Table of Contents

Imiphumo Ebangelwa Kukuphinda Uqingqo - gazi: Ukuhlolisisa Izigqibo Ngohlolisiso Lwetyala

Izigqibo zolawulo zimela ezinye zezenzo eziphambili ezinokwenziwa ngurhulumente. Ziyasetyenziswa nanini na ushishino oluneziphumo. Ziyayibuyisela ingeniso, zitshintshe indlela yokuhamba kwemali, zitshintshe indlela abazonwabisa ngayo abantu, kwaye zisenokuthetha umahluko phakathi kobomi nokufa kubantu ababuthathaka. Kubafundi benkqubo kawonke-wonke, ishishini, kunye nomthetho, ukuqonda isalathisi esipheleleyo sesigqibo solawulo esipheleleyo. /ukusuka kwinjongo yokuzalisekisa iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga sizathu.

Isigqibo Sokulawula

Phambi kokuntywila kwiimeko ezithile, kuluncedo ukuqonda ibhayisekile yobomi yesigqibo somthetho. Ulungiso luqala ngokungaphumeleli kwentengiso okanye ngomngcipheko woluntu: ungcoliso oluyingozi kwimpilo yokuphefumla, ukubolekisa ngengozi yemali, okanye ukutya okunezono okubangela ukugula okusasazekileyo. Imithetho okanye amaziko asebenza kakuhle acebe imithetho yokulungisa oko kungaphumeleli. Le mithetho iqalisa ngokubiza iindleko zezinye iziphumo zemidlalo, imiqathango yokusebenza, ukunikela iinzuzo kwabanye: ucocelo, ukukhusela umoya, iimveliso zemali, okanye ukutyelelo oluncinane lwasesibhedlele.

Uxinzelelo phakathi kwala maxabiso neengenelo kulapho ibali lokwenene lilele khona. Akukho sigqibo somthetho sivelisa iziphumo ezintle ezifanayo. Abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo bayavela. Iintengiso ziqhelanisa ngendlela abalawuli abangaze bazixele kwangaphambili. Kwaye ukutshintsha kwemekobume yezobupolitika, maxa wambi kususa kanye umthetho owenziwe ngocoselelo. Ukuqonda okuthe qo komthetho kufuna ukungqubana nokuntsonkotha.

Uhlolisiso lwemeko 1: UMthetho womoya ococekileyo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwendawo engqongileyo

Imvelaphi Nenjongo

ICeac Air Act ka-1963, ilungiswe ngokunzulu ngo-1970, ngo-1977, nango-1990, imela enye yezona zicwangciso zezemfundo zemekobume ezimandundu ehlabathini. Injongo yayo engundoqo yayichanile: ukuseka imilinganiselo yomgangatho womoya ophezulu wesizwe wongcoliso olubonwa luyingozi kwimpilo kawonke-wonke nakwimekobume, kwaye ifuna ukuba kubekho iinkqubo zokuyila ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo yokufikelela le migangatho. Izindululo zowe-1970 zanika igunya elitsha lokulawula ukukhusela imekobume yemekobume kwaye zamisela imiqathangomandla okuzinzisa imithombo yeendawo zombini ezibonakala ziyingozi njengemizi -mizi - mveliso kunye nemithombo yenqwelo-mfolo.

Iziphumo Zempilo Ezilinganiswayo

Impilo kawonke-wonke engenelwe kuMthetho we-Cease Air Act. Ngokwengxelo ye-2020 EPA, iingenelo ezidityanisiweyo zeenkqubo ze-Cec Air Act ezinxulumene noMgaqo-nkqubo we-Easemor ukususela ngo-1990 ukuya ku-202020 ziquka ii-230 000 eziqikelelwayo ezithintelweyo ekubulaweni ngaphambi kwexesha, ukuncitshiswa kwesifo sentliziyo, ukukhutshwa kwesifo sesifuba, kunye nokungena esibhedleleni. Ukunciphisa umgangatho wemibathwalingo yemiphunga kuphela kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nokuphucuka kwemiphunga, ingakumbi abantwana nabakhulile.

