Ime njengenye yezona ntsika zibalulekileyo zolawulo-demokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezikhethwayo, izilangazelelo, kunye namaxabiso abantu basekuhlaleni ziguqulelwe kwizigqibo zezobupolitika. Kwimo yayo entle, imelo lidibanisa abemi norhulumente wabo, lenza urhulumente aphendule kwaye aphendule. Eli nqaku likhulu lihlolisisa iziseko zentelekelelo, imizekelo yawo eyahlukeneyo, iingxaki ezizingisileyo ajongene nazo, kunye namanyathelo atheko eliseko elinokuthathwa ukomeleza olu nxulumano lubalulekileyo phakathi kwabantu kunye namandla.

Isiseko Somelo

Umelo asiyonto yangoku esunguliweyo, kodwa intsingiselo yalo ivele kaninzi. Kwiinkulungwane zamandulo, idemokhrasi yayithe ngqo — abemi be-Athene bavotelwa kwimithetho ngokwabo ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano. Njengoko abemi babesanda kwaye ummandla wandiswe, inxaxheba ngqo yaba luncedo. Ngalo ndlela, ingcamango ye- yokwenziwa kwengqiqo ivela njengesicombululo esisebenzisekayo: abemi babeza kukhetha abantu ukwenza izigqibo zabo. Abameli bezobupolitika uHana Pitkin bachazwa ngokuba ngabameli be- bachaza ngokudumileyo ngokokuba kuthethwa ngengqiqo ethile engekhoyo ngokoqobo.[[FLT:][FLT] [[3]]

Ulawulo-lawulo-lawulo lwale mihla lusekelwe kumgaqo wokuba igunya elisemthethweni lisuka kwimvume yabalawulwa. Loo mvume ibonakaliswa ngonyulo. Noko ke, ukumela kubandakanya okungaphezulu kunokuphumelela nje kwivoti. Kubandakanya umsebenzi oqhubekayo wobungangamsha, uphando, nokusabela. Ummeli ulindeleke ukuba ahambisele phambili izilangazelelo zabo ngoxa eqhelisela umgwebo wokulungileyo. Olu lungelelwano luye lwaphikiswana neenkcubeko ezivela ku-Edmund Burke ukuya kwizazinzulu zezobupolitika zanamhlanje.

Imisonto emibini emikhulu yengcinga ilawula iingxubusho zomelo: imodeli ecacileyo. ngokuchaseneyo kunye imodeli ethembekileyo yemodeli[[. Abathunywa bazijonga njengezithethi zogcino-lwazi lwabo, belandela iminqweno yabo engqalileyo ngokunokwenzeka. Abathembisi, ngokuchaseneyo, bakholelwa ukuba banyulwa ukusebenzisa umgwebo wabo nobuchule, nokokuba oko kuthetha ukusuka kwiminqweno yexeshana likavoti. Abameli behlabathi bokwenyaniso basebenza kwenye indawo phakathi kwezi zibo, kwaye uxinezeleko phakathi kwezi zimbini luphawu oluphilileyo lobomi bedemo-demokhrasi.

Ukuqonda ezi ziseko kubalulekileyo kuba ukumela akuyongcamango emileyo. Kuziqhelanisa neenguqu kwibutho labantu, kwezobugcisa nakwezopolitiko. Njengoko sihlola iindlela kunye nocelomngeni lomelo, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba eyona njongo iphambili kukuyila inkqubo apho ummi ngamnye avakalelwa ukuba ilizwi lakhe linethuba elifanelekileyo lokuviwa.

Isizathu Sokuba Umelo Lubaluleke

Umelo asiyonto nje eluncedo ngokwendalo — luyimfuneko yokuziphatha nesebenzayo kulawulo-melo olukhulu. Ngaphandle komelo, igunya lezobupolitika beliya kujoliswa kwilungu elincinane, kwaye abemi abaqhelekileyo bebengayi kuba nandlela yokubumba imithetho elawula ubomi babo. Ukumela amandla anwenwayo, ukukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba, kwaye kunika inkqubo yokwenza iinkokeli zibe netyala.

