Isizathu Sokuba Inkundla Imisele Imibandela

Xa umntu emangalelwa, emangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye efuna ukusombulula impikiswano, umbuzo wokuqala ngowokuba: yiyiphi inkundla evayo le tyala? Impendulo ixhomekeke ekubeni lo mba ubandakanya umthetho wesizwe, umthetho karhulumente, okanye zombini. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente akungowamagqwetha kuphela] ``````````iimeko'''''' ibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukunyanzelisa isivumelwano, ukuvavanya umthetho, okanye ukukhusela ityala.

I-United States inenkqubo yenkundla ezimbini, ithetha amacandelo amabini ahlukeneyo nazimeleyo asebenza ngamacala. Inkqubo nganye inegunya layo, iinkqubo, kunye neentlobo zamatyala enokuziva. Eli nqaku lichaza iimbopheleleko zeenkundla zorhulumente norhulumente ngolwimi olucacileyo, iimbalasane xa amatyala enokudibana, kwaye linika ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo lokuqhuba zombini iinkqubo.

Isakhiwo senkqubo yeNkundla yoManyano

Iinkundla zesizwe zifumana igunya lazo kwiGatya III lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. zenzelwe ukusingatha amatyala abandakanya umGaqo-siseko, imimiselo karhulumente, izivumelwano, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe okanye phakathi kwabemi bamazwe awahlukeneyo. Le nkqubo ilungelelaniswe yaba ngamanqanaba amathathu angundoqo:

Iinkundla Zetyala: IiNkundla Zesithili zaseUnited States

Kukho izithili ezimalunga nama-94 zephondo, nganye enenkundla yeSithili sase-United States apho amatyala aqala khona. Ijaji enye ilawula kwiinkundla ezininzi, nangona amanye amatyala esenokubandakanya inkundla yejaji. Iinkundla zesithili zeFederal zisingatha imicimbi yoluntu neyolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa kuphela leyo iwela kwicandelo eliphantsi kolawulo lorhulumente. Imizekelo iquka:

  • ulwaphulo-mthetho lwangaphakathi olufana nokuphanga iibhanki, ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi kwiintambo zikarhulumente, ubuqhetseba bocingo, kunye nokwaphulwa kolawulo lokufuduka.
  • Amatyala eCIII avela phantsi komthetho wesizwe, kuquka ukuqhatha ngetyala, ukubhaliswa kwetyala, iimpikiswano zobumgunyaziso kunye nokugunyazisa, kunye nokumangalelwa kwamaziko karhulumente.
  • Iimeko zolawulo lobuzwe apho amaqela angabemi bamazwe awahlukeneyo kunye nobungakanani obukwimpikiswano bungaphezulu kwee-$75 000.

Iinkundla Zokubhena zaseUnited States

IiNkundla zoNcedo ze-U.S. zihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili kwisiphaluka sazo sendawo. Azingeni matsha okanye zive ubungqina obutsha; kunoko, amacandelo eejaji ezintathu aqwalasela enoba iimpazamo zomthetho zenzeka ebudeni betyala. IiNkundla zezibheno zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukucaciswa okufanayo komthetho wesizwe kulo lonke ilizwe.

INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States

Inkundla ephakamileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente inamajaji asithoba aphulaphula izibheno ezivela kwiiNkundla zezibheno yaye, ngamanye amaxesha, ukusuka kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo xa kubekwe umgaqo-siseko wesizwe esichengeni. INkundla ikhetha amatyala amalunga ne-100-150 ngonyaka ngaphezu kwama-7000, igxininisa kwimibandela ebaluleke kakhulu kwisizwe okanye apho iinkundla eziphantsi ziye zafikelela izigqibo eziphikisanayo.

Funda okuninzi ngesakhiwo senkundla yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi kwi-ustauts.gov.