Imiphumo Ebangelwa Kukudodobala Kwezoqoqosho

Noko ke, umthwalo onyanzelisayo ukhokelele ekutshayeleni kwemililo. Izakhiwo ezingenisa amandla amalahle, ukwenziwa kwemichiza, kunye nemveliso yezithuthi ezizenzekelayo zichithe amawaka ezigidi zezigidi zezixhobo zokulawula ukukhutshwa komoya. Iindleko zoMthetho we-Deocratic Air ziqikelelwe malunga ne-R35 bhiliyoni ngonyaka njengangowama-202020. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekutshayeleni ukuvalwa kwezinye iindawo, ingakumbi kwimimandla exhomekeke kumalahle eAppalchacha kunye neMbindizimu. Abasebenzi kule ndawo bathenesabelo esiphezulu kakhulu sexabiso lotshintsho, kubalase indlela ekwaneyo yommiselo ofanelekileyo yokuvelisa ngayo ubunzima bomhlaba kunye nokurhoxiswa kwemimandla.

Ukubuyiselwa kobugcisa njengengenelo engalindelekanga

Enye yezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo ezingacwangciswanga zoMthendeleko ococekileyo woMgaqo-nkqubo woNcimbi womoya oPhawulayo ibikukukwanda kobugcisa bokulawula ungcoliso. Isifundo seScrubbers kwizityalo zamandla, iziguquli-zimo zomjelo-moya ukwenzela iinqwelo-mafutha, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola ezihambele phambili zonke zavela ngokwenxenye ekuphenduleni kuxinzelelo lolawulo. Oku kudala amashishini amatsha kunye namathuba okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kucebisa ukuba iziphumo zokulawula ulawulo zinokuphelisa iindleko ezithile zokuthobela. Isifundo sisithi izigqibo zokulawula azibambele nje iindleko; ziphinde zivelise izisusa iindlela ezinamandla ezinokuvelisa impumelelo.

Iimbambano Ezingokwasemthethweni Nezopolitiko

ICeac Air Act ikwayindawo yamadabi aqhubekayo asemthethweni, ukusuka eChevron U.S.A. Inc. v. IZibonelo zendalo zeBhunga lokhuselo ngo19481] ukuya kumaMassachusetts v. I-EPA ngo- 2007, eyaseka ukuba ikharbon dioksity inokulawulwa njengesixhobo sokucoca phantsi koMthetho. Ezi meko zibonisa indlela ezithi zokulungisa izigqibo ezingezizo ziphinde zibe zigqibo kodwa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo phakathi koorhulumente, iinkundla, amaqela oshishino, amaqela oshishino, kunye nabaxhasi bemeko-meko-bume.

Isifundo setyala 2: UMthetho weDodd-Frank kunye nokungaguquguquki kwemali

Imvelaphi Ekwingxaki

IDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation and Consumer Protection Act, eyatyikitywa kumthetho ngoJulayi 2010, yayiyeyona itshabalalisayo yomthetho wemali wase-U.S. ukususela kwi-New Ac. Ukudlula kwayo kwalandela ingxaki yemali yowama-2008, apho ukungaphumeleli kwamaziko amakhulu afana noLuhman bazalwana kunye nokuncipha okunzulu kwe-AlG okubhenxiweyo kwinkqubo yokuzinzisa. Umthetho ochaziweyo waquka ukukhuthaza ukuzinzisa ngokwemali, ukuphelisa "omkhulu ukungaphumeleli," ukukhusela abathengi kwizenzo zokuxhaphaza, kunye nokwanda kokuvela kwemichiza yemali.

Utshintsho Olungundoqo

UDodd-Frank wadala amasebe amatsha aliqela: iBhunga leMali elijongene nokuThambeka koLawulo lweMali ukuqwalasela umngcipheko wenkqubo, i-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ukunyanzela imithetho yokhuseleko lwabathengi, kunye neGunya eliLawulayo elilungele ukunikezela phantsi kwamaziko abalulekileyo abalulekileyo. Labeka uMthetho weVolcker, owabeka imiqathango kwiibhanki ukusuka kurhwebo oluthengiswe kwipropiletria, kwaye lafuna ukuhlaziywa kwesiseko sokhuseleko.

