamango yokuba amaphondo angazama ngemigaqo neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokubeka umngcipheko kuzinzo lwesizwe.

Ukwakhiwa Koorhulumente Borhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye ubonakalisa umzekelo karhulumente wamasebe amathathu:

  • [[NTL:0] Isebe elinokwandiswa: Beaural kuwo onke amaphondo ngaphandle kwe Nebraska (enendlu yowiso-mthetho engowesibini). Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zimisela imithetho ngemibandela enjengemfundo, inkathalo yempilo, isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, irhafu, kunye nezithuthi. Zikwaqinisekisa ukudibana kombutho wequmrhu kunye noqingqo-mali karhulumente.
  • Isebe eliphumeleyo: Intloko yerhuluneli enyuliweyo, enomthwalo wembopheleleko wokuzalisekisa imithetho karhulumente, ukulawula ulawulo lwequmrhu lorhulumente, nokuyalela uKhuselo lwesizwe, nokulawula urhulumente. Amanye amagosa anyuliweyo asoloko equka i-lejanti, igqwetha jikelele, unobhala-mthetho, umgcini-mali, kunye nomphathi womyalelo kawonke-wonke.
  • Isebe lephondo: Iinkqubo zenkundla zephondo, ukusuka kwiinkundla zamatyala ukuya kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo, ichaza imithetho nemithetho-siseko karhulumente. Iinkundla zelizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni eUnited States, kuquka amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iingxwabangxwaba, imicimbi yentsapho, kunye neprobate.

Imisebenzi engundoqo yoorhulumente bakarhulumente

Oorhulumente basebenzisa uludwe olubanzi lwamagunya, amaninzi awo amandla .

  • Imfundo: Amazwe amisela imigangatho yemfundo, anika uvavanyo olusezantsi, abafundisi-mfundo bephepha-mvume, kwaye asasaza inkxaso-mali kwisithili semfundo yasekuhlaleni. Imithetho yoManyano enjenge-Everseeds Sective Act (ESA) inika isiseko kodwa ishiye uzalisekiso kumazwe.
  • IHealth ne Welfare: Amazwe asebenzisa iMedicaid, inkqubo yempilo yabantu abangenayo, phantsi kokhokelo lukarhulumente. Akwalawula amasebe oluntu, alawula izibhedlele namakhaya asebezekileyo, kwaye alawula iinkqubo ezifana ne-Server Confectal for Need Families (TEF) kunye nenkqubo ye-Someral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP).
  • Unikezelo: Amazwe ayakha agcine iindlela (kuquka iindlela eziphakathi kwelizwe zisebenzisana norhulumente wesizwe), alawule ubhaliso lomqhubi kunye nobhaliso lwesithuthi, kwaye alawule iinkqubo zokuthutha kawonke-wonke.
  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: amapolisa aseburhulumenteni okanye ukugada uhola weenqanawa kunyanzelisa imithetho yendlela kwaye kuphandwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Amasebe karhulumente okulungisa aqhuba iintolongo kwaye ajonge iparamente.
  • Ummiselo we- We-Economic:[ amashishini omgaqo-siseko we-States, oogqirha belayisensi (oogqirha, amagqwetha, abachebi beenwele, njl.njl]), ulawulo lwe-inshorensi kunye nogcino-mali, kunye nemithetho yokunyanzelisa ukukhuselwa kwabathengi.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwemeko-ntle: Ama- States azalisekisa imithetho yemeko-bume (umz., Celean Air Act, Clean Water Act) kwaye asoloko emisela imilinganiselo engqongqo. Alawula iipaki zelizwe, amahlathi, kunye nobuncwane bezilwanyana zasendle.
  • unyulo:[ Amazwe anika lonke ulawulo lwezwe, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni kwimida yawo, ukumisela imithetho yobhaliso, imida ephinda-phindiweyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Irhafu ye- yaseStates yerhafu yengeniso ye-viv (ma-43), irhafu yentengiso (amazwe angama-45), irhafu yeshishini, kunye nerhafu yerhafu yepetroli, utywala, kunye necuba.