Izakhiwo zeenkundla zeRhulumente

Nganye kumazwe angama-50, kunye neSithili saseColumbia nase-U.S., isebenza inkqubo yayo yenkundla ezimeleyo. Ngeli xesha kukho umahluko, uninzi lweenkqubo zikarhulumente zilandela isakhiwo esinemitha emithathu efanayo:

Iinkundla Zetyala (Ezibizwa Ngokuthi Zikhulu, Iziphaluka, okanye Iziko Lesithili)

Iinkundla zamatyala e-Rhulumente ngamahashe asebenzayo ejaji yaseMerika.

  • Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho esizwe ukusuka kumatyala angalunganga ukuya kwizenzo ezinzulu ezinjengokubulala, ukuphanga, kunye nokuhlasela.
  • [[Umthetho wosapho:0] umba wemiba njengoqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, nokukhuselwa, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya.
  • Iprojekthi yemicimbi iquka imirhumo, umhlaba, ugcino lwenqanawa, kunye nokuthembeka.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Impikiswano edityanisiweyo, intengiso yengozi yobuqu (iitorts), iimpikiswano zokwenene zezinto, kunye namatyala afuna umnini-ndlu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukungalawuleki nokuxhomekeka.

Kwakhona amaphondo amaninzi aneenkundla ezikhethekileyo ezigwebayo, iingxelo ezincinane, okanye imicimbi yezindlu. Amagama enkundla ayahluka ngokwemeko yorhulumente: ngokomzekelo, iNew York ibiza inkundla yayo engoyena Mkhulu njengeNkundla yetyala, ngoxa iKhalifoniya iyibiza ngokuba yiNkundla Ephakamileyo.

IiNkundla zezibheno ezisebenzisana noMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe

Ngama-40 amazwe anamatyala aphakathi anenkundla ehlola izigqibo zenkundla egwetywayo. Kumazwe ngaphandle kolu mgangatho, izibongozo zisiya ngqo kwinkundla ephakamileyo yephondo. Abagwebi abaphandayo bahlola ingxelo yezo mpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa ababupheli kwakhona ubungqina.

IiNkundla Eziphakamileyo Zelizwe

Iphondo ngalinye linenkundla egqibele ukuphembelela, ngokuqhelekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yiNkundla Ephakamileyo (iTexas neOklahoma ineenkundla ezahlukeneyo zokubhenela uluntu nezaphuli-mthetho). Ezi nkundla zisingatha izibheno zokugqibela kwimibandela yomthetho karhulumente zize zitolike umgaqo-siseko wephondo. Kumazwe amaninzi, inkundla ephakamileyo ikwajonge inkundla ephakamileyo kwaye ilawula imigaqo yegqwetha.

[[UMTL:0] Izibonelelo zenkundla yelizwe kwiZiko leSizwe leNkundla yeSizwe .

Isigwebo: Oko INkundla Nganye Inokukuva

Iligama elisemthethweni lenkundla i’ amandla okuva ityala. Iinkundla zoManyano ziinkundla zolawulo olungenamda, ngoxa iinkundla zikarhulumente ziintendelezo zegunya le [. Umahluko ungundoqo.

Isigqibo sombuzo womanyano

Iinkundla zomanyano zinegunya lokuqala kumatyala avela phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-United States, imithetho karhulumente, okanye izivumelwano. Oku kubizwa ngokuba lulawulo lwemibuzo karhulumente. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Ingxelo yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni (42 U.S.C. . . . . .
  • Amatyala ebhanki (ahlukeneyo alawula urhulumente).
  • I-arhente engoovimba nemvume yokufumana uxwebhu iphazamisana nokumangalelwa.
  • Ityala elibandakanya imithetho yemeko-bume efana noMthetho wamanzi acocekileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamaqela Ahlukahlukeneyo

Nokuba ityala lisekelwe kumthetho karhulumente, inkundla yesithili yengingqi yengingqi ingaliva ukuba amaqela angabemi bemimandla eyahlukeneyo (iiintlobo ezipheleleyo) kunye nomlinganiselo wempikiswano ungaphaya kwee-$75 000. Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukuba ii-ligigethi ezingaphandle kwelizwe aziphathwa ngokungafanelekanga kwinkundla yelizwe lasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, iinkundla zorhulumente ziyakusebenzisa umthetho ofanelekileyo we-mouse i̱ umthetho ongaphantsi kwe-Erie.