Impembelelo kwiinkonzo zezemali

Isiphumo esibonakalayo soMthendeleko sibonakala sisesakhiweni soshishino lokubhanki. Iibhanki ezinkulu ziwandise kakhulu amakomkhulu azo, zinciphisa amathuba ebheyile yexesha elizayo. Umthetho weVolcker wanyanzela iibhanki ezininzi ukuba ziphelise okanye zinciphise imisebenzi yazo yorhwebo. Imali yekhampani ibinkulu: ngoqikelelo, iibhanki ezinkulu ze-U.S. iimali zichitha amawaka ezigidi ngonyaka ekuthobeleni ulawulo, kuquka ukufuzisela umngcipheko, uphicotho-zincwadi lwangaphakathi, kunye nemisebenzi esemthethweni. Iibhanki ezincinane ziphikisa ukuba umthwalo wokurhwebela ungongongongongongongongongo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudibanisweni koobhankizo lwasekuhlaleni nokuhlawulwa kwemali esemaphandleni.

Iziphumo Zokhuseleko Lorhwebo

I-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ibuyisela amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kubathengi ezonakaliswe yizenzo ezingekho mthethweni, kuquka ukulungisa ngokungekho mthethweni indlu, iindleko zamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, kunye nokubolekisa ngetyala. Noko ke, i-CFPB ikwajamelene nokugxekwa ngenkqubo yayo yokulawula kunye nendlela yokusebenza. Ilishwa lombutho liye latshintsha-tshintsha ngezolawulo zezobupolitika, libonisa ukuchanabeka kwamaziko aphembelela ukuguquka kwezopolitiko. Oku kugxininisa ingo ebanzi: izigqibo zokuzinzisa iinqobo zihlala ziqinile njengemibutho yezobupolitika ebaxhasayo.

Imiphumo Nezenzo Ezingacetywanga

Abahlalutyi beDodd-Frank bakhomba kwiziphumo ezininzi ezingacwangciswanga. Umthwalo wokuthobela ukunciphisa ubukho betyala kumashishini amancinci kunye nabathengi bamakhaya bokuqala. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukuntsonkotha koMthetho kuyenze yaqina ngakumbi inkqubo yemali, hayi ngaphantsi. Yaye nangona i-Act yenzelwe ukuthintela amanqam emali exesha elizayo, inkqubo yokubhanki yesithunzi, inkqubo yokubhalisa iimali, ukuthelekisa ngasese, kunye nokungabolekiyo kwemali (ngokuthelekisa ngaphandle kokufikelela kwayo. Oku kukwenza ukufuduka komngcipheko ukuya kumgangatho omncinci kungumzekelo olungileyo: umgaqo wenye indawo esoloko uqhubela phambili umsebenzi kwenye, udala ingeniso entsha.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngeziphumo zexesha elide zeDodd-Frank, [[FLT: 0] iFederal Reserve yophando lwezoqoqosho [ inika uhlaziyo oluneenkcukacha lweziphumo zesiphelo se-crissis.

Ufundo lwezicwangciso 3: UMthetho we-oyile

Ukukhusela Ukungasabeli

IFDA Food Safety Modertiation Act, etyikitywe kumthetho ngoJanuwari 2011, yamela ukutshintshwa okusisiseko kwinkqubo yokhuseleko lokutya e-U. Phambi kwe-FSMA, inkqubo yokhuseleko lokutya yasebenza kakhulu: amaqumrhu ahlola ukuqhambuka emva kokuba ephumile. IFDASMA yashukunyiselwa kwisakhiwo esisekelwe ekuthinteleni, ifuna izicwangciso zokutya ezilungiselelwe ukukhusela ukutya nokuzihlaziya rhoqo, iqhuba uhlolo lwengozi, kwaye yenza nezenzo zokulungisa. Yanika igunya lokukhumbula iFDA kwimfuno-o.

