Table of Contents

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza njengesiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, bechaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla bezigidi zabemi ngeenkonzo eziyimfuneko, ngolawulo lwezibonelelo, nangomthetho woluntu. Ukuqonda isiseko esintsonkothileyo somthetho esilawula la maqumrhu alawulayo kubalulekile kubemi bobabini abafuna ukubandakanyeka neendawo zabo kunye namagosa ajongene nokusebenzisa imigaqo-siseko solawulo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badalwa ngoorhulumente kwaye abalawulwa ngurhulumente, abanakukwazi ukumisela imithetho ephikisana nomthetho karhulumente, kwaye ngokuyintloko baxhomekeke kwiirhafuthelo lwempahla nakwimirhumo yerhafu ebanzi. Olu khokelo luhlola izakhiwo ezingomthetho, izithintelo, iingcamkelo, kunye nolawulo oluchaza indlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente bengingqineyo

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nesomthetho weGunya loMgaqo-siseko

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni loorhulumente basekuhlaleni eUnited States lisuka kumgaqo-siseko osisiseko woburhulumente obekwe kumGaqo-siseko. Ngaphantsi koMgaqo-siseko weSihlaziyo seshumi kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U., onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe agcinelwe imicimbi nabantu. Esi siseko somgaqo-siseko siqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abawafumani ngokuthe ngqo amandla abo kuMgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kodwa kunoko bawafumana koorhulumente abawayila baze bawaqeqeqe.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badalwa baza baqeshwa ngoorhulumente belizwe, yaye isakhiwo soorhulumente basekuhlaleni simiselwa yimithetho-siseko karhulumente wabo kunye nemithetho emiselwe ngurhulumente. Olu lwalamano lolawulo lungumlawuli luthetha ukuba oomasipala, oomasipala, oololiwe, namaphondo, kunye neengingqi ezikhethekileyo zikho kuphela njengezinto ezisemthethweni ezivunyelwa ngurhulumente zize zichaze ubukho bazo. Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente uchaza imilinganiselo ebanzi yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, ngelixa imimiselo karhulumente inika ummiselo ontsonkothile malunga nezakhiwo zentlangano, amandla, kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka anikwe igunya ngurhulumente. Lo mgaqo ugxininisa indlela elixhomekeke ngayo igunya lasekuhlaleni kwaye uyalahlula kulwalamano oluphakathi koorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente, apho oorhulumente bahlala benolawulo olunemfuno. Isiseko solawulo lwasemthethweni sasekuhlaleni siyahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo kwiimeko zolawulo, sibonakalisa izithethe zomgaqo-siseko, iindlela zomthetho, kunye nenkcubeko yembali.

Umthetho we-Dillon ngokuphikisana nomthetho wasekhaya: Amacala amabini afikelela kwigunya lasekuhlaleni

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezicalucalulweyo kumthetho karhulumente wasekuhlaleni ibandakanya indlela esisiseko yamazwe anika igunya oomasipala bawo kunye nobalo. Iimfundiso ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo . .Imfundiso ezi-Dillon nguMthetho kunye nomthetho wasekhaya,-------Dillon's ziphela ngokuchasene nolawulo lwe-odomistle yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuqonda Ulawulo Lwe-Dillon

Amashumi amane kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lomgaqo owaziwa ngokuba nguMthetho kaDillon, othi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokusebenzisa kuphela amandla anikwa ngurhulumente ngokukhethekileyo, ukumisela imida yegunya elisemthethweni likarhulumente. Ligama ligama le-Iowa Justice Ephezulu yeNkundla uJohn F. Dillon, owachaza lo mgaqo ngenkulungwane ye-19, uLawulo luka-Dillon lumisela ukucaciswa okusikelwe phantsi kwamandla karhulumente asekuhlaleni.

Phantsi koLawulo lukaDillon, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banawo kuphela la mandla akhoyo:

  • Ngokuphandle enikwe ngummiselo wesizwe
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • ISebe libalulekile kwaye liyimfuneko kwiinjongo ezivakalisiwe zombutho kamasipala

Nayiphi na into engacacanga yokuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unegunya elithile iyaconjululwa kumasipala. Le ndlela iqhelekileyo ibonakalisa ukuba intanda-bulumko yokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka basebenze kwimida ecacileyo emiswe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umanyano lungahambelani nokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kwegunya lasekuhlaleni.

Enye Indlela Yolawulo Lwasekhaya

Kwamanye amazwe, aziwa njengomthetho wasekhaya, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika oomasipala kunye/okanye ubalo-manani amandla okudlula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemithetho ukuze bazilawule (ukuba nje imithetho ayingqubani nomthetho wesizwe nowesizwe). Umthetho wasekhaya umela indlela ebanzi ngakumbi yokufikelela kwigunya lasekuhlaleni, unika oomasipala inkululeko engakumbi yokuthetha ngemibandela yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokufuna ugunyazo lwemithetho yesenzo ngasinye.

Urhulumente ngamnye uchaza ngokwawo oko uya kukunika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Kwingqukuva yasekuhlaleni, kukho iindidi ezine apho urhulumente anokuvumela khona igunya elilawulayo: i-programal – amandla okukhetha uhlobo lukarhulumente, irhafu kunye nokumisela uhlaziyo lwemithetho ye-charackers, i-Fomatil – amandla okusebenzisa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngendlela ebanzi okanye elinganiselweyo, i-Fiscal – igunya lokumisela imithombo yengeniso, ukumisela irhafu, imali kunye neminye imisebenzi yemali enxulumene nayo, igunya lokumisela imithetho yengqesho, imiqathango yemisebenzi, imiqathango yemisebenzi kunye nokuthelekisa i-ququququ.

Ummiselo womthetho wasekhaya uvela kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe kwaye unganika amanqanaba ahlukeneyo egunya kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni. UManyano lweSizwe lwaseCity incape luchaza amazwe angama-31 eDillon's Rulare, ulawulo lwamakhaya olulishumi, u-8 uthi ukusebenzisa uLawulo luka-Dillon kuphela koomasipala abathile, kunye nelizwe elinye (Florida) elisebenza kumthetho wasekhaya kuyo yonke into ngaphandle kwerhafu. Olu mahluko ubonisa ubuntlukwano bolawulo lwaseMelika kunye neentanda-ntanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo ezithi zamkeleke malunga nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Iintlobo Zozibonelelo Zorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Inkqubo yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni lwamaMerika iquka iintlobo eziliqela ezahlukahlukeneyo zamaqumrhu karhulumente, ngalinye elinemisebenzi ethile, ulawulo lweendawo, kunye namagunya asemthethweni. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela ezahlukeneyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezisebenza ngayo izicwangciso zomthetho kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ii-Colories

Oorhulumente bamaphondo bachazwa njengoorhulumente benjongo jikelele abanikela iinkonzo kummandla obanzi welizwe osoloko uquka oomasipala kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo. Iphondo lisebenza njengamacandelo angaphantsi kolawulo karhulumente kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo linikela iinkonzo ezifana nokugcinwa komthetho ngesebe lomphathi-mikhosi, iinkqubo zenkundla, uhlolo lwempahla kunye nerhafu, iinkonzo zempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokugcinwa kweengxelo ezibalulekileyo.

