Isiseko Sentlanganiso Nesinxulumanisi Sembali

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa alizange libonakale kwi-athom; kwasetyenziswa iinkulungwane zokulwa nomthetho we-outocracy. Uvavanyo lwedemokhrasi lwangaphambili e-Athene yamandulo lwaluquka iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke kwinduli yePnyx, apho abemi babephikisana baza bavote ngemithetho. Noko ke, imbono yale mihla yenkululeko yengqungquthela eyacaciswa ngexesha leSinyuso, xa izithandi-bulumko ezifana noJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau zaphikisa ukuba inyathelo elisiko lomntu ngamnye eliqhelekileyo lokuzimela inkululeko. Ngenkulungwane ye-18, iintlanganiso zajika zaba sisixhobo sokucel ’ amandla anzima ookumkani, ngokubalaseleyo kumathangalathi eMerika kunye neStamp Act Act (175) kunye neBoston Partious) zabonisa ukuba iindibano ezilungeleneyo zinokulawula ngokuthe ngqo.

IMvukelo yaseFransi yowe-1789 yathabatha ingcamango ebhekele phaya, iguqula izitrato zikawonke-wonke zibe ngamanqanaba olawulo oluqhelekileyo. Isindululo samalungelo abantu kunye noluntu savakalisa ukuba "ukunxibelelana ngokukhululekileyo ngeengcamango kunye neembono zelinye lamalungelo axabisekileyo kubantu" — ibinzana elakhusela ngokupheleleyo iintlanganiso zabemi. Ngenkulungwane ye19, iMvukelo yezeziko lezentengiso yabangela ukuba kubekho umbutho wabasebenzi, nabasebenzi abahlanganise kwimizi - matshini ezitratweni ukufuna imivuzo elungileyo, iimeko ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nelungelo lokudibanisa. Peterloo Massacre ka18 eManberg, apho abakhweli beboshela i-procedromation, bahlala besenza isikhumbukiso esithelisi se-ethe ncam ye-edemocracracki, ihleli kwisikhumbuzo se-eku. — I-edinggrompmplete.

Ngaphaya kwe-Atlantiki, umzabalazo wokuphelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamabhinqa ngokusemthethweni kwaxhomekeke kwindibano zikawonke-wonke. Indibano yeSeneca Falls (1848) yasebenzisa indibano ukusungula umbutho wamalungelo amabhinqa, ngelixa ibutho labaphelisi lilungiselela iintlanganiso zokulwa nobukhoboka. Ezi ziganeko zembali zigxininisa inyaniso yendalo: ilungelo lokuhlanganisa aliyondlela esemthethweni yokuyila; yinjini yenkqubela yentlalo.

Ukhuseleko lwehlabathi nolomGaqo-siseko

Namhlanje, inkululeko yokuhlanganisa ifakwe kwisivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomgaqo-siseko wasekhaya. Isibhengezo esingenazimdla samalungelo abantu (igama elingu 20) sithi: "Wonk'enye unelungelo lenkululeko yendibano yoxolo kunye nomanyano." Lo mgaqo uqiniswa yi-International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR, Inqaku 21), elidibanisa amaqela angorhulumente ukuhlonela iindibano zoxolo, ilinganisela kuphela imiqathango emiselwe yi-"omthetho kunye neyimfuneko kwibutho ledemokhrasi""."

Amacebo alwamalungelo abantu adibanisa imaleko engakumbi. [[FLT: 0] IConvention ye-European on Human Rights (Umzobo 11) iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo nenkululeko yonxulumano, kunye neNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ikhupha imigwebo ebonakalisa iziganeko eziphawulekayo kumatyala asuka ekuvunyweni kwezobupolitika ukuya kugqitywe. Ngokufanayo, i-Afrikaan Chater on Human and People’s Rights (Artle 11) kunye neConvention of Human Rights (Artle 15) inikela ukhuseleko olufanayo.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unikela amaqondo ahlukeneyo entelekiso. UMthetho-siseko weSiphendu se-United States Wokuqala — "ISindululo soMgaqo-siseko se-Ofisi sobuLungu asiyi kwenza mthetho ... ukunciphisa inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo zetyala" — uphakathi kwezona zikhankanyiweyo. UMgaqo-siseko we-Indiya (u-19(b) awuyi kwenza ibe namthetho othe ngqo wokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, okanye ngaphandle kwezixhobo, umisela ilungelo elifanelekileyo lokuhlanganisanamqathango woxolo, kunye nezinye izilangazelelo zikawonke. UMthetho osisiseko waseJamani (Article 8) ukhusela ilungelo lokuhlanganisana nokunganikwa miyalelo okanye ukungagunyaziswanga mvume, nangona iindibano zelizwe zifuna ukubhaliswa kwasemthethweni. Ezi zinto zibonisa indlela ezi mpawulwa ngokwahlukeneyo ngokuchasene nolwano koburhulumente.