Enye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo zokumela ingu ukudibanisa uluntu. Xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba imicimbi yabo yokuvota kunye nommeli ophulaphulayo, basengozini enkulu yokuthabatha inxaxheba kubomi bezopolitiko — kungekuphela ngokuvota kodwa ngokuya kwiholo zedolophu, ngokuqhagamshelana namagosa, nokudibanisa imibutho yezentlalo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwayo yonke inkqubo.

Umelo lukwayintelekelelo. Unyulo oluthe rhoqo luyeyona nkqubo ibonakalayo yokuphendula, kodwa lukwathetha unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwabameli kunye nee-contitue. Iikomiti, iindlebe, kunye nokubuza kukawonke-wonke ziyinxalenye yale nkqubo.

Kuluntu olwahlukeneyo, umelo lukhuthaza ukungavumelani . Xa izikhululo zowiso-mthetho ziquka amalungu eentlanga ezahlukeneyo, ubuhlanga, ubufana, kunye neemvelaphi zonqulo, iinkqubo ezizivelisayo zibonakala kakhulu ukuba zibonakalisa ubuninzi bamava neemfuno zabemi. Uphando lubonisa ukuba imigaqo-siseko eyahlukeneyo ivelisa iziphumo ezithe tyeleleneyo — umzekelo, kwiindawo ezifana nezonyango, imfundo, namalungelo abantu.

Ekugqibeleni, ukumela [[FLT: 0] kuthemba urhulumente. Ukuthemba yimali yedemokhrasi; xa isezantsi, abemi baba ngabagxekayo, abathathi-nxaxheba, nabalula ukufikelela kwizicelo zolawulo oluphezulu. Ukumela okusebenzayo — apho abantu bavakalelwayo bebonwa kwaye bevile — kungumsitho onamandla wokukhukuliseka kwedemokhrasi. Amazwe anezinga eliphezulu lokumeleyo atyekele ekunandipheni nolwaneliseko oluphezulu lwedemokhrasi.

Iintlobo zomelo

Imikhosi yedemocracracy ehlabathini lonke iye yasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulela amavoti kwizihlalo. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yokhetho kumisela uhlobo lomelo. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba ezinye iidemokhrasi zivelise urhulumente odibeneyo ngelinye ixesha zikhupha izinto ezinkulu — kwaye kutheni amanye amazwi enamandla kunabanye.

Umelo oluthe ngqo

Kumelo olungqalileyo, abemi baseSwitzerland bavota ngqo kwizicelo zenkqubo kunokuba bagqibe izindululo zabo. Le ndlela inokwenzeka kakhulu kuluntu oluncinane okanye kulawulo oluphezulu. ISwitzerland ngumzekelo oyintloko welizwe elisebenzisa idemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo kuwo omabini amaqondo esizwe kunye nawobubhotonyane. Abemi baseSwitzerland bavota amaxesha amaninzi ngonyaka kwimibandela esukela kwirhafu ukuya ekufudukeni. Ngoxa umelo olungqalileyo lunika abemi amandla, lukwaneenguqu: imibandela inokuba nzima, kwaye urhoxiso lusenokuswela ixesha okanye ubuchule bokwenza izigqibo ezithe ngqo kwimicimbi nganye. Ngaphezu koko, idemokhrasi isenokusetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha ukurhoxisa amalungelo amancinane ukuba uninzi alukho ulawulo-ofisi xa uninzi lungalawulwa ngabameli.

Ulawulo - melo Olungangqalanga Okanye Olungummeli

Ukumela okungangqalanga — okudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yidemokhrasi emela abameli — yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo ehlabathini. Abahlali abanyula abaya kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, nabo bameli ngabom bazenzele imithetho. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba abameli bajoliswe kwimigaqo ekhethekileyo: abanokujolise kwimiba enzulu, bathethe ulwamkelo. Ulonyulo oluthe rhoqo, i-United Kingdom, iKhanada, i-Indiya, namanye amazwe amaninzi asebenza phantsi kwalona. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa ngelithi lungadala umsantsa phakathi kwabameli kunye nabameli, ingakumbi ukuba abachongi abaxhaphazelwe zizinto ezithile ezikhethekileyo. Noko ke, unyulo oluthe rhoqo noluntu olunamandla lunganceda abameli abasabelayo.