Kumaphondo ambalwa, ubalo lwaziwa ngamagama ahlukeneyo afana naseLouisiana, apho zibizwa khona njengezindlu zecawa kunye ne-Alaska, apho zibizwa khona ngokuba zii-boroughs. I-Counties isebenza phantsi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kuquka iKhomishoni yeBhunga, iBhunga-Administrator, iBhunga- ElinoLawulo oluPhezulu, kunye nenkqubo yeTshata. Ubalo lwesiseko solawulo lwesiseko somthetho siyahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokorhulumente, namanye amazwe anika ulawulo lwasekhaya olubanzi ngelixa amanye alawula igunya elingqongqo loMthetho we-Dillon's.

Urhulumente

Oorhulumente bakamasipala — abachazwa njengezixeko, iidolophu, amabhoti (ngaphandle kweAlaska), iidolophana, neelokishi — balungelelaniswe jikelele kwisixeko sabemi yaye kwiimeko ezininzi bafana negama elisetyenziswa liSebe leSizwe leUnited States leNtshukumo yengxelo yezindlu nenani labemi. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamela abantu abanemida echaziweyo kwaye banikela iinkonzo ezingakumbi kunezixanduva ezingakumbi, kuquka ukhuseleko nomlilo, amanzi kunye nemijelo yokukhuthuza amanzi, ukugcinwa kwemijelo, ukugcinwa kwemijelo, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango kunye neentendelezo zasekuhlaleni.

Oomasipala banezakhiwo ezingundoqo ezihlanu: iBhunga-Mayor (ezona ziqhelekileyo), iKhomishini, iNtlanganiso yeDolophu, kunye neNtlanganiso yoMmeli weDolobhathane. Isakhiwo ngasinye sabela amagosa anyuliweyo amandla ahlukeneyo kwaye sichaphazela indlela imithetho yasekuhlaleni emiswa ngayo. Ukhetho lwesakhiwo lusoloko lubonisa izithethe zembali, ubungakanani bentlalo, nezinto ezikhethwayo zasekuhlaleni malunga nokulungelelana phakathi kwegunya lolawulo oluphezulu nomthetho.

Izidibi ezizodwa

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zesithili zikwanikezela ngemisebenzi kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kwengingqi okanye imida kamasipala, njengesithili sesikolo okanye isithili somlilo. Isithili esikhethekileyo simela amaqumrhu karhulumente anenjongo enye asungulwe ukunikela iinkonzo ezithile ngaphaya kwemida ekhoyo okanye imimandla. Ezi sithili zisebenza phantsi kwemiqathango yazo esemthethweni, ngokufuthi ngegunya elizimeleyo lokuhlawula irhafu nezakhiwo zolawulo.

Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zemimandla ekhethekileyo ziquka iziphakamiso zesikolo, iziphakamiso, amanzi namabala amdaka, iziphakamiso zomlilo, izithili, izibhedlele, namagosa ezothutho. Igunya elingokwasemthethweni lokudala nokusebenza kwemimandla ekhethekileyo lisuka kumthetho ogunyazisayo, ochaza amandla awo, ulawulo, kunye nonxulumano namanye amaqumrhu orhulumente.

Amagunya asemthethweni Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa uludwe lwamandla asemthethweni abenza bakwazi ukuphumeza iimbopheleleko zabo kubemi nokulawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni. La magunya, nokuba agunyaziswa ngokubonakalisa ugunyaziso lomthetho okanye imimiselo yolawulo lwasekhaya, akha isiseko esisebenzayo solawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Igunya loMthetho nelokulawula

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamisela imithetho ngendlela yomthetho ngendlela equkelwe yinkqubo yowiso-mthetho exutyushwayo exutyushwayo ebudeni beentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ukubukelelwa kweekomiti, kwandule ke bavote kula manyathelo acetyiweyo — konke oku kulandela imithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente. Eli gunya lowiso-mthetho limela elinye lawona magunya abalulekileyo anawo, eliwanika amandla okuphendula iimeko kunye nenkxalabo yasekuhlaleni ngemimiselo enyanzelisa ngokusemthethweni.

Ibhunga linamandla okumisela imithetho nemigaqo, ngokuvisisana nomthetho karhulumente, ukulawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni kunye neyomasipala, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokumiswa kwemithetho nezigqibo. Amasiko ongingqi angathetha ngemiba emininzi equka ulawulo kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba, imigaqo yokwakha, imigaqo yengxolo, imiqathango yokupaka izithuba, imiqathango yolawulo lwezilwanyana, kunye nemiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balawulwa ngamagunya abo ahlukeneyo kwaye abanakuyidlulisa imithetho ephikisanayo nemithetho yorhulumente.

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ifuna ufundo oluninzi, ukuva uwonke wonke, kunye neevoti ezisemthethweni zequmrhu lowiso-mthetho lasekuhlaleni. Xa sele livunyiwe, umthetho kufuneka utyikitywe nguMayor okanye umlawuli oyintloko, kuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe, ukungenelela kukawonke-wonke, kunye nokucinga phambi kokuba imithetho yasekuhlaleni isebenze.

Amandla Amapolisa

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa igunya lamapolisa lokulawula indlela yokuziphatha nokunyanzelisa umgaqo wokukhusela impilo yoluntu, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle-ntle jikelele. La mandla anceda oomasipala ukuba bamisele kwaye banyanzele imithetho ejongene neemeko zasekuhlaleni, ukusuka kwimithetho yempilo neyobundlobongela ukuya kwimigaqo yokhuseleko loluntu.

Amagosa asebupoliseni amela enye yezona nkalo zisisiseko zegunya likarhulumente, evumela abantu ukuba bathethe ngeemeko neemfuno ezithile. Noko ke, la magunya kufuneka asetyenziswe ngendlela esengqiqweni kwaye angabi nakusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ngokungekho mthethweni. Iinkundla zihlolisisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amapolisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba aphumeza iinjongo ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente kwaye awaphuli imiGaqo-siseko.

Igunya lezemali nelokuhlawula irhafu

Urhulumente uxhomekeke kwimali exhaswa ngemali ngerhafu ebanzi equka ingeniso, irhafu yentengiso nerhafu apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla kunye neerhafu zenkonzo ezifana namanzi nenkunkuma. Ulawulo lwerhafu ye-evy nokuvelisa ingeniso luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yegunya likarhulumente, inika oomasipala nemisebenzi eyimfuneko nesiseko soqoqosho.

Noko ke, igunya lokurhafisa lasekuhlaleni lidla ngokulawulwa yirhafu ebalulekileyo karhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi abeka ii-asethi zerhafu, afuna imvume kubavoti kwirhafu eyandayo, okanye athintele iindidi zerhafu zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni zingayifaka kwi-levy. ICandelo 6 leQumrhu lesi-Sinayithi-SiI lifuna ukuba iNdibano Jikelele ithintele igunya lombutho kamasipala lokuhlawula irhafu nemali ebolekisiweyo, ukuboleka imali, ukuboleka ityala, ukuboleka ityala, kunye nokubolekisa imali ukuze kunqandwe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwala mandla. Icandelo 13 leCandelo XVIII likwayalela iNdibano Jikelele ingu egunya lokumisela igunya lokukhupha irhafuthelo kunye netyala.

