IADEA yahlula-hlula kuMthetho we-Orthough Act (ADEA) ithe ngomnye wezona zinto zibalulekileyo zomthetho wokukhusela umsebenzi eUnited States, ikhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu ekukhetheni imisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Ukususela ekudluleni kwayo ngo1967, iADEA iye yabumba indlela abaqeshi abajonga ngayo umsebenzi, ukunyuselwa, iinzuzo, nokuthatha umhlala phantsi. Imbali yayo ibandakanya intsebenzi yamalungelo aphezulu asekuhlaleni kwaye ibonisa imigudu eqhubekayo yokubaluleka kolwazi nolwano. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi, amalungiselelo angundoqo, imingeni, imingeni, kunye nokujongo yexesha elizayo ye-ADE, ukujongeka ka-ADE, ukubonakala komthetho oqhubekayo oqhubeka ukukhusela izigidi zabasebenzi baseMelika.

Imvelaphi Yomkhwa Wocalucalulo Weminyaka

Ngaphambi kweminyaka yee-1960, ucalucalulo lobudala emsebenzini lwalungaqhelekanga nje kuphela kodwa lwalusetyenziswa ngokuphandle. Abaqeshi babesoloko bemisela iminyaka ephezulu yokuqesha, benyanzelisa ukuba umntu athathe umhlala-phantsi ngeminyaka engekho semthethweni, kwaye bengavumi ukuqeqesha okanye ukunyusela abasebenzi abadala ngokusekelwe kwimbono ebanzi enxulumene nokuhla kobuchule. Ingcamango eyayixhaphakile yayikukuba abasebenzi abadala babengakwazi ukutshintsha-jika, babenexabiso elingakumbi ngokweengenelo, yaye bengenangeniso ingafane baxhaswe bubungqina.

Umbutho onyukayo wamalungelo abantu woo-1960 wavelisa umthetho wemozulu okhuthaza ukuhambelana nomthetho ochasene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukudlula koMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, owalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, kumbala, kunqulo, kwiintlobano zesini, okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe, kwaphawula incopho yotshintsho. Noko ke, ubudala abuqukwanga kulo mthetho wesigqeba. Amaqela e-Advocacy akhuthaza ukuthatha izithuba zomsebenzi othe gqolo-gqaba njenge-mbutho le-American Association of Relifred Personaltion (ARP) kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi yacinezela iBhunganeries intetho ethile yabasebenzi abadala. Ingxelo yonyaka ka-1965 isuka kuNobhala we-Osterty phantsi koM. B. Johnson wachaza ukucalula kocalucalucalu-lucalu-lucalu-lu .

Inkxaso yeBhartisan yavela, yaye iAge Discrection in Accomplial Act yatyikitywa njengomthetho ngoDisemba 15, 1967. Injongo echaziweyo yayikukuba "kuqeshwe kwabantu abadala ngokusekelwe kubuchule babo kunokuba babe badala; ukuthintela ukucalucalulwa ngokweemfuno zobudala emsebenzini; ukunceda abaqeshi nabasebenzi bafumane iindlela zokuhlangabezana neengxaki ezibangelwa kukukhutshwa komsebenzi." IADEA yayisebenza kubaqeshi abaqeshi abaqeshi nabaqeshi abaneminyaka engama-25 okanye ngaphezulu, kwanabasebenzi abagqugqisiweyo ekuqaleni phakathi kweminyaka engama-40 nengama-65.

Amalungiselelo Angundoqo EADEA

IADE iyalwalela ucalucalulo kubantu abaneminyaka engama-40 ubudala okanye ngaphezulu kuyo nayiphi na inkalo yomsebenzi, kuquka ukuqeshwa, ukudutyulwa, ukunyuselwa, ukurhoxa, intlawulo, iinzuzo, izabelo zemisebenzi, nokuqeqeshwa. Lo mthetho usebenza kubaqeshi abazimeleyo abaqeshwa nabaqeshwa abangama-20 okanye ngaphezulu, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, amaqumrhu emisebenzi, imibutho yempangelo, norhulumente.