Umelo olufuna inkcazelo

Umelo lwePropotioneal (PR) lwahlula izihlalo zowiso-mthetho ezisekelwe kwipesenti yevoti nganye yeqela lezobupolitika elamkelayo. Ukuba iqela liphumelele 30% yevoti, lifumana malunga nama-30% ezihlalo. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, eMzantsi Afrika, kunye nezinye iidemokhrasi ezininzi. I-PR ifuna ukuvelisa izihlalo zowiso-mthetho ezizintlu-mthetho kunye noorhulumente abamanyeneyo. Abaxhasi bayo bathi inika ulwaneliseko oluthe ngokuqhelekileyo lwe-PR lwenza i-votioteethi ekhethekileyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane — kuquka nalawo amele imimandla esezantsi — anelizwi elingunxaxhene. Abagxeki abachani baphawula ukuba iPR ikhokelele ekuzahluleni, yenza kube nzima ukwenza oorhulumente abazinzileyo. Noko ke, uphando lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zePR ngokuqhelekileyo zivelisa ulwanovotip eziphezulu kwaye ziphumele kwiziphumo.

Umelo lweMajoni

Iinkqubo zobuMajoniarians, njengezokuqala-phambili zomva (FPTP), izihlalo ezihlalisa umvoti kunye nenkoliso yamavoti kwisithili ngasinye, nokuba oko kungaphantsi kwenkoliso. IUnited States kunye neUnited Kingdom zimizekelo ephawulekayo. Le nkqubo isoloko ivelisa oorhulumente abahlukeneyo, abanokuthi bazinze nabagqibele. Noko ke, kwakhona, ngokucwangcisiweyo ngaphantsi kwamaqela amancinci kwaye banokukhokelela “kodwa” kwabo baxhasa abaphulukani nomthetho. FPP ithanda ukuxhasa iinkqubo ezimbini ezizinxenye kwaye inokuba neziphumo kurhulumente eziwina ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sovoti ethandwayo.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nomfanekiso

Nangona indima yayo ingundoqo, umelo kulawulo-melo oluninzi luphantsi koxinzelelo lwedemokhrasi. Kumazwe amaninzi abahlali banikela ingxelo yokuziva behlukanisiwe neenkqubo zabo zezobupolitika, kwaye ukuthemba amagosa anyuliweyo kuye kwaphelelwa.

Ukungakhathali nokunganeliseki

Unyuko lwezinyuko luye lwawa kulawulo-moya oluzinzileyo, ingakumbi phakathi kwezizukulwana ezincinane. EUnited States, kunyuko lwexeshana lwenzekile malunga nama-40-50% kamashumi eminyaka phambi kokunyuka kancinci kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukurhoxa kuthetha ukuba unyulo alumelanga abantu njengeqela. Abasebenzi bamazwe ahlukeneyo batyekele ekubeni bancinane, bahlwempuze, bahlwempuze, kwaye izilangazelelo zabo zingenamfundo ingafane zimelwe. Inkolelo yokuba ukuvota akukhathazi nto, ukunganeliseki ngabavoti abakhoyo, nemiqobo yokubhalisa. Imigudu yokwandisa, njengomvoti-voti ozenzekelayo kunye nokuvota okunyanzelayo (njengoko wase-Australia), inokuba luncedo, kodwa iya kufuna uncedo, kodwa ke iimfuno zopoliti.

Gerrymandering

Gerrymandering — ukuzoba ngabom imida yesithili sonyulo ukuze kuthandwe liqela elinye — kugqwetha ukuma kweqela. Ngokupakisha abaxhasi beqela elichaseneyo babe kwisithili ezimbalwa okanye basasazeke kancinane kuzo zonke iingingqi, abenzi bamamaphu bangaqinisekisa ukuba iqela labo lifumana izihlalo ezingaphezulu kunezalo zalo zokuvota ziyakuthethelela. EUnited States, omabini aye asebenzisa ihlomelo lokuxhasa igunya elinye. ICernan Center yeJaji ingqinel ingqine indlela egqithisileyo elula ngayo unyulo olukhuphisanayo kwaye inciphisa ukuphendula. Imigudu yotshintsho, njengemisebenzi ezimeleyo kunye nemithetho esesikweni, inika unyango olunokwenzeka kodwa ijongenemiqobo nemiqobo engokwasemthethweni.