Ngaphandle kwerhafu yempahla, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bavelisa ingeniso ngeendleko ezahlukeneyo, iindleko, kunye neengxelo zeenkonzo ezithile. Ezi ziquka iindleko zemali eziluncedo kumanzi kunye neenkonzo zokuchitha umkhuhlane, iindleko zophuhliso, iindleko zemali yelayisensi yeshishini, kunye neendleko zezixhobo zokuzihlaziya. Igunya elisemthethweni lokukhupha ezi zihlawulo lifumaneka ngokusuka kumthetho ogunyazisayo okanye kumalungiselelo olawulo lwasekhaya.

Ukuhlanganisa Namandla eMisebenzi

Oorhulumente bengingqi banegunya lokungena kwizivumelwano, lokufumana nokulahla nokuphatha impahla, nokuphatha izinto zikawonke-wonke. La magunya avumela oomasipala ukuba bafumane iimpahla neenkonzo, bakhe izibonelelo, izibonelelo, izakhiwo zerente, kunye nokulawula amazwe kawonke-wonke. Ukusetyenziswa kwegunya kudla ngokulawulwa yimfuno yokukhuphisana, imithetho kawonke-wonke, kunye namalungiselelo okuvela phandle enzelwe ukuthintela ukukhetha nokuqinisekisa ukuba nembopheleleko yokuphatha.

Amandla olawulo oluphezulu ." igunya lokufumana impahla yabucala ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke ekuhlawuleni intlawulo yembuyekezo", libonisa elinye igunya elibalulekileyo lorhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Eli gunya livumela oomasipala ukuba bafumane umhlaba wendlela, weepaki, wezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, nezinye iinjongo zikawonke-wonke, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwawo kuphantsi kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko neemfuno zenkcubeko.

Imisebenzi engundoqo yesakhelo esisemthethweni yabasemagunyeni abalawulayo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usebenza kwimimiselo emininzi esemthethweni echaza amandla abo, imisele iinkqubo, kwaye ibeke imiqathango. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo kubalulekile ukuze ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lube nenxaxheba kwimicimbi yentlalo.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni Usebenza Nomthetho Wobuchule

Uninzi lwamazwe lunemisebenzi karhulumente yasekuhlaleni okanye imigaqo kamasipala emisela isiseko somthetho sokulawula. Le mithetho idla ngokuthetha ngokusekwa nokuququzelelwa koomasipala, izakhiwo zentlangano, amagunya kunye nemisebenzi yamagosa asekuhlaleni, iinkqubo zokumisela imithetho, iimfuno zolawulo lwemali, kunye nolwalamano namanye amaqumrhu karhulumente.

Umthetho wokwahlula unika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni amandla akhethekileyo, afana negunya lokuseka imithetho yokuhlalisa, ukusebenza kwezikhundla eziluncedo, okanye ukwenza isithili somjikelo okhethekileyo. Le mithetho ichaza ummandla wegunya lasekuhlaleni kwaye imisela iinkqubo ezimele zilandelwe xa kusetyenziswa amagunya athile. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka banamathele ngenyameko ekwenzeni ukuba imithetho ikwazi ukwenza ukuba izenzo zabo zingasebenzi, njengoko ukungaphumeleli kunokwenza ukuba zingasebenzi.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi

Kumaphondo olawulo lwamakhaya, oomasipala basebenza phantsi kwemithetho-siseko yasekuhlaleni echaza isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Amatshati angamkelwa ngumvoti-gosa kwaye anokutshintshwa ngeenkqubo ezifanayo. Bamisela uhlobo lukarhulumente, bachaze amagunya nemisebenzi yamagosa anyuliweyo, bamisele amasebe olawulo, bamisele nenkqubo yokwenza umthetho wasekuhlaleni.

Amalungiselelo etshati athatha indawo yokuqala kwimithetho-siseko yorhulumente jikelele emalunga nokulungelelaniswa komasipala kunye neenkqubo, nangona engenakungqubana namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente okanye imithetho yenkxalabo karhulumente ngokubanzi. Lo mgaqo-siseko usebenza njengoxwebhu olusisiseko olulawulayo lukamasipala, kwaye amagosa asekuhlaleni kufuneka asebenze kwimida yawo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Imithetho kaMasipala imela ukuhlanganiswa kwayo yonke imithetho emiselwe ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Le mithetho icwangcisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni ngokuyibeka phantsi kwemibandela, iyenze ifikeleleke kubemi, amashishini nakumagosa. Imithetho kaMasipala idla ngokuthetha ngokuhlaliswa kwezakhiwo nakusetyenzwa komhlaba, imigaqo yokwakha neyokwakha, imimiselo yezoshishino, imimiselo yezithuthi, imiphakamo, impilo yoluntu nokhuseleko kunye neenkqubo zokulawula.

Kusenokuba nzima ukufumana imigaqo kamasipala, kuba ayikho indlela elula yokuphendla yonke imigaqo kamasipala ngexesha elinye. Noko ke, oomasipala abaninzi ngoku bapapasha imigaqo yabo ye-intanethi, kwaye iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zorhwebo ziqokelela ikhowudi kamasipala evela kwimimandla emininzi. Ukuqonda imithetho yasekuhlaleni kubalulekile kubemi namashishini afuna ukuthobela imithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Imithetho yoorhulumente kunye neMidlalo yeDemocratic

Imithetho yonyulo yezonyulo yesizwe ilawula unyulo lwasekuhlaleni, imisela iinkqubo zokufaneleka komncomi, ukufikelela kwephulo, inkxaso-mali yezempehla, iinkqubo zokuvota, kunye nolawulo lonyulo. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi ngokunika abahlali iinkqubo zokunyula amagosa asekuhlaleni, kwaye, kwimimandla emininzi, ukuvota ngqo ngamanyathelo asekuhlaleni, ukuthatha isalathisi, nokukhumbula unyulo.

Imithetho ye-Electoral ikwathetha ngemida yamagama, iimfuno zokuhlala kwabathathi-nxaxheba, ungquzulwano lwemiqathango yenzala, kunye neenkqubo zokuzalisa iizithuba kwiiofisi ezinyuliweyo. Ukuququzelelwa kwemithetho yonyulo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ilungelo likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni nokuqinisekisa ukuba umelo olufanelekileyo lwezilangazelelo zoluntu.

Imithetho yemali neyoqingqo-mali

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka avumelane nemithetho ephakamileyo yemali elawula uqingqo-mali, ukuqokelelwa kwemali, ukuphicothwa kwemali, ukuhlawulwa kwamatyala, kunye nenkcitho yemali karhulumente.