Iminyaka Yamanani: Indibano Kwimimandla Yenyani

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye baguqula indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ilungelo lokuhlanganisa. Imigangatho yezentlalo — i-Twitter, i-Facebook, i-Telegram, kunye nee-apps ezifihlakeleyo zothunyelelwayo zenza abaququzeli balungelelanise imibhiyozo ngesantya esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili kunye nesikali. Arabib Spring Prings (2012) [iiiyunithi]] ibonisa indlela indibano yemivo enokuthi ikwazi ngayo ukuwisa abalawuli, ngokusebenzisa abaxhasi bemithetho ye-Placebookat ukucwangcisa iziganeko zexesha elikhoyo kunye ne-Tytagnethieting in Tokignome. Kutshanje, [[FLTFLD:]] Imeko-OGenethiwe-20]

Noko ke, uququzelo lwamanani lujongene neengxaki ezingaqhelekanga. Oorhulumente baye bavelisa izixhobo ezincumisayo zokuqwalasela ucwangciso lwe-intanethi, besebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-metadata, ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, nokulahlwa kobuso bekhompyutha. Kumaphondo akwi-odolal ububanzi be-Creat, i-Antentensing kunye ne-operations Act 2022 — zivelise imiqathango engqongqo kwimiboniso kawonke wonke, kuquka izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho zasekhaya ezibangela "noise" ukuxhobisa ngemiqathango yombuzo: ngabalawuli bedemokhrasi abalungele ukuhlanganisana kwemibalwa, okanye kufuneka isoloko ibandakanya ukudityaniswa komzimba?

Amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu ezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka i UN eSiphakamiso Esikhethekileyo samalungelo enkululeko yokuhlanganisana nomanyano, aye aphikisa ngelithi ilungelo liyasebenza kwi-intanethi kanye njengokuba kunjalo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-intanethi. Kodwa ukugcinwa kwaloo mgaqo akutshintshi, kunye namajelo amaninzi athi izithuba ezizizo azingo "uluntu oluqhelekileyo" ngokwengqiqo eqhelekileyo. Njengento yendalo ecacileyo kunye nokwanda okungaguquguqukiyo, umhlaba osemthethweni kuza kufuneka ulungelelanise ngokubhekele phaya.

Ucelomngeni Lwamalungelo Endibano

Ukubhukuqwa Kolawulo Nemiqathango Esemthethweni

Utyekelo lwehlabathi lonke lokuguquka kwedemokhrasi lusongela ngokungqalileyo inkululeko yokuhlanganisa. ERashiya, emva konyaka wama-2922, imithetho ephazamisa nawuphi na umbutho obonwa njengoweyisa "umsebenzi okhethekileyo womkhosi" eUkraine, nto leyo ekhokelela kumawaka ababanjwa kwimibhiyozo echasene ne-tyalidi. EBelarus, urhulumente weLukashenko ubesoloko esebenzisa ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili ukuze athintele iintlanganiso zokuchasa. Okwangoku, eHungary, ukubuyiselwa kuMthetho kwiNdibano kufuna ukuba abaququzeleli bazise amagunya iiyure ezingama-48 ukulwa phambili kwaye banike amapolisa amandla okuvala iziganeko zokuba "izinto zokuziphatha okuzisebenzela uwonke" — umgangatho ongafanelekanga wokuxhatshazwa ngokungafanelekanga wokuxhatshazwa.

