Ukwazisa: Ingcamango Enyamezelayo Yale Riphabliki

Igama elithi "republic" livela kwigama elisemthethweni lamazwe angaphezu kwe-1050, kodwa intsingiselo yayo ecacileyo idla ngokuzidiliza kwiingcamango ezingacacanga zenkululeko okanye inkcaso engookumkani. Isebenzisa i-Latin i-translata[]." into kawonke-wonke"" i-Riphabliki iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ukholosekile, hayi impahla yabucala yomlawuli okanye ulawulo lobukhosi. Imisela isiseko apho urhulumente uqhutywa khona ngabameli abamele umgaqo-siseko kunye ne-Generalkykyoloji. Ukuqonda amakhaljini kunye nentanda-bulumko yale nkqubo kuyimfuneko ekuqhubeni ubuchule bezi ndawo zanamhlanje zolawulo-gona, njengoko iqhubeka imodemodemokhrasi ekhululekileyo emhlabeni wonke.

Imigaqo yeLifa leMveli

Entliziyweni, iriphabliki ngumyalelo wezomgaqo-siseko owenzelwe ukukhusela ukuxineneka kwamandla nokukhokelela izilangazelelo zabantu abahlukeneyo kwizinto ezintle ezifanayo.

Ulongamo Oluqhelekileyo Nomelo

Igunya elipheleleyo lixhomekeke kubantu, kodwa kwiriphabliki, abantu basebenzisa amandla abo ngokungangqalanga ngabameli abanyuliweyo. Lo mgaqo womelo, owahlukileyo kulawulo-melo olungqalileyo, uvumela ukuba urhulumente omkhulu noluntsonkothileyo usebenze ngexesha lokwazisa isinyusi esinenkululeko phakathi koluvo lukawonke-wonke nomthetho. Injongo kukucombulula iimbono zikawonke-wonke, ukuthoba iminqweno kunye nezilangazelelo zobunyani ngomgwebo wamagosa anyuliweyo. Le ngcamango yokumela yenza uhlanga lwanamhlanje lube nokwenzeka, ukucombulula ingxaki ebalaseleyo yokuba lugcine njani imvume yoluntu kumhlaba omkhulu.

Umthetho noMthetho

Akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho. I-riphabliki ilawulwa ngumthetho ophakamileyo qha, ngokufuziselayo ngumgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo oqingqiweyo omisela amandla karhulumente kwaye ibala amalungelo asisiseko. Esi sakhiwo somthetho siqinisekisa ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, ukuzinzisa, kunye nokulingana phambi komthetho. Sithintela urhulumente ukuba angatshintshi imithetho ngokuthanda kwawo ukufanelana nezilangazelelo zayo ezikhawulezileyo. UbuGaqo-siseko bubopha indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo, budala umgangatho ophezulu wokusesikweni okhusela abantu ekuza kukuzinza komcimbiso-mthetho. Le nkinga isoloko inyanzeleka ngenkqubo yokuhlola ikomiti yezomthetho, apho iinkundla zinegunya lokuwisa imithetho echasene nomthetho.

Urhulumente Oxutyiweyo Nokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ukuzoba ukusuka kwiRiphabliki yamaRoma kunye nokusulungekiswa ziingcinga zoluvo njengoMontesquieu, urhulumente weRiphabliki ukhuthaza amandla phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo (asekunqumleni, owiso-mthetho, agweba) anemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye nokuhlolana. Esi sakhiwo senza kube nzima nayiphi na into okanye umntu ukubamba ulawulo. Ulwahlulo lwamandla lukukukhusela impatho enzima. Sikhuthaza ukuququzelela ingxubusho ngokufuna amasebe ahlukeneyo avumelane kwizenzo ezinkulu, ukwenza inkqubo ye "ambrition" mayiyenziwe ukulwa nephulo," njengoko uJames Madison waziwayo. Ulwando lwangoku lwalo mgaqo luquka abameli abazimeleyo kunye nomatshini bokushicilela, okusebenza njengovavanyo olucwangcikileyo kumandla.