Ukusebenzisa Ucelomngeni

Uzalisekiso lwe-FSMA luye lwantsonkotha kwaye lusebenzisa. Umthetho ufuna iFDA ukukhupha uninzi lwemithetho kunye namaxwebhu akhokelayo, ukugquma yonke into esuka kwimilinganiselo yokhuseleko lokukhusela ulawulo lokutya komntu nokusilwa kwezilwanyana. Ingxelo ye-Skioler ikhokelele kwintguqu ezibalulekileyo. Iifama ezincinane nabavelisi be-agnostic, ngokukodwa, baye bajamelana nocelomngeni lokuziqhelanisa nokugcinwa kwengxelo kunye neemfuno zolawulo. I-FDA inikele ngokudideleka kwemihla yokusebenza kunye neenkqubo zobuchule ukuze kuphucuthelwe utshintsho, kodwa umthwalo kwimisebenzi emincinane uhlala uyimbano.

Iziphumo Ezilinganayo Kukhuseleko Lokutya

Ugcino-lwazi olukwimpembelelo yempilo kawonke-wonke ye-FSMA lusaqokelelwa, kodwa izibonisi zokuqala ziyathembisa. Ukwenzeka kwezigulo ezithile ezibangelwa kukutya kuye kwancipha ukususela ekudluliseni komthetho. Ukonakalisa okudityaniswe ekutyeni okulawulwayo kuyabonwa kwaye kumiswa ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yokuphucula amandla okufumana umva kunye neemfuno ezinyanzelekileyo zokuxela. Umthetho ukwanyuse ukwamkela ubuchule bokukhusela ukutya, kuquka uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo kunye nokunikezela ngeminxeba yeminxeba yetshekethe.

Imisebenzi Yezoqoqosho Yabavelisi

Iindleko zokuthobela iFSMA asizozinto ezincinci. Iifama kunye nezibonelelo zokutya zifakelwe imali elungiselelwe izixhobo, iinkqubo zoqeqesho, kunye neenkonzo zokukhangela ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho emitsha. Abanye abavelisi abancinane baye bafumana iindleko ezithintelayo, ezikhokelela ekudibaniseni umanyano kwiicandelo ezithile. Kwangaxeshanye, umthetho uye wadala amathuba okuthengisa amathuba okudibana kokhuseleko lokutya kwiifektha, ukuvavanya ii-rabhorathi, kunye nabaxhasi bobugcisa. Impembelelo yezoqoqosho yezoqoqosho ayilingani: ukutya okukhuselekileyo kunciphisa iindleko zesociethi yokuqhambuka, kodwa ezo bhanki zisasazwa kunqumla abantu, ngoxa iindleko zokuthobela kuwe kuthe ngqo kubavelisi-ma.

Isifundo semeko 4: Ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi oluqhelekileyo lokuzikhusela kunye nokuzifihla

Ukufikelela Komthetho WaseYurophu Emhlabeni Wonke

I-European Union's General Data Protection Regration, enempembelelo kuMhla 2018, mhlawumbi ngumthetho onempembelelo kakhulu kwimbali. Nangona ngumthetho waseYurophu, ukufikelela kwawo kusehlabathini lonke: nawuphi na umbutho oqhuba ugcino-lwazi lwabantu kwi-EU kufuneka uthobele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba intlangano isekelwe phi. Oku kunyanzelise iinkampani ezisehlabathini lonke ukuba zicinge ngemisebenzi yazo yokusingatha ugcino-lwazi, ukusuka kwibhukiskesi ukuya kwiirekhodi zabasebenzi ukuya kwii-data zabaqeshi.

Amalungiselelo Angundoqo Nendlela Akhutshwa Ngayo

GDPR yasungula imigaqo emininzi engundoqo: ukuncitshiswa kogcino-lwazi, ukulinganiselwa kwenjongo, nokuziphendulela. Iintlangano kufuneka zibe nesiseko esisemthethweni sokulungiselela i-data, abantu banelungelo lokufikelela, lokulungisa, nokucima ugcino-lwazi lwabo, kwaye kufuneka kuchazwe kwiiyure ezingama-72. Ii-Profece zinokufikelela kwi-4% yengeniso yomhlaba wonke. Injongo yayikukunika abantu ulawulo oluphezulu kunolwazi lwabo lobuqu nokuvumelanisa imithetho yemfihlo kumazwe angamalungu e-EU, inciphisa ukwahlukana.