Imiqathango idla ngokuthatha uhlobo lwexesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokumisela. Ngelixesha iinkundla zixhasa imithetho yobundilele (umz., zifuna imvume yeentlanganiso ezinkulu, zimisela ingxolo emva kwe 10 p.m.), iingxaki ziphakama xa imimiselo isetyenziswa ngokukhethayo. Umzekelo, ivumela inkcitho ingabi yexabiso eliphezulu, isuse iingcambu zotyani. Okanye amagunya angakhetha kude "imimandla echaphazelekayo" kude lee abaphulaphuli abaceli abacetyiweyo, ngokunelisa ingxanduva engqungquthela yendibano. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo ifumaniseko olunjalo icandelo 11 xa ingafaneleki kuluntu.

Imbeko Nokusetyenziswa Kwamandla

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamapolisa nabaqhankqalazi luye lwayindawo ephambili kumazwe amaninzi. Iingxelo ezivela kwi-Amnesty International kunye namaLungelo Oluntu zichaza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwegesi ebangela iinyembezi, iimbumbulu zerhabha, kunye ne-havini-manzi ngokuchasene needemon ezizonwabisayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo njengeHong Kong, Chile, ne-United States. Jorgeyd Floyd [[Fod] ingcessss'arts' yesizwe yelish nemithetho ephakathi kwe-U.S., ngokubekwa komthetho kumangalelwa ukusebenzisa amaqhinga axhotyisiweyo.

Inkxalabo ekhulayo yabaqhankqalazi yenye into exhalabisayo. Amasebe amapolisa axhomekeke ngokungakumbi kubafundi bepleyiti yelayisensi, ukuhlolwa kwezentlalo-ntle, kwanakwii-ethenal ukulandelela abathathi-nxaxheba. Amaqela afana ne-Electronic Frontinety Foundation alumkisa ukuba indibano yexesha elizayo ebandayo, njengoko abantu besoyika ukubuyiselwa kooqeshi, abanini-ndlu, okanye amagunya okufuduka. Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa angaziwayo aliqinisekiswanga ngokucacileyo kwizakhiwo ezininzi ezisemthethweni, kodwa liyimfuneko ekukhuseleni amaqela angenazikhuseli.

Ukuphikisa Iingcamango Nentetho Ethiyileyo

Asizizo zonke iindibano ezintle. Iintlanganiso zabamhlophe zogonyamelo, ii-antict, kunye nezenzo zogonyamelo ezigqithisileyo zivavanya imida yokukhusela. Umgaqo "wokungathabathi cala" umi ngelithi urhulumente akanakuvala indibano ngenxa yembono evakalisweyo, kodwa okungaqhelekanga kubangelwa kukukhuthaza ugonyamelo nezisongelo zokwenene. Ukungavumelani nentlanganiso yasekunene eCharsville (2017)] ubhenca ubunzima bokulinganisela amalungelo endibanweni ngokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ingakumbi xa kukhutshwa ii-proterss. Ngoku amazwe amaninzi kufuneka agcine amapolisa "indawo ephakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo" kodwa oku kunokukhokelela ekumangaleleni ukungoxhatshazwa kobugoso olungolwayo.

Imithetho yentiyo yentetho yahluka kakhulu. EUnited States, iSiminst Amendment sikhusela kwanokuthetha okumcaphukisa kakhulu ngaphandle kokuba sikwimiba encinane (isisongelo, amazwi okulwa). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iJamani neFransi ziyenza ibe nolwaphulo-mthetho yokungafunwa kobuhlanga nokuchaswa kwentiyo engokobuhlanga, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuba kuthintelwe iindibano ezikhuthaza imiyalezo enjalo. IKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu iye yagxininisa ukuba imiqathango imele ibe yeyona ifanelekileyo kwaye ilungelelane, kwaye loo ndibano yoxolo ayimele ingokwaliwa ngenxa yeembono zeqela elingathandwayo.