Indima yomGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wawo, ongowona mthetho uphakamileyo welo lizwe (ophantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.). Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente utyekele ekubeni mde kwaye ube nenkcukacha ezingakumbi kunoworhulumente, ngokufuthi kuquka amalungiselelo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, imfundo, irhafu, namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Unokutshintshwa ngesenzo somthetho, inyathelo elithandwayo, okanye iindibano zomgaqo-siseko.

Oorhulumente bakarhulumente Njengobaguquleli bemithetho

Amazwe asoloko efikelela kwinkqubo yoovulindlela kamva eqaliswe kwisizwe. Imizekelo iquka:

  • I-Inishorensi yeHealth: umthetho wohlaziyo lwempilo waseMassachusetts ka 2006 wasebenza njengomzekelo weAffordible Care Act (2010).
  • Imali encinci: Amazwe amaninzi aphakamisa umvuzo wawo omncinci ngaphezu komgangatho karhulumente, exhokonxa impikiswano yesizwe malunga nomlinganiselo womvuzo.
  • Ummiselo we-Environmental Regation: imilinganiselo yezithuthi ezikhutshwayo zaseKhalifoniya iqhube iinqwelo-mafutha ezicocekileyo kulo lonke ilizwe ngesixhobo sokucoca esinikwe phantsi koMthetho we-Cease Air.
  • Utshintsho lomthetho: Amazwe afana neTexas neNew York aye azama ezinye iindlela kunokuvalelwa, iinkundla zeziyobisi, kunye notshintsho lwebheyile.

Kwi-data enegunya kumsebenzi karhulumente, ibonelela ngeengxelo zenkqubo kunye noqheliselo olungcono.

Urhulumente Omanyeneyo: Igunya lesiZwe

Urhulumente wesizwe ngowona mgangatho uphakamileyo karhulumente eUnited States, onegunya elinikwe ngumGaqo-siseko nonoxanduva lwemicimbi yenkxalabo yesizwe nezizwe ngezizwe. Isakhiwo, imisebenzi, kunye nemiqathango yayo ichazwe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kwaye iye yabunjwa ziinkulungwane ezimbini zendaleko yezobupolitika neyomthetho.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente Womanyano

UmGaqo-siseko wahlula igunya lesebe lesizwe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye lineengqikelelo nomlinganiselo:

  • Isebe elinomthetho (Ikonvolve): Elibhalwe yiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi (amalungu ayikhulu, amabini ngelizwe) neNdlu yabameli (amalungu angamashumi amane anamashumi amahlanu, ahlulwe ngabantu). IBhunga lenza imithetho yesizwe, livakalise imfazwe, lilawule irejistate kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle, lilawula iindleko zolawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ngokuva nokuphengulula. Amandla angundoqo aquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iiofisi zeposi, nokunika imvume yokubhalisa.
  • Isebe eliphumezayo: Likhokelwa nguMongameli, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente. UMongameli unyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, uqhuba inkqubo yelinye ilizwe, uyalela imikhosi yezomkhosi, umisela iijaji zesizwe kunye nabaphathi-komiti, kwaye unokusebenzisa umthetho. Isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa abemi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini ukunqumla amasebe okhuselo, uJaji, uThinte, uBuxhakaxhaso, uLawulo lwezempilo noLowethulo.
  • Isebe le-judicial: Amaqumrhu eNkundla ePhakamileyo (9 abagwebi) kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente ezimiselwe yiBhunga. Iinkundla zoManyeneyo zichaza umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente, zicombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe, kwaye ziphulaphule amatyala abandakanya imibuzo karhulumente. Amandla eNkundla Ephakamileyo okuhlola ngezomthetho. /Iinkqubo yeNkulawula iNkundla-ienqanawa ePhakamileyo `````````]] [ijarbury v. [FLT][FLT] [FLT] [iiirty:3] [183]] [iiiiiiiiii-03])] ivumela ukuba ibethe imithetho echasene nomGwano-mthetho.

Amandla Asetyenzisweyo

Igunya likarhulumente worhulumente lisekelwe kumandla amiselweyo adweliswe kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko, kuquka amandla okulawula urhwebo lwamazwe, ukuphakamisa umkhosi, nokuseka iposi. UNelsarity [[FLT:] noMgangatho ka-Celaus [Icandelo le-I, icandelo lesi-8, u-Clauscellae 18) ivumela iBhunga ukuba lenze yonke imithetho "efanelekileyo nefanelekileyo" yokuvelisa amagunya alo, ukunyuka okusebenza [[FLT]]. Ulawulo lwe-Dementilmentilse] lonke (ICandelo, icandelo lesi-8, Classillacee 18) luvumele ukwenza ukuba kubekho urhulumente okanye urhulumente oluntu.