Imikhwa Ecetyisiweyo

Abaqeshi abasayi kukwazi:

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Fail okanye ukungafuni ukuqesha umntu ngenxa yobudala babo.
  • I-Dislafword, umgangatho osezantsi, okanye uqeqesho umqeshwa osekelwe kwiminyaka yobudala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi, kuquka iingenelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlahlo, okanye ucalulo lwabasebenzi ngeendlela eziza kubahlutha amathuba omsebenzi.
  • `[UMTL. 0] khupha ityala' [[UMTL:1] ngokuchasene nomqeshwa ngokufaka ityala okanye ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kuphando okanye ukuqhubeka phantsi kweADEA.

Abaqeshi abagqunyweyo kunye noMda womSebenzi

Ekuqaleni egubungela abaqeshi nabaqeshwa abangama-25 nangaphezulu, lo mqobo wahliswa waba ngabasebenzi abangama-20 kutshintsho lonyaka wama- 1974. Olu tshintsho lwanyuswa kwizigidi zabasebenzi abangakumbi. Lo mthetho ugubungela bonke abaqeshi boluntu nabangabodwa abafikelela kwimfuneko yobukhulu, kwakunye namaqumrhu asebenza namalungu angama-25 nangaphezulu.

Ezikhethekileyo nezikhukulisi

I-ADEA iquka iindidi eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Okubalulekileyo kuvumela ukuthatha umhlala phantsi kwegunya lokusebenza ngexesha elithile lonyaka othile apho ubudala buyimali efunekayo (BFOQ), njengabaphathi-mthetho, abacimi-mlilo, kunye nabaqhubi benqwelo-moya. I-BFOQ ichazwa ngokufutshane kwaye ifuna abaqeshi ukuba babonise ukuba ubudala bubalulekile emsebenzini. Enye into engundoqo ivumela abaqeshi ukuba bahlulele ngokweemeko ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kobudala (RFOPA), njengamava okanye ubuchule, nokuba oko kwahlukahlukana kunokwenzeka ekudibaniseni iminyaka yobudala.

Indaleko Ngokuhlaziywa Nemigwebo Yenkundla

Ukususela ekumisweni kwayo, iADEA iye yaguquka kakhulu ngokuphuculwa kwemithetho nangenkcazelo egwebayo. Olu tshintsho luye lwandisa ukhuseleko kwaye lwacacisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho kwindawo yomsebenzi ephangaleleyo.

Abasebenzi Abakhulileyo Bangenelwa Kumthetho Wokukhusela Wowe - 1990

Enye yezindululo ezibalulekileyo zavela nge- i-Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA). Phambi kwe-OWBPA, abanye abaqeshi banciphisa okanye basusa iinzuzo kubasebenzi abadala, bephikisa ukuba indleko yokunika abasebenzi abafanelekileyo ezilinganayo ifanelekile. I-OWBPA iyakulwalela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo lobudala-calulo lweminyaka ngokweenzuzo zabasebenzi. Ikwaneemfuno ezingqongqo kubaxhaphazeli be-ADEAAA, njengabo basetyenziswa ekuqaleni kwiinkqubo zomhlala - mhlala-phantsi okanye izivumelwano. Phantsi kwe-OWBPA, abasebenzi abanokukwazi ukuzama ukuhlawula iinzuzo zobuqu, kufuneka bazise abasebenzi abaqeshwayo iilwimi, banikele ngeentsuku ezingama-21 ukuqwalasela, kwaye bavumele ukuvuma iimini ezisixhenxe.

Amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zaguqula umlinganiselo we-ADEA:

  • [[NTL:0] Iphepha eliyi-Indawe. v. biggins (1993) – iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba isigqibo esisekelwe kwimo yomhlala-phantsi (iminyaka yenkonzo) asikokuba nocalucalulo lobudala, nokuba lunxulumene ngamandla nobudala. Esi sigqibo safumana umgama omkhulu phakathi konyango oluchaseneyo olusekelwe kubudala nezigqibo ezisekelwe kwezinye izinto ezinokunxulumene nobudala.
  • Smith v. IsiXeko sase Jackson (2005) - Kwisigqibo sophawu, iNkundla yathi i ADEA ivumela izibhengezo ezisekelwe [ iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo[] . . . . . . iqhelisela ezingobezo zezobundilele kodwa eziyingozi. Noko ke, iNkuvo ibekelwe umda ngokuvumela abaqeshi ukuba bakhusele ngokubonisa ukuba lo msebenzi usekelwe komnye unoxanduva olufanelekileyo.
  • [[NTL:0]Mayam v. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (2008) – iNkundla yasusa umthwalo wokungqina kwiimeko ezichaphazelekayo, ifuna umqeshi ukuba aqinisekise ukuba uqheliselo olubangela impembelelo engenakulinganiswa yayisekelwe kwifekta esengqiqweni kunexesha elifanelekileyo, hayi kwimfuno yeshishini.
  • Gross v. FBL Financial Service (2009) – Esi sigqibo saphakamisa ibhari ecacileyo yamatyala onyango oluchaphazelekayo. Inkundla yangqina ukuba umchasi-mthetho kufuneka abonise ukuba ubudala buyi "kodwa-ya" unobangela wesenzo esingalunganga, hayi nje into ekhuthazayo. Esi sigqibo senza kube nzima kubasebenzi ukuphumelela iintengiso ze-ADEA xa zithelekiswa ne-Sihloko se-VII, apho isakhiwo sezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo sisebenza khona.

IADEA Kwinkulungwane yama - 21: Iingxaki Zanamhlanje

Nangona sele kudlule amashumi eminyaka, ucalucalulo lobudala lusekho, nangona ludla ngokungabonakali ngakumbi kunangaphambili.

[[NTL:0] Ubudala boshishino loshishino buye banika ingqalelo ebalulekileyo. Iingxelo zoqheliselo lokuqesha amacwecwe okukhupha imvume kwiSilicon Valley, apho abasebenzi abaselula badla ngokukhethwa, zikhokelele ekumangalelweni nge-profile ephezulu. Amanani omsebenzi akudala asoloko ejongene nemiqobo efana nokuphinda kuhluzo lwe-algorithime ekhupha imihla yokuqeshwa okanye "iminyaka yamava" evumela ngokupheleleyo abatsha abatsha. IEEOC ilumkise ukuba ukusebenzisa iinkqubo ezihamba nge-auto kuqeshiwe makungabi neziphumo zokurhoxanduva abasebenzi abadala.

Ukubekwa kwakhona komsebenzi kunye ne-RIFS (izinto ezisetyenziswayo ezisetyenziswayo) zisoloko zijoliswe kwixhoba labadala, abaqeshwa abahlawulwa kakhulu. Abaqeshi bangasebenzisa imigaqo efana "nokungabi nabubhetyebhetye" okanye "ukungalufaneleki kwesithethe" ukugquma imfumba yobude beminyaka. Ukukhusela kwe-ADEA kwizenzo ezinjalo kufuna uhlalutyo locotho locotho lwemilinganiselo yokukhetha kunye neziphumo zayo.

Umsebenzi othe ngqo kunye noqoqosho oluneengxelo ezincinane ezikhoyo. Abasebenzi abakhulileyo banganikwa amathuba ambalwa, okanye bathunyelwe kumalungiselelo endlu ezimeleyo. Ukungasebenziseki kwabasebenzi abasebenza nge-gg kuhlala kukhuphisana, njengoko abaninzi behlaliswa njengezindlu ezizimeleyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela bengagutyungelwa ngumthetho.

Enye indawo eqalisayo kukudibana kweminyaka nokukhuselwa kwezinye iimpawu.

Ukuthelekisa iADEA Eminye Imithetho Echasene Nokruthakruthwano

Ukuqonda amandla eADEA kunye nezithuba kufuna ukuthelekiswa neSihlomelo se-VII soMthetho waMalungelo oMdabi ka-1964 kunye namaMerika noMthetho weNkxaso (ADA).