Impembelelo kwiishishini

Ukusabela kweshishini kwi-GDPR bekukukhulu. Iinkampani ziye zafaka amakhulu ezigidi kwiinkqubo zokuthobela, kuquka uphicotho-zincwadi logcino-lwazi, imigangatho yokulawula imvume, ii-platfomu zovavanyo, iimpembelelo zobumfihlo, kunye noqeqesho lwabasebenzi. Umthetho ukwaveze ushishino olutsha lwabaphathi-lwazi, abacebisi be-mfihlo, kunye nabaxhasi be-software. Iinkampani ezinkulu zobugcisa eziphethe iinyawo zomhlaba jikelele, ukuthobela kuye kwabiza imali eninzi kodwa kwanokulawulwa. Kumaziko amancinane nawangaphakathi, umthwalo uye waba nzima, ngokukhetha ukuvala abasebenzisi be-EUCO ngokupheleleyo kunokuba kuthotyelwe iindleko zokuthotyelelwa.

Ukunyanzeliswa nophuhliso

Izenzo zonyanzeliso zinikeze ukhokelo olubalulekileyo kwimida yomthetho. Le miqathango inkulu enyaka iquka ezo zichasene ne-Meta (U-R1,2 yezigidi zezigidi zokudlulisela i-data kwi-U.S.), i-Amazon (izigidi ezi-746 ukuze kuhanjiswe ulawulo), kunye ne-TikTok (izigidi ezingama-345 kugcino-lwazi lwabantwana). Le meko icacise umlinganiselo we-GDPR, ingakumbi kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe e-data idlulisela emva komkhondo we-data ye- Schrem II isigqibo, esithe saluphelisa ubuchule be-Liganethilo. Le meko ejikayo ibonisa indlela izigqibo ezilungiswe ngayo ngemithetho yokusebenza.

Imiphumo Engacetywanga Nokusabela Ngokuzivumelanisa Nezimvo

GDPR ivelise iziphumo ezininzi eziphawulekayo ezingakhange zijongwe. Lo mthetho uqinise indawo yentengiso yeenkampani ezinkulu zobugcisa ezikwazi ukuthobela, ngeli xesha zidala imiqobo yokuqalisa kunye nokhuphiswano oluncinane. Ukudinwa okuvunywayo kusasazekile, ngabasebenzisi ngokungenangqondo banqanda i-cookie stars. Yaye ukujoliseka kumthetho ekuvumeni komntu ngamnye kususa uxanduva lweziso lwesakhiwo sogcino-data kunye nekapitalitistiki. Ingxoxo engaphaya kobuchule be-GDPR iyaqhubeka, ngokuphikisa okuthile inyusa ukhuseleko lwe-ngasese kwaye abanye babonisa ukugcinwa kwayo.

Ukucazululwa kwamanani onyanzelo, i-Euron Technology Ukhuseleko lwebhodi yamanani [ inika ugcino-lwazi olubanzi kumatyala nakwizigwebo.

Isifundo semeko 5: Basel III neMigangatho yeNdawo

Ujikelezo lwehlabathi olulungelelanisiweyo

Isiseko III sokwakha, ephuhliswa yiBhanki Ephezulu yeNkcubeko yemali yowama-2008, imela inzame yokudibanisa imithetho yebhanki ngaphaya kolawulo lwamazwe. I-Basel III ifuna iibhanki ezithe ngqo, ingqinelana neemeko ezizinzileyo zemali, kwaye ifezekisa iinjongo zokwenza iibhanki ziqine ngakumbi ekusothuleni ukuphazamisa nokuhlisa amathuba eengxaki zexesha elizayo.

Amalungu Angundoqo kunye noqikelelo lwawo

Basel III yasungula uhlaziyo oluninzi: umlinganiselo omncinci oqhelekileyo wethala leenkomfa, isigcini-ntloko sogcino-lwazi, isigcini-mgcini-mgcini-sango esinobungozi esinokunyuswa ngexesha lolwando olugqithisileyo lwetyala, umlinganiselo wokuxhathisa njengomva wokuyeka ukubeka imilinganiselo yomngcipheko, kunye nemfuno equka umlinganiselo wonyibiliko olunyibilikayo kunye nomlinganiselo wemali enenetha. Uqikelelo kukuba iibhanki ezizinzileyo ziya kulula ukungaphumeleli kwaye zingakwazi ukuqhubeka ziboleka ngexesha lobunzima.