Imithetho karhulumente ifuna ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamkele uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le ngeenkqubo zikarhulumente, bagcine iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zobalo-mali, baphicothe rhoqo, kwaye bapapashe iingxelo zemali. Indlu uBill 1329 ufuna ukuba kubekwe uqingqo-mali lwengingqi kunye nomasipala kwiwebhsayithi karhulumente yasekuhlaleni ngendlela evumela amalungu kawonke-wonke ukuba ajonge ugcino-lwazi ngendlela echaziweyo. Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba abasebenzi noomasipala baqhube umthambo woqingqo-mali oqingqwayo owenziwa ngonyaka kunye nokuthumela iziphumo zokusetyenziswa komsebenzi wesitikiti yorhulumente wommandla wasekuhlaleni.

Imiqathango yamatyala ithintela umlinganiselo wamatyala oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanokuba nawo, ngokufuthi achazwa njengepesenti yamaxabiso empahla athelekelelwayo okanye ingeniso yonyaka. Le miqathango ithintela ukuboleka okugqithisileyo okungabeka engozini ukuzinza komgangatho wemali kunye nokungahlawulwa kwerhafu yomthwalo kwixesha elizayo. Ukukhupha amaqhina kudla ngokufuna imvume yomvoti nokuthobela iinkqubo zomthetho ezineenkcukacha.

Imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko neyomthetho kuMagunya kaRhulumente

Ngoxa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benegunya elibalulekileyo lokucombulula iintswelo zasekuhlaleni, amandla abo aphantsi kwemiqathango emininzi engokwemigaqo elungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba avisisana nemigaqo karhulumente ebanzi, nokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya.

Izithintelo zomGaqo-siseko woManyano

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bathobele umGaqo-siseko weUnited States, kuquka iBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokubuyiselwa okulandelayo. Imimiselo yezomGaqo-siseko esoloko inyanzela ukuphunyezwa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni iquka ukhuseleko loMthambeko wokuqala wokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukucofa, indibano, kunye nonqulo; ukhuseleko loMmiselo wesine wokuHlomelo ekuphangweni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhwalekeni; ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yesihlanu efuna intlawulo xa urhulumente efumana izinto zabucala; uGawula lwe 14th Demendmentmentmentation inkqubo efanelekileyo nemithetho elinganayo yokukhusela; kunye namanye amalungiselelo ehlukeneyo omgaqo-siseko akhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Iinkundla zisoloko zihlola imithetho nezenzo zasekuhlaleni ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa komgaqo-siseko. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanako ukumisela imimiselo ephazamisa amalungelo asisiseko omgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokwanelisa uhlalutyo olungqongqo okanye ezinye iimvavanyo ezisebenzayo zomGaqo-siseko. Olu lawulo luqinisekisa ukuba amagunya asekuhlaleni ayayihlonela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngoxa ephumeza iinjongo ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente.

UmGaqo-siseko weRhulumente kunye nokucinywa

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe nemithetho imisela imiqathango ebalulekileyo kumagunya karhulumente ommandla. Ukukhulula kukarhulumente kwenzeka xa umthetho othile worhulumente ubandakanya icandelo elithile lomthetho, uthintela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekumiseleni imigaqo engqubanayo okanye eyongezelelweyo kuloo ndawo. Ukukhutshwa kungabonakaliswa, apho umthetho karhulumente uthintela ngokucacileyo umthetho wasekuhlaleni, okanye uthetha, apho umthetho karhulumente umisela ngokuphandle umbandela oshiya kungekho gumbi lokwahluka kommandla.

Igunya likaMasipala lisenokulinganiselwa ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. okanye imithetho yesizwe enxulumene nayo. Ukongeza, umGaqo-siseko waseOhio unemiqathango ekusetyenzisweni kwamagunya olawulo lwamakhaya kamasipala. Kwanakumazwe okulawula kwamakhaya, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanako ukulawula imicimbi yenkxalabo karhulumente ngokubanzi okanye bamisele imithetho engqubana nomthetho karhulumente.

Iminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuncitshiswa kwegunya lasekuhlaleni kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yemigaqo-nkqubo, kuquka imithetho yemivuzo encinane, imimiselo yemipu, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nolawulo lwelizwe. La manyathelo okucinezela abonisa uxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi korhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya likarhulumente ukucombulula imibandela ethile.

Iimfuno zokwemvelo kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka balandele iinkqubo ezimiselwe xa besebenzisa amandla abo. Ezi mfuneko zomgaqo-nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe, ukuba nenxaxheba kowonke wonke, kunye nokusesikweni ekwenzeni izigqibo zikarhulumente. Iimfuno eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuqwalaselwa koluntu ngeentlanganiso kunye neendlebe, amathuba okugqabaza uwonke wonke, imithetho evula iintlanganiso efuna uphando lukarhulumente olufuna ukuba kubekho kuwonke wonke, kwiingxelo zikawonke wonke ezinika ukufikelela kumaxwebhu karhulumente, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ukwenzela ukuvunywa nokubhenela izicelo kunye nezibheno.

Iimfuno zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zigunyazisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balungiselele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba bahluthe abantu ngokwempahla okanye izilangazelelo zenkululeko. Oku kuquka isaziso esaneleyo, ithuba lokuviwa, abenzi besigqibo abangakhethi buso, nezigqibo ezisekelwe kubungqina. Ukusilela ukulungiselela izenzo ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente kunokwenza ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangabi namsebenzi kwaye babhenele kwiimfanelo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Imfundiso Yentsholongwane YeUltra

Imfundiso egqithisileyo ikholelwa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente ezithatyathwe ngaphaya komlinganiselo wegunya elingokwasemthethweni ziphuthileyo. Le mfundiso isebenza ngamandla athile koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, abanawo kuphela amandla anikwe ngumthetho. Izenzo ezithatyathwa ngaphandle kwegunya elingokwasemthethweni. /nakuba akukho mthetho ogunyazisayo isenzo, iimfuno zeprocedtura azilandelwanga, okanye isenzo esingqubana nomthetho ophezulu.

Iinkundla zisebenzisa imfundiso engqongqo ekupheliseni imithetho nezenzo zasekuhlaleni ezingaphaya kwegunya likamasipala. Le mfundiso iqinisekisa umgaqo wokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zomthetho karhulumente yaye kufuneka basebenze phakathi kwemida emiselwe ligunya labo elidalayo.

Ubuchule bokulawula nobokuphendula

Iindlela ezininzi zokuvelela ziqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza ngaphantsi kwemida esemthethweni, baphatha ubuncwane babantu ngendlela efanelekileyo, baze bahlale benoxanduva kubemi nakumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente.

Ulawulo lwesizwe kunye nolwahlulo oluphezulu

Urhulumente wenza indima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni imithetho elawula umda kamasipala ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa nokungaguquguquki okusemthethweni nemigaqo-nkqubo yengingqi. Bamisela iinkqubo zolawulo ezimele zilandelwe ngoomasipala ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthatha inxaxheba. Le migaqo idla ngokuchaza iimfuno zophuhliso, imigaqo encinane, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola ukukhusela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente.

Ulawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwephondo ludlulela ngaphaya kokuthatyathwa kwemiba emininzi yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Amasebe aseburhulumenteni ahlola uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni, iingxelo zemali, avumela ukudityaniswa, kunye neliso lokuthobela izindululo zikaMasipala. Amasiko, ukubuyiselwa kwaloo mimiselo akusebenzi ngaphandle kokuba kuvunywe ngumphathi-mikhosi. Ekumiseleni enoba uya kuvumela na amasiko kamasipala okanye ukupheliswa, ummeli uzakuqwalasela iinjongo zowiso-mthetho ezichazwe kwicandelo 435, imigaqo encinane kunye nayo nayiphi na imeko ekhethekileyo yasekuhlaleni.

Ulawulo lwezorhulumente lufeza iinjongo ezininzi: ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayathobela umthetho karhulumente, ukukhusela abemi kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni abaphangi, ukugcina ukuzinza kwemali, nokukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki kwiimeko zolawulo. Noko ke, ukuphatha kakhulu korhulumente kungenza abantu bangazisebenzisi kwaye bangabi namdla kwimfuno zoluntu, kubangele ukungavisisani okuqhubekayo phakathi koorhulumente.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zinikela ulwalathiso olubalulekileyo lwezenzo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngohlolo lwezomthetho. Abahlali, amashishini namanye amaqela achaphazelekayo angacel ’ umngeni imithetho nezenzo zasekuhlaleni enkundleni, achaze ukwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko, angqubana nomthetho karhulumente, iziphene zemveli, okanye enze izigqibo ezingekho ngqiqweni nezingaqondakaliyo.

Uhlolo lwezeejaji luqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza kwimida esemthethweni kwaye bayawahlonela amalungelo abo. Iinkundla zihlolisisa enoba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni babenegunya lokuthatha amanyathelo, balandele iinkqubo ezifunekayo, benze ngokuvisisana nobungqina, baze bathobele iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko nezomthetho.

Ukuphendula

Unyulo lwedemokhrasi lumela eyona nkqubo ingundoqo yokuphendula, inika abemi imbopheleleko yokuba amagosa asekuhlaleni abeke ityala ngezigqibo zawo nangomsebenzi wawo.

Ngaphandle konyulo oluthe rhoqo, imigaqo emininzi inika iindlela zokukhumbula unyulo, ivumela abavoti ukuba basuse amagosa ngaphambi kokuba aphelelwe ngamagunya abo. Ukuqalisa kunye neenkqubo zomququzeleli kunceda abemi ukuba bamisele okanye baphinde baphinde bafumane imithetho yasekuhlaleni, bashiye amagosa anyuliweyo xa kuyimfuneko. Ezi zixhobo zokongeza urhulumente womelo zize zikhulise ukuphendula koorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Iimfuno zoPhicotho-zincwadi lwezeMali

Uphicotho-zincwadi lwemali oluthe rhoqo olunikwa ngabasebenzi abazimeleyo abahlola imali. Olu hlolisiso luhlolisisa iingxelo zemali, luvavanya ulawulo lwangaphakathi, luvavanya ukuthotyelwa kwemiqathango yemali, lubone ukuba zinokubakho iingxaki okanye zingekho. Iingxelo zophicotho-zincwadi ziziingxelo zikawonke-wonke, zinceda abemi kunye neequmrhu zolawulo ukuba bahlole imisebenzi yemali yengingqi karhulumente.

Iimfuno ezicace gca ziyalela ukuba abantu bafumane iirekhodi neentlanganiso zikarhulumente, zincede abemi balapho bajonge imisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Imithetho evulekileyo yentlanganiso ifuna ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente aqhube ishishini kwiintlanganiso zikawonke wonke, kunye neemeko ezisikelwe umda kwimibandela efana nemibandela yabasebenzi okanye icebo lokunika ingcebiso. Iingxelo zikawonke-wonke zinika ukufumaneka kwamaxwebhu karhulumente, aphantsi kokukhululwa ngenxa yolwazi oluyimfihlo.

Umatshini Onzima Nomatshini Abakhalazayo

Amanye amagunya amisela iiofisi zoorhulumente okanye amaqumrhu afanayo ukuphanda ngezikhalazo zorhulumente wasekuhlaleni neenkonzo. Ezi ofisi zinika abahlali iindlela ezinokufikeleleka zokuphakamisa inkxalabo ngehambo karhulumente, ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo, okanye izigqibo zolawulo. Ngoxa izinto ezifunyenweyo zidla ngokusetyenziswa zizinto ezifihlakeleyo zisisingxengxezo sokwalathisa kunokubophelela, zinokukhawulezisa ukulungisa nokuphucula ukusabela kukarhulumente.

Iinkqubo zophando lolawulo zinceda abantu bacel ’ umngeni izigqibo ezithile zikarhulumente, ezifana nokuvumela ukukhanyelwa, imigaqo-siseko, okanye ukuqinisekiswa kwemithetho. Ezi nkqubo zinika amathuba okuhlola nokulungisa iimpazamo ngaphandle kokufuna ukuhlaziywa okubiza imali eninzi.

Unxulumano lwezibonelelo zeburhulumente kunye nomanyano

Oorhulumente abasebenzi bezedwa kodwa basebenza kumanyano oluntsonkothileyo lonxulumano lwezizwe olubandakanya urhulumente, urhulumente, namanye amazwe asekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kubalulekile ukuze kulawuleke kakuhle kwaye kudluliselwe iinkonzo.

Ulwalamano lwendawo engqongileyo

Nangona oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benziwe ngamaphondo kunokuba abe ngurhulumente wesizwe, umthetho wengingqi unegalelo eliphawulekayo ekulawuleni abantu ngemfuno yomGaqo-siseko, imimiselo karhulumente emisela imiqathango okanye iimeko koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, iinkqubo zorhulumente zinikela ngemali ukwenzela iinkonzo zasekuhlaleni nezibonelelo, nemimiselo karhulumente echaphazela imisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Imiqathango karhulumente ifuna ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bathobele iimfuno ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, imimiselo yemekobume, kunye nemigangatho yokufikelela. Umthetho ufuna ukuba urhulumente kunye namasebe karhulumente asekuhlaleni enze iiwebhsayithi, ii-apply, kunye nezinto eziqulethwe ngamanani ezifikelelekayo kubantu abakhubazekileyo. Ummiselo wemibutho emikhulu karhulumente nguAprili 26 kulo nyaka. Ngoxa ulawulo lukarhulumente luphumeza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo, banganyanzela iindleko ezibalulekileyo koorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwaye banyanzelise ukwenza izigqibo zasekuhlaleni.

Iinkqubo zokubonelela ngenkxaso-mali ezikhoyo kumaziko asekuhlaleni, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, izindlu, ezothutho, nezinye iinkonzo. Noko ke, ezi zibonelelo zivela neemeko ezifuna ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno zorhulumente nezinto eziza kuqala. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka aqhube iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zemigaqo yorhulumente yokunika nokuqinisekisa ukuba ziyaqhubeka zihambisana neemeko zokunika.