Ucinezelo Nenkcitho

Kulawulo-melo oluninzi, amanye amaqela ajongene nemiqobo ecwangcisiweyo ekuvoteni. Imithetho efuna ukuchongwa okungqongqo kwemifanekiso, ukuhlanjululwa kweerola, ukucuthwa kweeyure zokuvota kwangethuba, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwetyala ngokungenakulinganiswa konke okuchaphazela ibutho elincinane, abemi abangenamali eninzi, nabaselula. IKomiti yamaLungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yamaLungelo abantu isoloko ivakalisa inkxalabo ngokucinezelelwa kwevoti eUnited States. Inkxalabo yokuvota okungasebenziswa kwe-ofisi yezovoti ayipheleli kwiU.

Unikezelo olungaphantsi lwamaqela awenziwe amda

Kwanaxa bonke abemi be-Inter-Parliamentary Union, iziko lowiso-mthetho lidla ngokusilela ukubonakalisa iinguqu zabemi. Abafazi bakha malunga nesiqingatha sabemi behlabathi kodwa banezihlalo zepalamente ezingaphantsi kwama-30% emhlabeni wonke, ngokwe-Inter-Parliamentary Union. Iintlanga nezizwe ezincinane zingaphantsi kwangoko kumazwe amaninzi. Umzekelo, iPalamente ye-UK imhlophe ngokungenakulinganiswa namadoda anxulumene nabemi. Oku kungabikho kwemibameli ngenxa yokuba ichaphazela imiba ebekwe phantsi kwemibani kwaye indlela emiselwe ngayo. Amanyathelo afana namadoda, izihlalo ezigciniweyo, nezihlalo ezigciniweyo, kunye namaxhoba eqela eesigaba sesigaba sesizwe amkelelwe kumazwe amaninzi ukuze enze inkqubela phambili. Umzekelo, ngoku kukho ipalamente engaphezulu kwe-60% yamabhinqa, ngenxa ye-gromatina.

Iindlela Eziya Kumelo Olulunge Ngakumbi

Ukucombulula iingxaki zokumela kufuneka ulungelelwano lweenguqu zolawulo, utshintsho lwemfundo yezentlalo nezobuzwe. Nangona kungekho sicombululo sinye sesilivere, iindlela eziliqela eziye zabonisa isithembiso sokomeleza unxulumano phakathi kwabemi nabameli babo.

Utshintsho Olubalaseleyo

Ukusuka kwimithetho engundoqo ukuya kulungelelanisa okanye kumaqela enkqubo yabavoti axubeneyo, kungaphucula ngokuphawulekayo ubulungisa bomelo. Amazwe anjenge-New Zealand amkela inkqubo exubeneyo yolwahlulo ngo1996 kwaye abona ulwahluka-hluka-hlukeneyo kwipalamente kunye nolwaneliseko oluphezulu. Uvotelo olusuka kwenye imimandla yase-Australia nakumazwe ase-U.S., luvumela abavoti ukuba bachaze izikhethelo ngokuzeleyo kwaye banciphise iziphumo zokuphanga. Naluphi utshintsho lokhetho kufuneka lulungiswe kumongoonobumba bezobupolitika, kodwa umgaqo uhleli: inkqubo yovotilo-vote-mthetho kufuneka iguqule izihlalo kwizihlalo ngokuchanekileyo nangokupheleleyo.

Uqikelelo oluzimeleyo lwemilinganiselo yokuzikhusela

Ukulwa ne-gerrymanidering, uninzi lweemeko kwi-U.S. lumisele iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuzihlaziya. Imigudu efana neyokuKhalifoniya neMichigan iveze iimaphu ezikhuphisanayo nezibonisa ngcono imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kovoti. Iinkundla zikwangenele, ngemithetho ethile echaza ukuba i-gergermanindering engathanga mithetho. Utshintsho lwexesha elizayo lungaquka ukunyanzeleka kwimimiselo elungeleleneyo kunye nokubonakala kakuhle kwinkqubo yokutsala imaphu.