Isidima Nendlela Abantu Abalungileyo Ngayo

Impilo yeriphabliki ixhomekeke kungekuphela nje kumaqumrhu ayo kodwa nakwisimo sabemi bayo. Iirepublic zodidi lwawo zigxininisa kakhulu kwisidima se- i-pivicico [] .(ukuvuma ukuncama inzala yobuqu ukwenzela uluntu olulungileyo. Ngoxa amaziko anamhlanje exhomekeke kakhulu kwii-echecking zoburhulumente kunye nezibonelelo, imfuno ephantsi kwemfundo yolwazi noluthembiso lobumi isengunobangela obalulekileyo ekuzinziseni kwe-riphabliki. Ibutho labemi abangenalwazi lwemicimbi kawonke okanye abangathandi ukuba nenxaxheba ekuthatheni i-projective. Imfundo, izibophelelo zomthetho, kunye nokuzibophaka komthetho kuxhomekeke kwinkcubeko yempukuphumelela.

Kwisiseko esinzulu sengcamango, iStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inikela uhlalutyo olunzulu lwembali kunye nomahluko wengcamango yeriphabliki.

Ukwahluka koLawulo lweRiphabliki

IiRiphabliki azifani. Ziyavumelana nemeko eyahlukeneyo yembali nenkcubeko, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo. Indlela iriphabliki elungelelanisa ngayo igunya elilawulayo kwaye isasaza igunya phakathi koorhulumente abasembindini nabasezifundeni abadala impembelelo ehlukeneyo yezobupolitika.

Iinkqubo zePalamente

irepublic ecacileyo [[FLT: 1], enjenge-United States, umphathi oyintloko unyulwa ngokwahlukileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye usebenza njengentloko yombuso nentloko karhulumente. Oku kwenza ukwahlulwa okucacileyo kwamandla kodwa kunokuthi kukhokelele ekuqalisweni xa amasebe alawulayo kunye nowiso-mthetho elawulwa ngamaqela aphikisanayo. [[FLT: 2] i-libric republic [, njengeIndiya okanye iJamani, intloko yelizwe ingumongameli wezomthetho, ngoxa intloko ye-rhulumente (umphathi-nkulu) itsalwa kumaqela amaninzi epalamente yaye imele ukulawulwa. Le nkqubo ivumela umanyano oluphezulu lwezorhwebo nomanyano lwezikongamandla elungele ukutshintsha i-grogn, inokuba yi-evotivelvelves [4] kunye ne-Fotiesteroevey, elungele ukusetyenziswa ngumphathiswayo, urhulumente othelelaneyo, urhulumente othelelaneyodwa,

Umanyano nomanyano

I- irepublic yezentengiselwano yohlulahlula ubukhosi phakathi korhulumente ophakathi kunye namaphondo okanye amaphondo (umz., i-United States, Brazil, iJamani). Esi sakhiwo sisoloko sikhethelwa amazwe amakhulu, ahlukeneyo ukuvumela ulawulo lwengingqi kunye novavanyo. i-librigi yomanyano igxininisa amandla obukhosi kumgangatho wesizwe, ngoorhulumente bengingqi abasebenzisa igunya elinokuguqulelwa okanye litsha kuphela ngurhulumente ombindi (umz., France, iJapan, i-Itali). Umanyano lunika uvavanyo olunamandla kwigunya eliphakathi ngokudala amaziko amaninzi abemi banokuthelela kumgangatho owahlukeneyo.

Umahluko wendlela yokuphila

Imodeli elawulayo namhlanje yi- yedemokhrasi ye-, emisela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, unyulo olukhululekileyo nolungagwetyelwayo, kunye nomthetho. Noko ke, kukho ezinye iimodeli. ezi-'cartic republic's republics[ [umz.umzekelo, i-IRiphabliki yabantu yase-China, i-Vietnam) igcina izakhiwo ezisesikweni ze-libherba elifana nomgaqo-siseko wesiseko somfantu nendlu yomthetho kodwa igxininise kwiqela elinye lezobupolitika, ngokunempumelelo, isusa ukhuphiko lwezopolitiko. Islametic republicractic (um.g.Ins, i-Iranlandment, njenge-presiglatedmist, i-ography, i-ography, inguant, indawo yomthetho yomthetho kunye nenguqu

Imbali: Ukususela ERoma Ukuya Kwixesha Lanamhlanje

Ibali lale republic lide yaye liyafundisa, liphawuleka ngokuphumelela okungacacanga nokusilela okumangalisayo.

IRiphabliki YamaRoma: IArchetype

IRiphabliki yeRoman (50:27 BCE) yanikeza i-paradigm yesiseko yorhulumente oxubeneyo. Inkqubo yayo yayiquka iCate (i-aristocratic), iindibano eziqhelekileyo (i-demokrati), kunye neConsuls (ilungu le-archids), ne-ofisi ekhethekileyo ye-Tribunate emele udidi lwe-plebeian. Polybius waphikisa ngelithi yayingumxube owenza i-Rome iqine kwaye yandiseka. iRiphabliki yesiRoma [[FLT]] yahlala iinkulungwane phambi kokubola ngaphakathi nemfazwe yoluntu, isebenza njengentlalo enamandla yezizwe ezikwizizalwayo kamva malunga nentlalo-RGenegalbalkn.