Ulwalamano lwendawo-bume

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni lumela eyona ngxaki ibalulekileyo phakathi koorhulumente abachaphazela ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Amazwe adala oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, achaza amagunya abo, achaza izindululo, anika inkxaso, alungiselela ukunyamekela inkxaso, kunye nolawulo. Olu lwalamano lolawulo lubangela ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Imiqathango karhulumente ifuna oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba banikele iinkonzo ezithile, balandele iinkqubo ezithile, okanye bafikelele imilinganiselo ethile. Imiyalelo engagunyaziswanga, `izicelo ezibekwe ngaphandle kwemali yorhulumente ehambelanayo', ithanda ukuphikisana ngokukhethekileyo, njengoko benyanzela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba baphambukise oovimba bezinto eziziindawo eziphambili zasekuhlaleni ukuze bathobele iimfuno zikarhulumente.

Uncedo lwemali lungumthombo obalulekileyo wengeniso kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kwimfundo nakwimisebenzi yentlalo. Noko ke, inkxaso-mali karhulumente idla ngokuvela ngemiqathango neemfuno ezisikelwe umda wendlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yoncedo. Ukutshintsha kwemigangatho yoncedo lukarhulumente kungaluchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente kunye nokuhanjiswa kweenkonzo.

Ukusebenzisana Kwabanye

Oorhulumente bengingqi basoloko besebenzisana namagunya angoorhulumente akufuphi ukusingatha imicimbi yengingqi, ukufikelela uqoqosho lwemilinganiso, nokubonelela ngeenkonzo ngendlela elungeleleneyo. Izivumelwano zesebe lezorhulumente zivumela oomasipala kunye nabasebenzi ukuba babelane ngeenkonzo, balungelelane, balungelelane, bathenge izixhobo okanye banikezele ngezinto kunye nedilesi.

Imibutho yengingqi, njengamabhunga karhulumente okanye imibutho yocwangciso lweziko, inceda ukulungelelanisa oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni.

Izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo ezigunyaziweyo zolawulo lwentsebenziswano yezomthetho phakathi kwesebe zifuna izivumelwano ezisemthethweni ezivunyiweyo ezivunyiweyo zize zithathe inxaxheba. Ezi zivumelwano kufuneka zichaze iimbopheleleko, amalungiselelo enkxaso-mali, ulawulo, kunye nobuchule bokucombulula impikiswano ukuqinisekisa ukuba intsebenziswano iyaphumelela.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya Kurhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Njengoorhulumente bamagunya orhulumente, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baquka ukwahlulwa kwemigaqo yamagunya, ukwahlula igunya phakathi kowiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye namasebe okugweba. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwale migaqo kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lorhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Imisebenzi Yomthetho

Amabhunga owiso-mthetho oluntu .(iiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho)/iintlanganiso, iintlanganiso zephondo, okanye iibhodi zabalawuli . zenza imithambo yegunya eliphambili lokumisela imithetho nemigaqo-mthetho. Ibhunga linamandla okumisela imithetho nemigaqo, ngokuvisisana nomthetho wesizwe, ngokusoloko kumiselwa kwemithetho nezommiselo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, igunya lebhunga likwaquka igunya elikhethekileyo lokugunyazisa, ngenjongo yengeniso nemithetho, naluphi na uhlobo loshishino.

Amaqumrhu agunyazisa uqingqo-mali, avumile, aseka intlawulo yerhafu, ayila amasebe olawulo, amisela iinkqubo zokulawula imisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ukongeza, ibhunga ligunyaziselwe ukumisela imithetho elawula eyalo iinkqubo, kuquka iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke kunye nokuchongwa. Umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho umela undoqo wolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuguqulela izikhethelo zoluntu kwimigaqo-nkqubo enyanzelisayo.

Imisebenzi YeWonga Eliphezulu

Usodolophu (okanye umphathi kwisixeko sebhunga elinomphathi-mantshi) usisigqeba esiyintloko sombutho, umangalelwa ngokuphumeza iinkqubo ezimiselwe libhunga, eqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yasekuhlaleni iyanyanzeliswa, kwaye ulawula imisebenzi yemibutho yemini ukuya kuyo yonke imihla, kuquka ulawulo lwabo bonke abaphathi kunye nabasebenzi ekusebenzeni imisebenzi yabo yasemthethweni. Usodolophu/umphathi-mikhosi ukwangumphathi olawula ukuqeshwa nokudubula bonke abaphathi-mikhosi nabasebenzi, abaphantsi, apho kusebenza khona, kwimithetho ephathelele inkonzo yamakhaya.

Isebe eliphetheyo liphumeza iinkqubo ezisetyenziswa liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho, abasebenzi, abasemagunyeni, abaveleli bamasebe olawulo, abalungisele izindululo zoqingqo-mali, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho nemimiselo. Amandla egunya elilawulayo ahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ngenkqubo yoomatiloshe abanamandla athe kratya kumphathi-ntloko weBhunga ngelixa izigunya lempatho yempatho yecawa kumphathi oyingcali yezonyango etyunjwe libhunga.

Ukugcina Imida Efanelekileyo

Ngokuvisisana nokwahlulwa kwemfundiso yamagunya, ibhunga aligunyazi ukuphazamisana nolawulo lwesixeko okanye urhulumente wedolophu. Amalungu eBhunga asenokungayiniki imiyalelo kwiintloko zamasebe okanye kwabanye abasebenzi bamasebe. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho ajolise kwimiqathango yomthetho ngoxa amagosa aphetheyo elawula inkqubano yemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.

Noko ke, amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho anegunya lolawulo kwaye afuna inkcazelo malunga nomsebenzi worhulumente ukuze afeze iimbopheleleko zawo. Ibhunga lifuna ulwazi ngendlela elisebenza ngayo eli qumrhu, kunye nomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko — ngokungqalileyo okanye ngamanye amagosa kamasipala okanye abasebenzi — kufuneka anike loo nkcazelo kwibhunga ngexesha elifanelekileyo neliluncedo. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kunye nokulungelelaniswa kolawulo oluyimfuneko kumela ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Kumthetho Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezingokwemigaqo engokwasemthethweni ezivavanya izithethe yaye zifuna iindlela zokulawula.

Ucimo lwemeko kunye ne Autonomy yangaphakathi

Ukucinywa kwegunya lasekuhlaleni okukhulayo kumela olunye locelomngeni olubalulekileyo loorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Amazwe aye amisela ngokwandayo imithetho ethintela imithetho yasekuhlaleni kwiindawo ezinjengekhefu elincinane, imiqathango yokugula, imiqathango yemipu, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwelizwe. La manyathelo okuzikhulula abonisa umahluko wentanda-bulumko malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo karhulumente wokucombulula imibandela ethile kwaye abangela iingxwabangxwaba phakathi kobufana borhulumente kunye nokusabela kwasekuhlaleni.