Ukuzalisekisa iMiqathango

Ukwenziwa kwesiseko III kwahluka-hlukene kakhulu kwamanye amazwe. I-European Union ikhuphe imithetho ngeCapital Confromments Reggation kunye neCapital Conftictive Directive, lo gama i-U.S. isebenzisa ngokwemimiselo yeFederal Reserve. Indlela ye-U.S. ibingqongqo kakhulu kwezinye iindawo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo ephuculiweyo kwimibutho yebhanki yamazwe angaphandle. IJapan neTshayina iye yamkela iinguqu-mvo ezidityanisiweyo ezidityaniswe kwiinkqubo zazo zokubhanki. Olu mahluko luthetha ukuba umgangatho ekucingelwa ukuba umgangatho wokudlala i-devicel servertivel servertivesss.

Impembelelo Kwindlela Abasebenza Ngayo Iibhanki Nabathengisi Bezemali

Isiphumo somnatha weBasel III silulwando olubalulekileyo kumgangatho wemali ephambili ebhankini ukutyhubela uqoqosho oluphezulu. Iibhanki zithobe ukuthembela kwazo kwimali eninzi encinane kwaye zandisa ukugcinwa kwazo kwexabiso eliphezulu lezinto ezisemgangathweni. Noko ke, lo mthetho ukwanxulunyaniswa nomthamo ocuthekileyo woshishino lwemarike, njengoko iibhanki ziye zalinganisela ubuchule bazo borhwebo. Abanye abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi isakhiwo sintsokothe kakhulu kwaye sixhomekeke kwimizekelo yomngcipheko enokudlalwa, ngoxa abanye besithi iimfuno zekomkhulu zisaphantsi kakhulu ekuthinteleni iingxaki zexesha elizayo.

I-ofti yorhwebo phakathi kokubuyiselwa nokuthengwa

Uxinzelelo olungundoqo kumthetho webhanki luphakathi kokhuseleko nokufikelela kwityala. Iimfuno eziphezulu zekomkhulu ziyenza ibhanki ikhuseleke kodwa zikwanciphisa ukubuya kwazo ngokulinganayo, zikwazi ukukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukubolekisa okanye ukunyusa intengo. Amashishini amancinane naphakathi, axhomekeke kakhulu ekubolekeni ibhanki, asenokuchaphazeleka ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ukufumana umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo, kwaye ukuhlawulwa kukaBasel III kuyaqhubeka kuxazululwa njengendlela yokugqibela yokusebenza.

Ukusebenzisa Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Imilinganiselo Nezifundo

I-Aymmetrian yexabiso

Umlinganiselo ovela kuzo zonke iingxelo ezintlanu zezifundo ngolu hlobo lwamaxabiso kunye neengenelo. Iindleko zomgaqo zidla ngokujoliswa kushishino oluthile okanye kumaqela efemu, ezinika loo maqela intshukumisa enamandla yokuchasa okanye yokuchasa umgaqo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, idla ngokugqunywa ngokubanzi: umoya ococekileyo, ukutya okukhuselekileyo, iimarike ezizinzileyo. Oku kwenza uvavanyo lobuchule bokwenza umgaqo, njengoko ukulawulwa komthetho kusoloko kucwangciswe kancinane kwaye kungenaphiko kuvakala kakuhle kunalawo athwala iindleko.