  • Iiklasi ezikhuselweyo: isiHloko VII sonqanda ucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe. I-ADEA igubungela iminyaka yobudala kuphela (40+). I-ADA ikhusela abantu ngesiphene.
  • [[FLT: 2] Ifekta edityanisiweyo- I- Motive vs. Kodwa- kweyo: Phantsi kweSihloko VII, umkhandi angaphumelela ukuba ucalulo luyi ifomati yefomati[ kwisigqibo esingalunganga, nokokuba ezinye izinto zidlale indima. Emva [[FLT:]] Gross v. FBL[FFLT:5], ADEALUTTTTTH kufuneka zibonise ixesha elilelo libonisa ukuba [[FL:6] kodwa- yeyo[FLT:]
  • Iziphumo ezicacileyo: Zombini izihlomelo VII kunye ne ADEA ziqonda ukuba ziziphumo ezichaphazelekayo, kodwa i ADEA inendlela yokuzikhusela ebanzi: abaqeshi bangathethelela uqheliselo ngokubonisa ukuba isekelwe kwi "ifekta ecacileyo kunexesha elidlulileyo," elula ukungqina kune "imfuno yeshishini" phantsi kwesihloko VII.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Izambuku: isiHloko VII sivumela ukohlulwa komthwalo nesohlwayo (isihlomelo somtya), ngelixa i ADEA inikezela kuphela ngomvuzo ohlawulweyo, umvuzo ongaphambili, kunye nezono ezophulweyo (ziphinda kabini) kwiimeko zokwaphula umthetho ngabom. Ngokungafaniyo neSiHloko VII, iADE ayinikezeli kwiziphumo zoxinzelelo lwemvakalelo okanye iilahleko zeziphumo zentliziyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izahlulo: IADEA, idlula kwi OWBPA, inemfuno ezisezantsi ezingekhoyo phantsi kweSihloko VII okanye iADA.

Unyanzelo Nezicombululo

IKhomishini ye-Auncili Yomsebenzi (EOC) liququzelela elingundoqo lesizwe elijongene nokunyanzelisa i-ADEA. Abaqeshwa kufuneka bafake isityholo socalulo nge-EEOC phambi kokufaka ityala labucala. I-EEOC ihlolisisa izityholo, izama ukuzama ukuqulunqa ityala, kwaye ingafaka ityala ngenxa yomntu okhutshwe yi-ADE. Ityala lasese lingabekwa nasemva kokunika ileta yasekunene ye-EEOC.

Izilumkiso zommiselo : Kumazwe akwisebe lombuso okanye lobulali elichasene nocalulo, ixesha lokuhlasela lithatha iintsuku ezingama-300 ukusuka kwisenzo sokukhupha idemokhrasi; kwamanye amazwe, yimihla eli-180. Ixesha lokufaka ityala liyientsuku ezingama-90 emva kokwamkela ileta elungileyo ukuya kumacala.

Iziphumo ezikhoyo phantsi kwe ADEA ziquka intlawulo esemva (imivuzo elahlekileyo neengenelo), uhlawulo lwangaphambili (umvuzo olahlekileyo ukuba ukubuyiselwa akunakwenzeka), kunye nomonakalo osele ulingana nomlinganiselo womvuzo womqolo ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwalu uphakamiso olugunyazisiweyo. Ukuchaphazelekayo lukwa sisicombululo esinokwenzeka, nangona iinkundla zicinga ukuba ukubuyiselwa kunokubangela ubutshaba nokuba ngaba kungadala ubutshaba. Intlawulo lwe-Athorney nendleko zingahlawulwa kwi-paltiff.

Umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokungabikho komonakalo obangelwa kukuxinezeleka ngokweemvakalelo okanye isohlwayo sokubuyisela ityala, esinokwenza izigqibo ezinkulu eziqhelekileyo phantsi kwe-ADEA kunaphantsi kweSihloko VII. Noko ke, ukuphulwa ngamabomu kungaphumela kumonakalo omkhulu owenziwe ngokutsha, onokuthi uphinde kabini ukuchachacha.