Indima Etshintshayo Yezi nkonzo

Ngendibano, abantu abaqhelekileyo baye balungisa kwakhona imeko yezobupolitika nentlalo. Intlanganiso yamaqumrhu e-Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968) eUnited States inikela owona mzekelo ubalulekileyo. Ukusukela kwiMontgomey Busbott (1555) ukuya kuMatshi eWashington (1963), iintlanganiso zoxolo — ngokufuthi zidityaniswe nomkhosi odityanisiweyo — utshintsho lomthetho wemithetho, oluphumela ekuManyanzelweni kwe-Rogractial Act ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-65. Ukusetyenziswa komthetho we-Oversimente, uphaka, kunye nobhaliso lwezibhasti (iiii-R.555) kuboniswa oko kungenziwangangokuba kuhlanganelwanga nje; kusenziwa ngoko kusenziwa ngombuthothotho lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezopoliti ye-S.

I-LGBTQ+ umbutho wamalungelo ngokufanayo wathembela kwindibano ukuze kubonakale kwaye kumanyaniswe. I-Stonewall Riosts (1969) yayiyimvukelo ezenzekelayo, kodwa imiboniso yekratshi eyalandelayo — eyaqala njengemijikelezo emincinane, ngokufuthi eyingozi — yakhula yaba yimibhiyozo yomhlaba wonke. Kumazwe amaninzi, ilungelo lokugcina umboniso wekratshi lihleli likhuphiswane; ePoland, uninzi lwemisebenzi yezabelo ivakalise i "LBBTPrefreefore," kunye neziganeko zekratshi zidityaniswa rhoqo ngemiboniso ephikisanayo kunye neemilinganiselo ephikisanayo. Kodwa isenzo sokuhlanganisa siyaqhubeka njengokhuthulo lwesidima.

Intshukumo yemozulu ye-global [, ehonjiswe ngabaxhasi abatsha abanjenge Greta Thunberg, ivuselele isithethe sokubetha kwesikolo kunye nohambo oluninzi. Imihla yexesha elizayo [[ imiboniso, eyaqala ngoAgasti 2018 ngomqhankqalazi omnye ngaphandle kwepala yase-Sweden, eyandisiweyo ukubandakanya izigidi zabantu kumazwe angaphezu kwe- 150. Ezi ntlanganiso ziye zabeka utshintsho kwimozulu kwiphepha elingaphambili lamaphephandaba zaza zanyanzela oorhulumente ukuba bavakalise iingozi zesizwe. Noko ke, lo mbutho ubalase umngeni umba oqhubekayo: iintlanganiso ezinkulu zifuna umanyano, imali, kunye noovimba bomatshini, ezingasoloko zifumanekangasoloko zifumaneka kuluntu olulungelelaniswe noluntu.

Imida Yasemthethweni Nezinto Eziyimfuneko

Ngoxa ilungelo lokuhlanganisa lisisiseko, alinyanzelekilenga. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uvumela imiqathango esekelwe kwiinjongo ezisemthethweni: ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, okanye ukhuseleko lwamalungelo nenkululeko yabanye. Isifo se-COVID n18 yaba luvavanyo olunzima, njengoko oorhulumente behlabathi jikelele bebekelwe umda wokuphelisa ukudluliselwa kwentsholongwane. Iintlangano ezininzi zamalungelo abantu zamkela imiqathango yexeshana, ubungqina obusekelwe kwimiqathango kodwa zigxeka ukuvalwa kwemiqathango engazange iqwalaselwe ezinye iindlela (umz., iimbutho ze-CU.S, i-Speciocporporteur ngenkululeko yokuhlanganisa ikhupha ulawulo olucinezelo ukuba nayiphi nayiphi imiqathango enxulumene ne-gcine imele ibe "endlalweyo, iyamkeleka, iyalingana, ayingo-1966dimintinantiantiary, kwaye ibeke ixesha elide.""

Olunye uxinezeleko olungapheliyo lubandakanya [[FLT: 0]/ii-atting kwimpahla yabucala. Iivenkile zokuthenga, izakhiwo zenkampani, neeyunivesithi azizenzeli ngokuzenzekelayo. EUnited States, ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo Marsh v. Alabama[[FLT] [1946] [196]) ibambelele kwidolophu ebhaliswe yindawo kawonke-wonke, kodwa imithetho elandelayo inqumle umlinganiselo wokuba ngabanini bempahla abamele bahlalise izikhala. Ngokunyuka kwezithuba zikawonke-owonke "obuqu" ezikwizixeko, abaquququzeleli badla ngokuzifumana bevalelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwiendawo ezibonakala zivulekileyo zonke.

Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuka kwemimandla ekwindawo ezithe tye kumacala eentlanganiso zezopolitiko, imidlalo, kunye nemiqondiso yabakhenkethi kuphelisa amalungelo endibano. Umzekelo, ebudeni beNgqungquthela yesizwe yonyaka ka-2016 eCleveland, isixeko esinyulwe "ukungalingani kwe-perimeter" eyathi ngokunempumelelo yathintela nayiphi na ingxuba phakathi kokubona iholo yendibano. Iinkundla ziye zaxhasa abaxhasi abanjalo xa bebotshelelwe ngokusondeleyo — kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuba bachasene nenjongo engundoqo yendibano: ukunxibelelana nabo banegunya.

Izivumelwano Zokomeleza Amalungelo eNdibano

Ukukhusela ilungelo lokuhlanganisa kufuna isenzo kwimigangatho emininzi. I-Legal Reformations linqaku lokuqala: amazwe kufuneka ahlole imithetho yendibano yawo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayavumelana nemilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe, asusa iirekhodi ezingacacanga kunye neemfuno ezigqithisileyo ezivumela uvunywa. [[FLT:] i-OSCE ye-DEXIStions kunye namalungelo abantu (ODIHR) ikhupha incwadi yesandla kwinkululeko yengqungquthela[FLT:] nemithetho enika umthetho wemodeli. Amazwe kufuneka akhuphe onke amalungelo abantu anxulumene neengxelo zexesha kwimibutho.

[[FLT: 0] Amalungelo oluntu egalelo eliphantsi kunye noxwebhu lunzima. Iingxelo zawo zingabhenca iipakethi zokuxhatshazwa noxinzelelo loorhulumente ukuba batshintshe. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, abaqwalaseli abasemthethweni nabaxhasi bevidiyo basebenza njengezithinteli nxamnye nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imfundo ye-Pixbuf[[FLT: 0] ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Abemi abaninzi abawazi amalungelo abo — okanye bakholelwa ukuba nayiphi na imvume yokukhanyela yenza ngokuzenzekela ingxengxezo engekho mthethweni. Amaqela abemi kufuneka azi . iiprojekti zakho ze-projekti kwaye asasaza izikhokelo ezilula. Umzekelo, ACLU] izikhokelo zamalungelo abaqhankqalazi [ zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi eUnited States.

Ekugqibeleni, isakhiwo sokufumana inzala kwintshukumo zomeleza unyamezelo. Xa umbutho wasebenzi umi kunye nabaxhasi bemozulu, okanye xa imibutho yezentlalo esesikweni ixhasa i-LGBTQ+ ikratshi, ilungelo lokuhlanganisa liba nzima ukuhlasela. Umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe — olufana nolo UN ubizo lwehlabathi lonke lwemdla wokwenza umsebenzi [ — lungakhuthaza imilo yasekuhlaleni kwaye lwenze umanyano olumanyeneyo ngokuchasene noxinzelelo.

Isiphelo: Idinga Elingagqitywanga LeNdibano

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa alizange likhuseleke ngokupheleleyo. Ukusukela kwimivukelo ejikelezayo yenkulungwane ye-18 ukuya kutsho kwimibhiyozo efunyanisiweyo ye 21, isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka siphinde siyiqinisekise le nkululeko. Indibano ingumsebenzi onzima apho idemokhrasi ivavanywa khona: xa abemi benokuhlanganisa ngaphandle koloyiko, bangahlanganisana ngabom, baphikisene, bafune ukuphendula. Xa indibano icuthene, indlela ixinenezeleke kwingcinezelo.

Kodwa ilungelo lingaphezulu kunesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni; kuyinto ephilayo. Kufuna inkalipho ukuphuma ekhaya likabani uthelele nabanye kwindawo kawonke-wonke. Kufuna ukuthemba ukuba urhulumente uza kukhusela kunokuba atshutshise. Yaye kufuneka amaziko ahlonela amandla elizwi elidibeneyo. Njengoko amazwe azimeleyo naphathekayo edibana, kwaye njengenkqubo yolawulo-zwi iphinda iphinde ihlaziywe, ilungelo lokuhlanganisa liza kuhlala libuthathaka kwaye libalulekile.