Iimbopheleleko Ezikhulu zikaRhulumente woManyano

  • Ukhuselo lohlanga: Isebe lokhuselo lilawula imikhosi exhobileyo (Umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi womoya, umkhosi wolwandle, iMeneter Corps, iPrevice yaseMmandla yoMmandla weMmandla) lize likhusele uhlanga kwiingozi zamanye amazwe. Urhulumente worhulumente ugcina iziseko zomkhosi ehlabathini lonke kwaye uqhuba imisebenzi yobuntlola nge-CIA namanye amaqumrhu.
  • [[UMGAQO-nkqubo woMphathiswa woMgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-siseko, Isebe leSizwe liqhuba uthethathethwano, izivumelwano, ilawula izivumelwano kunye nee-arhente, kunye nee-passport eziphumayo. UMongameli ngumphathi-mikhosi oyintloko.
  • Urhwebo lweInterstate: Urhwebo lwezorhwebo lunika urhulumente wesizwe uClaus ebanzi ukulawula umsebenzi wezoqoqosho onqamleza imigca karhulumente, kuquka ezothutho, iibhanki, unxibelelwano, kunye ne-Intanethi.
  • I-Inishorensi ye-Inishuwarensi kunye neNtlalo-ntle: Ukhuseleko loNtlalo lunika iingenelo zokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kunye nezikhubazeko; iMedicare igquma inkathalo yempilo yabakhulileyo; iMedicaid (imalungu aphakathi karhulumente) inikezela ngentelekelelo yempilo kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi. Urhulumente wengingqi ukwanika iinzuzo zamava, uncedo lokutya, kunye nezindlu ezixhasa izindlu.
  • ICivil Rights Inflactment: ISebe leJaji linyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente echasene nocalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, isini, unqulo, ukukhubazeka, nemvelaphi yesizwe. Umthetho wophawu lwelizwe uquka uMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964, uMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965, kunye namaMelika onemithetho yokukhubazeka ka-1990.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukhuseleko lokwemayela: I-Arhente yoKhuselo lwendawo esingqongileyo (EPA) iphumeza kwaye inyanzelisa imithetho yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi, kuquka uMthetho wocococo loMsinga, uMthetho wamanzi ococekileyo, kunye nodweliso lwenkqubo.
  • Ukungena nokuzimela: Urhwebo lwabemi kunye neeNkonzo zoHlaliso-mali zase-U.S. (USCIS) ziphumeza iinkqubo zemvume, amakhadi aluhlaza, kunye neezicelo zobumi. Izithethe kunye noKhuselo loMda (CBP) zikhusela imida, kunye ne-Immigration kunye ne-CFortial Enforcement (IE) inyanzelisa imithetho yokufuduka.
  • Inkqubo engaqhelekanga: Inkqubo yeFederal Reserve ilawula ukunikezelwa kwemali, imisela inzala, kwaye ilawula iibhanki ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwezoqoqosho.

Umanyano Nokwahlulwa Kwamandla

Igunya likarhulumente karhulumente linemiqathango. UmGaqo-siseko umisela ngokucacileyo amandla karhulumente kwimimandla enjenge-habeas corpus (ngaphandle kwemvukelo okanye ukuhlasela), ukudlula amatyala omngenisi, okanye imithetho enyanzelisayo ye-presed compoto. ISindululo seshumi seSiphendu se-10 uqinisekisa ukuba amandla angagunyaziswanga kwi-United States agcinelwe kumazwe. Olu lungelelwano luye lwaba ngumthombo wengxoxo eqhubekayo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko, ukusuka kuxanduva olutsha [[FLT:] Uxanduva olutsha inkathi yolwando lwamandla olawulo lweNkulawula ukulawulwa kwezongalo yezongalo nakusebenza kwezorhwebo.

Ukucatshulwa okusemthethweni kwesakhiwo sikarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, tyelela USUSA.gov, i-web esemthethweni karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.