Abaxhasi bemithetho yokuzilawula baphikisa ngelithi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basondelelene nabemi yaye bakwisikhundla esingcono sokuthetha ngeemfuno ezicacileyo kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo. Abaxhasi borhulumente baphikisa ukuba ukufana kwelizwe ngokubanzi kuthintela imisebenzi yokulungisa izinto ebangela amashishini omthwalo nabantu ngabanye, iqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluzinzileyo ngaphaya kwemida yasekuhlaleni, kunye nemibandela engaphaya kwemida yasekuhlaleni.

Iimfuno zeNkcubeko kunye neemfuno zeNkonzo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ujamelana nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo lokulinganisela umgangatho wemali elinganiselweyo kunye neemfuno zenkonzo ezandisiweyo. Imiqathango yerhafu yempahla, ukuncitshiswa koncedo lorhulumente, imiyalelo engafunwayo, kunye nokuthotywa kwemali okunyanzelisa iingeniso zasekuhlaleni ngeli xesha abemi belindele iinkonzo zomgangatho ophezulu nezibonelelo. La mandla aphantsi engcinezelo anzima malunga nomgangatho wenkonzo, abasebenzi, kunye norhwebo lwemali.

Ulawulo lwezemali lwezemali lwasekuhlaleni lusoloko lunyusa olu celomngeni ngokulinganisela iinkcitho ezinokukhethwa, ngokubeka imiyalelo yemali eninzi, nokulinganisela ukutshintsha kwemali. Urhulumente kufuneka asebenzise iimfuno ezintsonkothileyo zomthetho ngoxa elawula uxinezeleko lwemali nokugcina iinkonzo eziyimfuneko.

Ulawulo lobuxhakaxhaka kunye nolawulo lwamanani

Inkqubela yobugcisa idala amathuba kunye nocelomngeni koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo yamanani, ugcino-lwazi olunenkcazelo echuliweyo, kunye nobugcisa basedolophini obuchuliweyo bungaphucula impumelelo nokusabela. Noko ke, ubugcisa bunyusa imiba engokwasemthethweni malunga nokuzimela, ukungakhutyeki kwekhompyutha, ukufumaneka kwamanani, kunye nokwenziwa kwemithetho-manani.

Ulwakhiwo lwasemthethweni kufuneka luqhelane nokuhlangabezana nezi ziphuhliso zobugcisa ngexesha ukhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela okulinganayo kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka basebenzise iimfuno zomthetho ezinxulumene nokhuseleko logcino-lwazi, ukufumaneka kwamanani, kunye nokufumana ubugcisa ngexesha izixhobo zobugcisa zokunyusa ulawulo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokutshintsha Kwemekobume

Utshintsho lwemozulu lubangela iingxaki ezinkulu koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, lufuna ukuba baqhelane neengozi zemekobume nokuncitshiswa kwegesi ekhupha igesi eshushu.

Noko ke, amanyathelo emozulu asekuhlaleni asenokujamelana nocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni ngokuphathelele igunya lokulawula kule ndawo, ingakumbi apho umthetho karhulumente okanye karhulumente kufuneka axubushe imibandela efanayo. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka acwangcise imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu ukuze amelane nokuhlolisiswa okusemthethweni ngoxa ekwazi ukusingatha iingxaki zemekobume.

Ukufumaneka Kwezindlu Nosetyenziso Lwelizwe

Iingxaki zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kuluntu oluninzi ziye zabangela ingqalelo engakumbi ekusetyenzisweni kwemithetho yomhlaba kunye nempembelelo yayo ekufumaneni iindawo zokuhlala.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zezomthetho kufuneka lulungelelanise intsebenziswano ekhuphisanayo kwimali efumaneka kwizindlu, umgangatho wobume beendawo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ujongene nengcinezelo yokuguqula imimiselo yokuhlahlela, ukuvumela iinkqubo, nokunceda ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu ngeli xesha kugcinwa igalelo loluntu nokuphendula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni esemthethweni.

Isisombululo Sokungavisisani Nezicombululo Ezisemthethweni

Iinkqubo zomthetho zinikela iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokucombulula iimbambano ezibandakanya oorhulumente basekuhlaleni nokuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana neemfuno zomthetho.

Izibheno Zolawulo

Iinkqubo zokhupho lolawulo zinceda abantu ukuba bacel ’ umngeni izigqibo ezithile zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokubhenela kwimithetho. Ezi nkqubo zibandakanya ukuphinda zihlolwe ngamaqumrhu olawulo, njengeebhodi zobheno, iikomiti zenkonzo yasekuhlaleni, okanye abaphathi-mikhosi abavayo. Izibheno zolawulo zinika iinkqubo ezifikelelekayo nezicokisekileyo zokucombulula iimpikiswano ezimalunga nemvume, ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho, imicimbi yabasebenzi, nezinye izigqibo zolawulo.

Ucwangciso olusemthethweni lumisela iinkqubo zezibheno zolawulo, eziquka iimfuno zesaziso, iinkqubo zokuva, imilinganiselo yokuhlola, kunye nemigaqo yexesha yezigqibo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamaxwebhu olawulo kusoloko kuyimfuneko phambi kokuba kufune uhlolo logwebo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpikiswano ziconjululwa ngomlinganiselo ophantsi ofanelekileyo.

Iindlela Zokugweba

Iinkundla zinika esona sigqibo sipheleleyo sempikiswano engokwasemthethweni ebandakanya oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Iingxelo zezeejaji ziquka izigwebo ezihlaziywayo ezicacisa amalungelo nezibopho ezisemthethweni, imimiselo yokuthintela okanye yokufuna ukuba kwenziwe izenzo ezithile zikarhulumente, imiyalelo yemithetho egunyazisa igosa, igosa eligunyazisayo lezenzo zoburhulumente, kunye nokungagunyaziswa kwemithetho okanye izenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

Iimfundiso ezisemthethweni ezinjengokuthintelwa komzimba ozimeleyo, ukukhuselwa kwezoburhulumente, kunye nokuthintelwa kwasemthethweni kusikel ’ umda iimfanelo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwiimeko ezithile. Noko ke, ezi mfundiso zinokugonywa ngaphandle kweemeko ezininzi, yaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokujamelana netyala eliphawulekayo lokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, ukungakhathali, kunye nezinye ihambo ephosakeleyo.

Enye impikiswano

Ukuququzelela, ukuhlahlela, kunye nezinye iindlela zokucombulula impikiswano zinika iindlela zokucombulula iingxabano ezibandakanya oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuzichaza okusesikweni. Ezi nkqubo zinokukhawuleza, zingabizi kakhulu, zingabi nakuguquka kakhulu kunengxelo zenkundla, ngeli lixa zilondoloza ulwalamano kwaye zikwazi ukuvelisa izicombululo.

Umthetho ukhuthaza okanye ufune ezinye iimpikiswano ezinokucombululelwa iingxabano ezithile. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokumisela iinkqubo zokulungisa iimpikiswano ezikhoyo, imicimbi yokunyanzelisa imigaqo-nkqubo, okanye ezinye iingxabano, bekhuthaza isisombululo ngaphandle kokuwiswa kwetyala okusemthethweni.