Comment

Eminye imicimbi yeyoburhulumente kuphela, enjengeyokubhaliswa kwamali, umthetho osemthethweni, kunye namatyala achasene norhulumente wase-U.Ii-Federal Tort Antiess Act. Ngokufanayo, inkoliso yomthetho wentsapho, iprobate, kunye nemicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente ingurhulumente kuphela. Kodwa imibandela emininzi, ngokukodwa leyo ebandakanya amatyala kazwelonke nawamazwe, iwela phantsi kolawulo olukhoyo [ [FLT] ithetha ukuba i-pastff ingakhetha ifayile kwinkundla yorhulumente okanye yenkundla yesizwe.

Indlela Imisebenzi Yokugweba Yaseburhulumenteni

Iinkundla zelizwe zinegunya eliphangaleleyo lokuphulaphula naliphi na ityala elingagcinelwanga iinkundla zikarhulumente. Oku kuquka phantse zonke iimpikiswano ezivela kwimida yephondo i̱. Iinkundla zelizwe zichaza imimiselo yorhulumente, imimiselo karhulumente, kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Zikwanyanzelisa imigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo.

Umahluko Oyintloko Kwizinto Ezithethwa Yinkundla

Ngoxa zombini iinkqubo zenkundla zilandela imimiselo efanayo (umz., izibongozo, ukufunyanwa, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, isibheno), kukho umahluko ophawulekayo:

Imithetho Engumthetho

Iinkundla zomanyano zisebenza phantsi kweMithetho yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana, iMithetho yoManyano-mthetho yoNyaka, kunye neMithetho yoNcedo. Iinkundla zeSizwe zinemithetho yazo elinganayo, eyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo alandela i-̴ ingcelele ye-” umgangatho ofanayo neenkundla zesizwe, ngoxa amanye efuna iinkcukacha ezininzi ̴ ukungxengxengxeza okuneyo. ”

Izilingo ze Jury

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala likho kuzo zombini iinkqubo zamatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ubungakanani bezigwebo kunye nomda wesigwebo ofunekayo bungahluka. Amaqumrhu asebenza kunye anezigwebo ezi-6 ukuya kwi-12 asoloko enamalungu ahlukeneyo. Amanye amaphondo avumela izigwebo ezi-5/6 kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo yezibheno

Kwinkqubo karhulumente, izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili ziya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yezibheno yase-U.S. ngoko ukuya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo (ngesiCeretari). Kwinkqubo yephondo, le ndlela isenokuquka inkundla ephakathi kwaye emva koko inkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe. Ukuba kukho umcimbi womGaqo-siseko wesizwe obandakanyekileyo, iqela lingacela iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ukuhlolisisa inkundla ephakamileyo yephondo i̱ izigqibo.

Xa Iimeko Zihamba Phakathi Kwenkqubo

Ngamanye amaxesha abamangali bazama ukushenxisa ityala ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kwinkundla yorhulumente, okanye ukuphethula. Ukuqonda xa kuyimfuneko kuyimfuneko ekwenzeni izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Ukufuduselwa eNkundleni Yomanyano

Ummangalelwa omangalelwe kwinkundla yephondo angalisusa eli tyala kwinkundla yesithili yorhulumente ukuba ummangali-mthetho ebenokuligcina apho. Oku kusoloko kwenzeka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo okanye kumatyala abandakanya ityala likarhulumente. Ukususwa kufuneka kube ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye bonke abamangalelwa kufuneka bavume. Xa beshenxisiwe, inkundla yesizwe isebenzisa imithetho yayo yesithethe.