Ukwahlukana Kwendlela Yokuzilungisa

Kwiimeko ezininzi, umthetho ubangele uphuhliso lobugcisa kunye nohlobo lwemodeli yeshishini oluthi ngokwendawo okanye ngokupheleleyo lufakelwe iindleko zokuthobela intelekelelo. Imimiselo yococeko lomoya yakhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa bokukhupha igesi. I-Dodd-Frank iqhubela phambili ekufuziseni nasekusebenziseni i-autom. I-FSMA isetyenziswa ngokukhawulezileyo kobugcisa bokhuseleko lokutya. I-GDPR yayila ushishino lwezobucala lonke. Ngelixa ukwenziwa kobuchule be-omatshini bokuthobela i-ankile ebandakanya imigangatho ecacileyo kunye nexesha elide i-ethelekelela ingeniso.

Imisebenzi njengomdlalo onobuchule obuninzi

Ulungiso asisosigqibo sexesha elinye kodwa sisenkqubo eqhubekayo. Ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kufuna amaxwebhu okhokelo, iprotocol yokuhlolwa, izenzo zonyanzelo, kunye nojongo logwebo. Ulawulo lwezobupolitika luyatshintsha, izinto eziza kuqala ezitshintshayo zokulungelelanisa ukwenziwa komsebenzi. Ngokufuthi kufumana iindlela zokuvumelana nonobumba womthetho ngeli lixa udinisa umoya wawo. Oku kusebenza kokulawula kuthetha ukuba abayili mabalindele hayi nje impendulo yokuqala kodwa iindlela zokuzilungisa eziya kuvela ngexesha. Amalungiselelo ohlolo oluyimfuneko, amaxesha okuhlola, kunye neenkqubo zokulawula ezizinzileyo zinokunceda ukuba imigaqo ihlale isebenza kakuhle njengoko iimeko zitshintsha.

Ucelomngeni Olubalulekileyo

Kumhlaba wonke, ulawulo olumisa imida yesizwe alusebenzi ngokuqhubekayo. Umthetho ococekileyo woMeya awunakulawula ukukhutshwa komphunga kwimizi - mveliso eTshayina okanye eIndiya enegalelo ekutshintsheni kwemozulu yomhlaba wonke. UDodd-Frank akakwazi ukuthintela ukukhula kwesixokelelwano sokugcina isithunzi, okuninzi okusebenza ngaphaya kwemida. IGDPR isebenzisa izivumelwano ezithe xhaxheneyo kodwa isajongana neengxaki zokunyanzelisa iinkampani ezingaphandle kwe-EU. Isiseko III sizama ukudibanisa imimandla kodwa sivelise ukuphumeza okungalinganiyo. Abayili abalawuli abalawulayo kufuneka bacinge ngakumbi ngemiqathango yezizwe, izivumelwano ezibonisana, kunye neziququ ezithelelanayo.

Isiphelo: Kuyilo Olulawulayo

Uphando lwetyala oluhlolisiswe apha , uMthetho we-Chrease Air Act we-Dodd-Frank, uMthetho woKhuseleko lwezoKhuselo lwezoKhuselo lweModerter, uKhuselo loMgaqo-nkqubo wogcino-lwazi jikelele, kunye nesiseko III solawulo-sithintelo-oodemon oluthi izigqibo zolawulo zivelise uxinzeleleko, ukuthambeka, kwaye zisoloko ziphikisana neziphumo. Akukho mthetho ulungileyo okanye umbi ngokugqibeleleyo. Nganye imele urhwebo olungaphandle: phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nobuchule, phakathi kokhuseleko nonikezelo lwentengiso, phakathi kozinzo lwenkqubo kunye nolawulo lwe-dynamcinegam.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye noogqirha benkqubo, isikhokelo sisithi uhlalutyo lomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka lube lolululungelelwaniso, olusekelwe kumongo, noluphantsi. Izixelo ezingeziphumo zolawulo kufuneka zichatshazelwe ngokuthandabuza, kunye neerhintyelo zempendulo mazikhelwe kwinkqubo yokulawula. Ezona nkqubo zisebenzayo zolawulo azizo zifumana yonke into kakuhle kwimigudu yokuqala, kodwa ezo zibandakanya inkqubo yokufunda, ukutshintsha, kunye nokulungisa. Ngokufunda zombini impumelelo kunye nokungaphumeleli kwezigqibo zesigqibo sangaphambili, sinokwakha inkqubo esengqiqweni neluncedo yokuyila imimiselo ngomsongomsongongongo.