Ucelomngeni Olunempembelelo Neluqhubekayo

I-ADEA ngokungathandabuzekiyo iye yanciphisa ezona ndlela zocalucalulo lobudala. Uphando lweminyaka yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi (ngaphandle kwemeko elinganiselweyo ye-BFOQ) zizinto ezikhoyo. Abasebenzi abadala namhlanje basasebenza ngenani eliphezulu kunangaphambili, kwaye umthetho uye wanceda ekuphuculeni ingqiqo yokufumana imisebenzi eyandisiweyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba i-ADEA inegalelo ekunciphiseni imivuzo yemali phakathi kwabakhulileyo nabasebenzi abancinane, nangona iinqobo zokungalinganiswani.

Noko ke, iingxaki zisasele. ucalucalulo olungacaci luyaqhubeka, kwaye iziganeko ezininzi azichazwanga kuba amaxhoba asenokungaluboni ucalucalulo okanye uloyiko. "kodwa" umgangatho we-caustive ukusuka ku- i-Gross[ ikwenze kwaba nzima ukuphumelela amatyala anzima. impembelelo edisparectal [ ingcamango, ngexa iqwalaselwe, ixonxwe yi-"fekthrece ebanzi ngaphandle kweminyaka" yokuzikhusela. Abanye abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba iBhungane ne-ADE, ukuvumelana ne-ITH, ukwamkela i-octivectional-octive kunye ne-octal com-octal.

Olunye ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kukudibana kwemijaho elungele ukuhlaliswa. Ngokungafaniyo ne-ADA, i-ADEA ayifuni abaqeshi ukuba bafumane indawo yokuhlala ngokweminyaka yabo. Umzekelo, umqeshwa osele ekhulile ocela ucwangciso olwahlukileyo ngenxa yeengxaki zempilo ezinxulumene nokwaluphala usenokungaqiniseki ukuba i-ADE inokuba negalelo phantsi kwe-ADA ukuba imeko iyafaneleka njengesiphene. Lo msantsalo ushiya abasebenzi abathile abadala bengenazikhuseli zeemfuno ezinxulumene nobudala ezinganyukeliyo kwisiphene.

Ukurhoxa koqheliselo ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho kuyaqhubeka kunyusa inkxalabo. Xa iinkampani zinciphisa umlinganiselo, abasebenzi abadala basoloko bejoliswe kwizintlu eziphezulu ngenxa yemivuzo okanye ukubonakala bengenabuchule kwezobugcisa. Kwanaxa ukugxothwa kubonakala kusekelwe ekusebenzeni, uhlolisiso olucingisisiweyo lungafihla ukugoba kweminyaka. Ukhokelo lwe-EEOC ekunciphiseni amandla lugxininisa imfuneko yokufumana iinjongo ezithile kunye noxwebhu olunenkathalo ukuze kuphenjelelwe ukuphembelela.

Ikamva Lokwahlulwa Kobudala

Njengoko abasebenzi baseMerika bekhula ngezantsi — ngo-2030, bonke abagcini beqongqothwane bazakuba ngaphaya kweminyaka engama-65 qha; indima ye-ADEA iza kuba yeyona inzima. Izicelo zomthetho ezininzi kunye nenkqubo echaphazelekayo ithetha ngotshintsho olunokwenzeka.

Isigqibo sokukhusela abasebenzi abadala ngokuchasene nomthetho we-ADHP (POWADA) sivezwe kwiintlanganiso ezininzi zeBhunga. Olu xwebhu lungabhukuqa iziqhubi ze-Gross[ zesigqibo sokubuyisela imo yesiseko esidityanisiweyo kwi-ADEA, ukuyenza kube lula ukungqina ucalucalulo. Ingaphinda i------ADEA kufutshane kakhulu ngesihloko VII ngokwemiqathango yonyango, ivumele i-complation kunye neziphumo zomonakalo. Njengo 2025, isibhengezo asikhange sidlule, kodwa sinandipha inkxaso ye-bipartarian kunye nokuqhubeka ukuxhasa kwayo.