Ingqondo Nentsingiselo

Iinkundla zomanyano maxa wambi ziyala ukuva amatyala abandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo yomthetho karhulumente okanye iziganeko eziqhubekayo zikarhulumente, phantsi kwemfundiso ezifana umtshayi inkqubano okanye . intelekelelo. Ezi mfundiso zihlonela indima yeenkundla zikarhulumente kwaye ziphepha ungquzulwano olungeyo olungeyomfuneko phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini.

Isiqinisekiso Semibuzo

Xa inkundla karhulumente ijongene nembambano engasombululwanga yomthetho karhulumente, isenokuqinisekisa lo mbuzo kwinkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe ukuze ifumane impendulo eqinisekileyo. Oku kukhuthaza ukufana kwaye kuyakuphepha ukuthelekelela indlela iinkundla zikarhulumente eziya kulawula ngayo.

UKhetho loMgwebo neMithetho

Indlela yokukhetha abagwebi yahluke kakhulu phakathi kweenkqubo, nto leyo enokuthi ichaphazele indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkundla.

ABagwebi Abamanyeneyo

Inqaku III labagwebi lityunjwe nguMongameli kwaye liqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNtlanganiso. Basebenza amadinga obomi bonke, anokususwa kuphela ngokungacetyiswa. Le nkululeko yenzelwe ukukhusela ukwenza izigqibo kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

ABagwebi Besizwe

Abagwebi besizwe bafikelela kwisihlalo ngezindlela ezahlukeneyo: unyulo oluvelayo okanye olungenaluvo, ukutyunjwa yirhuluneli, okanye ukunconywa (umz., isiCwangciso seMissouri). Amagama alandelelana ukusuka kwiminyaka embalwa ukuya komnye ubomi, kwaye amazwe amaninzi afuna unyulo olucwangcisiweyo ngamaxesha athile. Unyulo-mthetho maxa wambi lugxekwa ngokubangela ucinezeleko oluqhelekileyo kumgaqo osemthethweni.

Funda malunga nokhetho lwetyala kwi American Bar Association[[FLT: 1].

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zabemi Nezamashishini

Ukwazi ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo yenkundla esebenzayo kungaphembelela yonke into ukusuka apho ufaka khona ityala kulwazi lwendlela elisebenza ngayo. Cinga ngezi meko:

Iishishini Ezincinane Neziphendu Eziphembelelayo

Ishishini elithengisa izinto kubathengi kwii-odoli ezininzi lisenokukhetha inkundla yesizwe ngenxa yesivumelwano ukuba imali ingaphezulu kwee-$75 000 namaqela ayahluka-hlukene. Imithetho yomanyano kunye nabagwebi bajongwa njengenolwazi oluthe ngqo nolungachaphazelekayo kwikhethe lasekuhlaleni.

Imithetho Yobubi Bobuqu

Uninzi lwezityholo zokonzakalisa umntu siqu zivela phantsi komthetho karhulumente kwaye zibekwe kwinkundla yephondo. Noko ke, ukuba ummangalelwa ngummeli wesizwe okanye inkampani evela kwelinye ilizwe, ukususwa kunokwenzeka. UPlaintiffs ̱ amagqwetha adla ngokukhetha inkundla yephondo ngenxa yeenzuzo zeprocedenti, ezifana namaqula alungileyo okanye imithetho yobungqina.

Ukukhusela Izaphuli - mthetho

Abamangalelwa ngezaphuli-mthetho kufuneka bazi ukuba yiyiphi i-odolo evavanywa ngurhulumente. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe (umz., ukuba imoto) luphethwe enkundleni karhulumente, apho imigaqo yokugweba idla ngokuba ngqongqo. Ezinye izenzo, njengokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, zinokubekwa ityala kuzo zombini iinkqubo ngaphandle kokwaphula ingozi ephindwe kabini ngenxa yokuba urhulumente norhulumente wamazwe ahlukene.