Iziganeko Zamandulo Nezokwehla KweeNtlanganiso

Ngexesha laphakathi, uphando lwempucuko lwakhula kwisixeko esithe zwana se-Itali (i-Florence, iGenoa) kunye noManyano lwamaHanseya eNyakatho Yurophu. Ezi zazisoloko zikhokelwa kakhulu, kodwa zavuselela ulwimi lwenkululeko yezentlalo, i-oxel-mthetho, kunye nesidima sikawonke-wonke. [Fiavenlvelli's] Diodores kuLivy lwasebenzisa kakhulu umzekelo wamaRoma ukuphikisa ukuba irepublic ingulone yohlobo olunamandla kakhulu lukarhulumente, inika abemi bayo inkxaso ephambili yesidima somkhosi nesidima soluntu. [i-Lluthlunian Commonety]

Ukukhanyiselwa Neenguqulelo ZaseRiphabliki

Incam epheleleyo yokujika yafika ngexesha lokukhanya. Abacingisisi abafana noJohn Locke, Montesquieu, kunye noAlgernon Sidney baphuhlisa iingcamango zamalungelo emvelo, izivumelwano zoluntu, kunye nokwahlukana kwamagunya. Ezi ngcamango zavavanywa kwiMvukelo yeAtlantiki. Umthetho weUnited States ka1787 waseka irepublic yelizwe langoku, enzelwe ukunqanda imiqobo yomkhosi wendalo, eyenzelwe ukuphepha imiqobo yowodwa yookumkani bobabini nolawulo-demokhrasi. Imvukelo yaseFransi[FLT], eqala ngo1789, iqhubela phambili ingqiqo yolawulo lwayo oluqhelekileyo, idala irejithe yaya emazantsi ne-ogromastric. Imodensiki yempumelelo ye-U.

Ungafunda umbhalo osisiseko weriphabliki yaseMelika, i-'[FLT]'Constitution ye-United States', kwi-intanethi.

UbuRiphabliki Nolawulo - melo: Umahluko Obalulekileyo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwerepublic nedemokhrasi lusoloko ludidekile. Ngokwembali, umahluko wawunzima. Kwabaseki baseUnited States, ulawulo-democracy luthetha ulawulo oluthe ngqo lwabantu, ababesoyikela ukuba lungaphela kulawulo olunabantu abaninzi. , umahluko wawunoburhulumente [[FLT:], ngokwahlukileyo, ngokusebenza ngoomeli kwaye wabotshwa yimithetho eqinileyo. Njengoko uJames Madison waphikisa kwi [[FLT: 4.] Firedalist.[10:5], iriphabliki i-"intle kwaye yandisa iimbono zikawonke-wonke-wonke" ngokudlula ngomzimba wabemi abanyuliweyo, iingozi zemeko ezizinzileyo.

Namhlanje, igama elithi "democracy" liphinde lasetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye ngoku lisetyenziselwa ukuchaza iinkqubo ezisekelwe kulawulo oluqhelekileyo nonyulo olukhululekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba ulawulo-melo lwale mihla luphantse lube ngabameli bendalo kuphela, lusebenza ngokufanayo nee-riphabliki zomGaqo-siseko. Uxinezeleko olungundoqo, nokokuba, luqhubeka: Silulinganisa njani ulawulo oluninzi nokhuseleko lomntu ngamnye kunye namalungelo amancinane? Siludibanisa njani ulawulo oluqhelekileyo kunye nomthetho-siseko onokuthi utshintshwe kuphela ngenxa yoluvo oluphezulu? Ingxoxo ephambili kwingxubuphicombululo yemithetho edluliselwe yimithetho emiswe yimithetho esemthethweni, apho abagwetyiweyo, iyindlela yangoku yokuchasana kolu lwaphulo-mthetho olukhoyo phakathi komntu kunye nomthetho.