Unxibelelwano phakathi koorhulumente bengingqi, uRhulumente, noManyano

Nangona umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente uneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo, abasebenzi bebodwa. Urhulumente waseMerika uphawulwa lunxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo olunxulumeneyo (maxa wambi, maxa wambi olunengxabano) oluyinkqubo yoluntu kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo

Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1930, urhulumente wesizwe wabandakanyeka ngokukhulayo kwi- urhulumente woburhulumente , apho urhulumente wesizwe, urhulumente, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza kunye ukucombulula iingxaki ezahlulweyo. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya inkxaso-mali karhulumente, enika inkxaso-mali kumaphondo nakwimimandla ethile ukwenzela iinjongo ezithile, kodwa kwakhona kuza neemeko kunye neemfuno. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Imali ePhakamileyo ePhakathi: Urhulumente wengingqi unika inkxaso-mali ebalulekileyo yolwakhiwo lwendlela yohola-ndlela kunye nokugcinwa kweNkxaso yeNkxaso yeNkxaso yeNkxaso ePhezulu, exhaswe yirhafu yepetroli karhulumente. Ama-United States kufuneka athobele imigangatho karhulumente (umz., imida yesantya, i-scrinicate, iimfuno zokhuseleko) ukufumana ezi mali.
  • Medicaid:[ urhulumente worhulumente ulingana nenkcitho yemali kwiMedicaid ngenani elahlukeneyo (usuka ku 50% ukuya ku 83% kuxhomekeke kurhulumente nakwilungu lodweliso lwenkqubo).
  • Imfundo:[ Urhulumente worhulumente ufak' isandla malunga ne 8-10% yemali yesikolo sikarhulumente ngeenkqubo ezifana neSihloko I (Uncedo kubafundi abafumana imali ephantsi) kunye noo-Amsterers abaneMithetho yemfundo enqabileyo (IDEA).
  • IRevolution yendalo: I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) idibanisa norhulumente kunye namasebe olawulo longxamiseko asekuhlaleni ukuphendula kwiintlekele zendalo ezinjengeenkanyamba, iinyikima zomhlaba, kunye nemililo yelanga.

IFederalism neGawulayo

Ukumpompoza kwemali phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente kuyinxalenye echaza ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente.

  • INgxowa-mali ePhakamileyo: INgxowa-mali emiselwe injongo ethile, enjengemiqathango yophuhliso loluntu okanye izibonelelo zokhuseleko lwelizwe. Ezi zidla ngokufuna urhulumente okanye imali yongqinelano yasekuhlaleni kunye nokuthobelana nemigaqo karhulumente enenkcukacha.
  • Imali exhotyiswe kwimimandla ebanzi (umz., impilo yengqondo, iinkonzo zoluntu) enemitya edityanisiweyo encinci, evumela amaphondo neendawo zisebenziseke ngokukhetheke ngakumbi ngendlela eziyisebenzisa ngayo imali.

Oorhulumente bakwanikela uncedo lwemali koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ingakumbi ukuxhasa ngemali yemfundo kunye nokuhlawula irhafu yempahla. Ukulingana kwemali-nempembelelo yenkqubo ekhoyo, kunye nempembelelo ekhoyo.

Ukhukuliso kunye

Urhulumente wamazwe angakhulula urhulumente okanye imithetho yasekuhlaleni kwimimandla apho inegunya elingumGaqo-siseko, njengelokufuduka, imicimbi yangaphandle, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle. USupremacy Claus (Article VI) wenza umthetho wesizwe ube ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Amazwe kunye nemimandla kufuneka athobele, nangona maxa wambi enokuthi acel ’ umngeni ukukhulula enkundleni okanye afune abaxhasi.

Umanyano lufuna iirejista zamazwe neendawo ezithile ukuze zenze izenzo ezithile, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwenkxaso epheleleyo. Imizekelo iquka imfuneko yokunikezela ngofikelelo kubantu abakhubazekileyo phantsi kwe-ADA, okanye ukuhambisana nemigangatho yemeko-bume yezwe. I-Mandadaits Reformation Act ka-1995 ifuna ukulinganisela ezo miyalelo, kodwa ihlala ingumthombo wokhukuliseka.

Ucelomngeni Kulawulo Olukumgangatho Oninzi

Unxulumano phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, bakarhulumente noorhulumente abasoloko lububumnyamvo.