Imfundo Nezixhobo Zokusebenza

Ukuphucula imfundo ingalungisa ukungakhathali nokunganeliseki. Izifundo zesikolo ezifundisa indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente, isizathu sokuba kuvotelwe, nendlela yokubhalisa zingasakha ukuganana kobomi bonke. Iintlangano ezifana noManyano lwaMasipala aMasipala ne-Guardian (ngokukuchaza kwayo idemokhrasi yase-US) zinika inkcazelo engeyoyayo. Izixhobo ze-intanethi ezinceda abavoti bafumane indawo yokuvota, ukuqonda amanyathelo okubhalisa, kunye nabaphandi basebenze ngokuphumelela ekunyuseni i-partment.

Izixhobo ezikhuthazayo ezidityanisiweyo neziququ eziqukayo

Amaqela ezobupolitika angenza okungakumbi ekufumaneni, kuloliwe, nakunkxaso abazahluleli abavela kumaqela angaphantsi. Imali yokuzinikela, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye namaxhoba ahlukeneyo eqela aye asetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo kumazwe anjengeKhanada kunye noManyano-Mbuso. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezingaphakathi, iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezincinane kunye nezixhobo zamabhinqa zingakhulisa amazwi kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo ziyaviwa xa kusenziwa imithetho. La maqela adla ngokwakha izivumelwano ezinqamlezileyo kwimibandela echaphazela ibutho lawo.

Ukuqinisa amalungelo okuncoma nokufikelela

Utshintsho olukwenza kube lula ukuvota — njengokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa kwangoko, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, kunye nokuvota kwamaqela eposi — lubonise ukuba lwandisa ukurhoxa kwamaqela abemi. Iintlangano zobuhandiba njenge Brennan Center ne-American Liberates Union ziyaqhubeka zinyanzela ezi nguqu. Noko ke, utshintsho olunjalo lusoloko luphikiswa ngokwezobupolitika; ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota kufuna ukusetyenziswa kobugqhinga nokuhlala kuhleli kusemthethweni.

Ubuxhakaxhaka obucocekayo bokwenza ungenelelo

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunganceda kwaye buthintele umelo. Iiplatfomu ze-intanethi zingenza unxibelelwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwabameli kunye nabameli, ukwenza iiholo zedolophu ezingathintelwanga yimeko-bume. Amanye amazwe aye azama ukuchaza intsingiselo yolwahlulo noqingqo-mali, apho abemi bavota indlela yokwabela iimali zikarhulumente. Noko ke, ubugcisa bukwanyusa inkxalabo malunga nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, imfihlelo, kunye nokufikelela okungalinganiyo.

Isiphelo

Asilophawu oluthe ngqo lwedemokhrasi — lulwalamano oluphilayo olumele lukhuliswe, luhlaziywe, lukhuselwe, lukhuselwe. Ngolona hlobo lulungileyo, ukumela kuqinisekisa ukuba amava amaninzi ebutho labantu anokuphendula, amandla anokuphenduliswa, kwaye oko kulawula kubonisa okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Okubi kakhulu, lunokuba sisithethe esingekho ngqiqweni, esilawulwa ngabantu abangaphakathi nabangenayo.

Imingeni yokungakhathalelwa kwabavoti, ukurhoxiswa, ukudideka, nokungafezeki kubaluleke, kodwa azinakuthintelwa. Ngeenguqu ezicacisiweyo zokhetho, imfundo yezentlalo, imigudu yokuntywilisela ulawulo lwezobupolitika, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo ovoti, ulawulo-melo lungaqinisa amaqhina okumela. Umsebenzi awuze ugqitywe, kuba isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sikuphucule kakuhle oko kuthethwa kukumelwe kuko. Kwisizukulwana sokunyuka kolawulo lobuzwilakhe nokungabikho kobunyani, ukurhweba ngobulungisa nangomelo olupheleleyo, kukwezona ndlela zinamandla zokukhusela idemokhrasi ngokwaso.