Iinzuzo Zemodeli YoRiphabliki

IiRepublic zinika iinzuzo ezininzi zokwakha eziye zazenza uhlobo oluthandwayo lukarhulumente oluzinzileyo, olunempumelelo, nolukhululekileyo. Inkqubo ye [[FLT:] ivumela ukulawulwa koxolo lwezilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo kunqamleze ingingqi enkulu, kubangele ukuba kubekho ungquzulwano olude lwexesha, kuxhaswe uzinzo lweziquzo kunye nokuthintela ukuma okuzinzileyo. [[FLT:] [[5] [ukutshintsha okuninzi]] kunika ulawulo oluthe ngqo lwemeko-yo lwezoqoqosho, ukutshintsha, ukutshintsha nenkululeko yobuqu, njengoko abemi benokuxhomekeka amashishini azimeleyo, ngaphezu kwendlela yokusebenza elungileyo. [i-FLT] ibonelo-Foctive: [[6] ulawulo lomthetho woburhulumente, ngaphandle kolawulo oluthe luluvolulawulo oluthe rhoqo, ulawulo oluthe luluvo oluthe tyelelo oluthe tye, uluntu oluzinyotyibiliso oluzi, oluthe luluvo oluthe luluvo oluthe , oluzi oluthe guqu-luku

I-APP, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPF, i-CPPPPPPPPPPP i-M, i-CM, i-CPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP i-U i-U

Phezu kwazo nje iirepublic zale mihla zijamelene neengcinezelo ezinzulu zangaphakathi ezisongela ukutshabalalisa izisekelo zazo ngaphakathi. Ezi asizozisongelo zoloyiso okanye imvukelo ecacileyo, kodwa ukuwohloka okuthe qokobheni kwezithethe namaziko.

Idemocratic bugxementi yindawo apho iinkokeli ezinyulwe ngoodemokhrasi zicombulula ngokucwangcisiweyo ii-checks kumandla azo. Oku kubandakanya ukuphehla inkundla, ukudambisa umatshini wokushicilela ozimeleyo, ukuthatha iikhomishini zokukhetha, nokusebenzisa ubuncwane bezwelonke ukuhlasela abachasi bezobupolitika. Ityala eHungary, ePoland, eTurkey, nase Venezuela zibonisa ukuba ukuguqukela kwi-demokhrasi kunokwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe nasemthethweni, kusetyenziswa izixhobo zeRiphabliki ukutshabalalisa. Le nkqubo idla ngokubizwa ngokuba "iacratatiation" yinzululwazi yezobupolitika.

Ukwenziwa ngaphaya kolawulo kungaguqula impikiswano eyomeleleyo yeriphabliki ibe yimfazwe ye-zero-sum, apho icala ngalinye lijonga enye njengesongelo esikhoyo. Oku kuphelisa ukuthembana nokulalanisa okufunekayo kumsebenzi wowiso-mthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiqhina eliya kutsho kuvulo kunye nokungafezeki kukawonke-wonke. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] i-influeeeance yemali ecwangcisiweyo [[ kwezobupolitika kusongela umgaqo wokumela okulingana, ukutsala inkqubo ebhekiselele kwizibonelo ezityebileyo nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kunokuba zize izilangazelelo zikawonke. Ngokubhekene nezobuzwe liye lazisa umbango-Clainformation [FFFF]][FFLT] [5], apho abahlalikelelwa ngokweequm, abahlala bemeko eziqhelekileyo kwi-debetho ye-devilicropublic. Aequation azina.

I-V-Democracy Institute's Report yonyaka-nyaka yedemokhrasi inika ugcino-lwazi olubanzi ngemeko yehlabathi yedemokhrasi kunye nerepubliki, ilandela ezi zimo zokubuyela emva nokuzinzisa.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ongagqitywanga WeRiphabliki

Le republic asilohlobo olumileyo lukarhulumente kodwa ngumsebenzi ophilayo ofuna ukulungiswa rhoqo. Ifuna ukuba abemi abakhutheleyo, bahlonelwe imiqathango yesiseko somGaqo-siseko, kwaye bakulungele ukukhusela amalungiselelo kunye nemigaqo elawulayo elawula amandla nokukhusela inkululeko. ingumthetho kawonke-wonke owenzelwe wonke umntu, kwaye ukhuseleko lwawo ngumsebenzi owabelwelwaneyo wesizukulwana ngasinye. Ukuqonda imigaqo ye-Riphabliki-Riphabliki (*, ulawulo lomthetho, ukwahlukana kwamandla, kunye nesidima soluntu ) linyathelo lokuqala lokuqinisekisa ukuba "into ekhululekileyo" ihlala ikhululekile, isesikweni, kunye nenjongo eqhelekileyo. I-Riphabliki ingumsebenzi ongenakushenxinzeka kodwa ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubulumko nokuhlala kulungile.