Iimpikiswano Eziphambili

Ukungavumelani ngaluphi umgangatho karhulumente onegunya kwimbambano ethile. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka ungquzulwano kwizixeko ezingcwele (apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamisela khona intsebenziswano nokunyanzelisa ukufuduka koluntu), ukwenziwa komjuxuzo (apho umthetho wezwe ungekakwamkeli i-cannabis nangona ugunyaziswa ngokomthetho), kunye nomthetho wemeko-bume (iii-chellengenges kumthetho we-Cec Power Plan neManzi e-out of United States). Izigqibo zeNkundla eziphakamileyo zeNkulawula i-mthetho zikwayalwo okanye i-FLT:0] Shicilelaz v v. I-United States[FLT: 1] (1997] i-[FLT]) i-MY.[FLT: V[A[FFFF][FLT][3] [20]]] imidalk

Inkcitho ekhoyo

Amaphondo nakwiindawo ezinobutyebi zinokuba ziinkonzo eziphezulu nezibonelelo eziphezulu kunezo zihlwempuzekileyo. Oku kukhokelela ekuhlukahlukanisweni kwemali exhaswayo yemfundo, iziphumo zempilo, namathuba ezoqoqosho. Iinkqubo zoManyano zinokuba luncedo ekulinganiseni ubuncwane, kodwa zisoloko zifika neemeko ezingenakuhambelana neemeko zasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, iidolophu ezincinane zasemaphandleni zisenokungabi namandla okulawula ukukhuphisana ngenkxaso karhulumente okanye ukuthobela imimiselo entsonkothile.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukwanda kokuhlahlelana kwezobupolitika kuye kwaphazamisa ulwalamano lwamarhulumente. Amazwe asenokungavumi ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ze-odonga (umz., ukutshintshiselana nge-inshorensi yempilo phantsi kwe-ACA), ngelixa urhulumente wengingqi enokuthi angayixhasi inkxaso-mali okanye athathe inyathelo elingokwasemthethweni nxamnye namazwe angahambelaniyo. Maxa wambi oorhulumente banokuzifumana bebanjiwe phakathi korhulumente norhulumente abaphikisanayo.

Ukunikezela nokungaphumeleli kolawulo

Umgangatho omninzi karhulumente ungavelela umsebenzi ofanayo, okhokelela ekuphandaneni kwemigudu nokudideka. Ngokomzekelo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kunxulumene neembopheleleko phakathi kwamapolisa asekuhlaleni, amapolisa asekuhlaleni, amapolisa karhulumente, kunye namasebe karhulumente afana neFBI ne-DEA. Nangona ukunxibelelana kungayiphucula imiphumo, kwakhona kungenza itepe ebomvu ephezulu kunye neempikiswano ezilawulayo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuqonda Umanyano

Ulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente worhulumente luyinxalenye esisiseko sobomi bezobupolitika baseMerika. Asiyonkqubo yeqela lecawa emileyo kodwa sisixokelelwano esinamandla esiye savela ngokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, ukucaciswa kwemithetho, isenzo sowiso-mthetho, namava asebenzisekayo. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ezi ndima zibalulekile ukuze babe nabulwazi. Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani obeke ityala ngoko-$(iiindlela asebenza ngayo abantu abanokubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo, ukuxhasa utshintsho, nokuqonda ubunguqu-buchule benkqubo elungiselelwe ukulungele ukumanyanisa umanyano.

Imigaqo yemithetho yorhulumente iyaqhubeka isebenza namhlanje njengoko ilizwe lijamelene nocelomngeni olutsha: iindyikitya ezinqumla imigca yelizwana, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho eziyahluka-hluka ngokwemimandla, uphuhliso lobugcisa oludlulayo umgaqo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu okufuna ukuhambelana nezenzo zolungelelwano kuwo onke amanqanaba. Ngokufunda iindima zoorhulumente bengingqi, norhulumente, silungiselela isizukulwana esilandelayo ukuqhuba le ngxaki size sifak' isandla kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi eqinileyo neyamkelekileyo.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, Inkonzo yophando lobuNcedo ipapasha iingxelo ngoburhulumente kunye nolwalamano lwamaqumrhu, kunye neNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso[ inikela uhlalutyo lwemiba yelo xesha.