Imvelaphi Nemvelaphi

Inkqubo yenkundla ephindwe kabini isekelwe kwisakhiwo sorhulumente wase-U.S. Izidanga zifuna ukudala urhulumente wesizwe onemiqathango elinganiselweyo, amandla adwelisweyo ngeli xesha ibeka ulawulo oluninzi kumazwe. UMthetho weJadiciary wowe-1789 wamisela iinkundla ezisezantsi zesizwe kwaye wachaza imida yolawulo lwamagunya aphantsi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNgqungquthela iye yongeza kulawulo lwesizwe, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana namalungelo asekuhlaleni, umgaqo wemekobume, kunye nezoshishino-zoshishino.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkundla zeli lizwe zavela kumthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani nakwinkundla yamakoloni. Zisoloko zingundoqo ekucombululeni iimbambano ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo

  1. “ Inkundla Ephakamileyo ingava naliphi na ityala. ̵ Bubuxoki. INkundla Ephakamileyo inolawulo lwantlandlolo olulinganiselweyo (umz., iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe) kunye nolawulo olulawulayo olunengqiqo.
  2. “ iinkundla zeFederal zisoloko zingcono. ̵[ Akunjalo. Iinkundla zelizwe zisenokuba ziqhelene kakhulu nomthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nezenzo, kwaye ukubekwa kwenkundla yelizwe kusoloko kulula kwaye kubiza kancinci.
  3. “ Ukuba uphulukana nenkundla yorhulumente, ungaqala kwinkundla yorhulumente. ̵ Ngokuqhelekileyo ayiyonyaniso. Imfundiso ye res jucata (isiqalo sangaphambili) ithintela ukuphinda isiqinisekiso esinye. Iinkundla zeSizwe azizukuphinda ziveze ityala elibekwe ngokupheleleyo enkundleni karhulumente ngaphandle kokuba intetho karhulumente ethile ayiphakanyiswanga.

Indlela Yokuchaza Apho Uzakuyifakela khona

Ukuba uceba ukunyanzeliswa ngokusemthethweni, landela la manyathelo:

  • Xela isiseko esingokwasemthethweni sengxelo yakho. Ingaba sisekelwe kumthetho wesizwe, umGaqo-siseko, okanye kumthetho karhulumente?
  • Jonga inani lemali ebandakanyekileyo. Kwimithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo, qinisekisa ukuba ingaphezulu lee kwii-dola ezingama-75 000.
  • Ngaba bonke abantu abasuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo bangabamangalelwa kunabo bonke?
  • Khawucinge nje enoba kukho imibandela ekhethekileyo yolawulo lukarhulumente efana nokuwa okanye umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni.
  • Xelela igqwetha eliqhelene nazo zombini iinkqubo; isigqibo sinokuchaphazela imithetho engokwesiko, imigca yamaxesha kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokuphumelela.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zenkundla yorhulumente neyorhulumente zenzelwe ukuba kubekho kunye, ukusingatha iindidi zamatyala ezifanelekileyo. Iinkundla zoMasipala ziphendula imicimbi yenkxalabo yesizwe kunye neempikiswano ezinqamleza iintambo zikarhulumente, ngelixa iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwemibandela engokwasemthethweni echaphazela abantu i̱ ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya, xa amatyala enokuthi ashukunyiswe, nendlela eyahlukeneyo imigaqo enika ngayo abaxhasi-mthetho kunye nesiluleko sabo inzuzo ephambili. Ukuba ungumnini-shishini ofaka izivumelwano zezivumelwano, ummi oqhuba imicimbi yentsapho, okanye umntu ojamelene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukwazi umahluko phakathi kwenkundla yorhulumente nenkundla, unokukunceda uqhube inkqubo esemthethweni.