Kukho amanyathelo omgangatho karhulumente anyuka. Amanye amazwana aphumeze imithetho enikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kune-ADEA, njengokungavumeli ucalucalulo lobudala ekuqesheni kwanakuqeshwa abasebenzi abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40, okanye ukufuna abaqeshi ukuba banike abasebenzi indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala. Le mithetho karhulumente ingazalisa izithuba kukhuseleko lwamazwe, ingakumbi abasebenzi abasemagunyeni nabemi abalupheleyo.

Abaqeshi bamkela ngokukhulayo imisebenzi equka iminyaka yobudala njengenxalenye yokwahluka-hluka okubanzi, ukulingana, kunye nemigudu yokudibanisa. Abaninzi bayaqonda ukuba abasebenzi abalinganayo ngeminyaka bazisa uluvo olubalulekileyo nolwazi lobugcisa.

  • Ukuhlolisisa indlela abasebenza ngayo nokuqesha ukuze baqiniseke ukuba abasebenzi bakhulileyo abakhange bawabone ngokungekho sikweni.
  • Abaphathi boqeqesho abajongene nobudala obungekho zingqondweni kunye neemfuno ezisemthethweni zeADEA.
  • Ukwenza amalungiselelo omsebenzi abhetyebhetye anomtsalane kwabasebenzi babo bonke ubudala.
  • Ukunika uncedo kwimpahla kulingana namaqela obudala.
  • Ukuhlola izigqibo zokungaqeshwa nokuchaphazeleka kwazo kwabasebenzi abakhulileyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bukwanika ubungozi kunye namathuba. Izixhobo zokuqesha ezi-Al-drive kufuneka ziphicothe ukucaciswa kobudala, kwaye abaphuhlisi bayila iinkqubo zobulungisa zokwazi ukufumanisa nokuchanabeka. Ulawulo lukarhulumente, njengolawulo lwe-EEOC kwinyathelo lokuqala lobuchule obungeyonkqubo yokuyila nokusesikweni, luza kubumba indlela ezi zixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngayo ukuvisisana ne-ADEA.

Ekugqibeleni, ukutshintsha okuthe kratya kokuxabisa ubude bobomi namava kunganciphisa isimo sengqondo sokukhula. Amaphulo emfundo, iinkqubo zokucebisana, kunye nokuboniswa kolwazi olukhuthazayo kwabasebenzi abakhulileyo kunegalelo ekudibaneni nokuhlala bekunye. Noko ke, ukuphaphapha okusemthethweni kuyimfuneko, inkqubo yokunyanzelisa i-ADEA kufuneka iqhubeke ihambelana nokutshintsha kwezakhiwo zemisebenzi, kuquka ukunyuka komsebenzi, umsebenzi weqonga, kunye nokusebenza.

IAge Creast Act ingunobangela wokusesikweni emsebenzini ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane. Imbali yayo ibonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo nxamnye nekhethe nolwaluko, nokuvunywa ukuba ubudala abunakuze bube ngumqobo kwimisebenzi enenjongo. Nangona umthetho uye wavela ngokuhambelana nokupheliswa kwemithetho yenkundla, uyaqhubeka ujongena nocelomngeni olutsha kuqoqosho olusoloko lukho. Ukuqinisa i-ADEA ngolwakhiwo lomthetho nomthetho onamandla kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuzalisekisa isithembiso sawo sokuqala: ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaMerika akhulileyo agwetywa ngamandla awo, kungekhona ubudala bawo.

Ukuphinda ufunde, [[FLT: 0] EOC inika ukhokelo olusemthethweni kwi ADEA kunye neziphendu zayo. Isikhokelo sonyanzeliso kwiOWBPA[[[FLT:]] iinkcukacha zingenelwa kukhuseleko kunye neemfuno ze-rave. Ushwankathelo olubanzi lweNkundla ePhakamileyo echaphazela i-ADEA lufumaneka ukusuka kugcino lwenkundla yeOWBPA kwaye ngokuhlalutyo olusemthethweni lungenelwano lwe-Melika luzibonelelo zemisebenzi noMthetho.[FLT][FLT]