Izenzo ezingcono zoNcedo olungokwasemthethweni noluNempumelelo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokuthabatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze baqinisekise ukuba bayathobela umthetho, banciphise iingozi ezingokwasemthethweni, baze bakhuthaze ulawulo oluphumelelayo kwiinkqubo ezimiselwe ngokusemthethweni.

Impinda Yasemthethweni Nesiluleko

Ukufumana icebiso elisemthethweni elifanelekileyo kubalulekile kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ohamba ngemithetho entsonkothileyo. Amagqwetha kaMasipala okanye iziluleko zomthetho zihlola imithetho ecetyisiweyo, izivumelwano kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwamagosa ngokusemthethweni, ukucebisa ngemigaqo esemthethweni kunye nezithintelo, kumela imicimbi kamasipala kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni, kwaye kunikela uqeqesho kwimicimbi echaphazela imisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ukuseka iinkqubo ezicacileyo zohlolo olusemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe inyathelo elibalulekileyo kuyanceda ekuthinteleni iingxaki zomthetho kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza phantsi kwegunya labo.

Ubungqina obucacileyo nobusemngciphekweni

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kweliso kwimisebenzi karhulumente kukhuthaza ukuthembeka, kwakha ukuthenjwa kwabantu, yaye kuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho karhulumente evulekileyo. Olona qheliselo luhle luquka ukunikezelwa kwesaziso esicacileyo sikawonke-wonke seentlanganiso kunye neendlebe, ukwenza iirekhodi zikarhulumente zifikeleleke, zichaze izigqibo kunye nesiseko sazo esisemthethweni, ukukhuthaza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba kuwonke wonke kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, nokugcina iiwebhsayithi ezifikelelekayo nezingabahlobo abanolwazi lukarhulumente.

Ukuganana okunentsingiselo kukhulisa ubunjani bezigqibo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo zoluntu ziyazisa iinkqubo zokwazisa.

Uxwebhu kunye nogcino- lwengxelo

Ukugcina iingxelo ezichanekileyo nezipheleleyo kufeza iinjongo ezininzi: ukubonakalisa ukuhambelana neemfuno zomthetho, ukunikela ubungqina ekunokuchazwa, ukwenza ukuba kubekho ukubonakala nokufikelela koluntu, ukuxhasa ukuqhubekeka kolawulo, nokuqinisekisa ukuphicothwa nokubekwa koomalathisi.

Umthetho wesicwangciso ogunyazisa iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokugcina ingxelo, kuquka ucwangciso lokuzigcina kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaxwebhu. Ukuseka iinkqubo ezicacileyo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo olucacileyo lokuqinisekisa ukuthobela ezi mfuneko nokukhusela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwiingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni ezisekelwe kuxwebhu olungelulo

Uqeqesho nophuhliso

Uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo kumagosa anyuliweyo, abalawuli nabasebenzi lukhuthaza ukuqondwa kweemfuno zomthetho nezona ndlela zifanelekileyo. Imibandela yokuqeqesha ifanele iquke igunya elisemthethweni kunye nemiqathango, iimfuno zesizwe, imigaqo yokuziphatha nengquzulwano yomdla, iintlanganiso neengxelo zikawonke wonke, amalungelo abantu neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko, nemiba engqalileyo engokwayameleni isikhundla okanye imisebenzi ethile.

Iintlanganiso zoogcisa, amaqumrhu kamasipala karhulumente, kunye namaqumrhu emfundo anika amagosa karhulumente oluntu iinkqubo zokuqeqesha kunye noovimba.

Uphuhliso loMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noHlaziyo

Ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezicacileyo kukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, okusesikweni nokuthobela umthetho kwimisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Imithetho-siseko kufuneka ithethe ngeendawo ezingundoqo ekusetyenzwa kuzo, ibonise iimfuno zomthetho, inike ukhokelo lokwenza izigqibo, ize ihlaziywe rhoqo ize ihlaziywe ukuze ibonise utshintsho notshintsho olusemthethweni

Uhlolo lwamaxa athile lwemithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo luqinisekisa ukuba zihlala zisebenza ngoku, zivakala ngokusemthethweni, kwaye zilungelelaniswe neemfuno zoluntu. Amalungiselelo angaphandle okanye asemthethweni anengxaki kufuneka alungiswe okanye alungiswe ukugcina ukuthobela okusemthethweni nokulawula okusebenzayo.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Umthetho Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Abahlali, amagosa nabaphandi bafumana izinto ezininzi abafuna ukuqonda imigaqo engokwasemthethweni elawula oorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Umthombo Karhulumente

Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente nezorhulumente zilungiselela ukufikelela kwimithetho, imigaqo, iintlanganiso nemizuzu, uqingqo-mali neengxelo zemali, kunye nokuqhagamshelana namagosa namasebe. Ngoku imimandla emininzi inika amagosa nemigangatho emininzi ebanzi ye-intanethi yolwazi lukarhulumente, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ngabantu ukuqonda imithetho yasekuhlaleni nokuqwalasela imisebenzi karhulumente.

Umanyano lukamasipala kamasipala kunye nentsebenziswano yemibutho yoluntu zinikela ubuncwane, uqeqesho, kunye noncedo lobugcisa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Oovimba bophando olusemthethweni

Ii-data zomthetho kunye nezikhokelo zophando zinceda ekufumaneni umthetho wasekuhlaleni. Iincwadi zomthetho zasekuhlaleni zigcina ingqokelela eninzi yezinto zomthetho karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwaye zinikela uncedo lophando.

Iingxelo ezilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yomthetho karhulumente zinikela uphando oluphangaleleyo ngemibandela yezomthetho yasekuhlaleni.

Imibutho Yemfundo Nezeepilisi

Le misebenzi inceda abemi basekuhlaleni baqonde indlela urhulumente osebenza ngayo nendlela abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Imibutho karhulumente elungileyo namaqumrhu karhulumente akhuthaza ukuba kubekho ukubonakala, ukuphendula, nokuba nenxaxheba kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ikamva Lemisebenzi Yezomthetho Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezilawula oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko, ukuvela kweengxaki nokutshintsha kweentanda - bulumko ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente waseMerika.

Ukulungelelanisa ufana kunye noLawulo lwangaphakathi

Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ephathelele ukupheliswa kwemeko kunye nokuzimela ngokwasekuhlaleni iza kuqhubeka ibumba umthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ukufumana ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kokungaguquguquki kwemeko-bume kunye nobubhetyebhetye basekuhlaleni kusengucelomngeni olungundoqo. Izakhiwo zemithetho kufuneka zihlalise izilangazelelo zorhulumente ezifanelekileyo zombini ngokulinganayo nemfuneko yoorhulumente basekuhlaleni yokuba balawule kwiimeko ezingqaleneyo zengingqi.

Abanye abajongi baxhasa ukuqinisa igunya lasekuhlaleni ukuze kuvunywe ukuba kubekho inxaxheba kulawulo lwezikhundla zedemokhrasi kumgangatho woluntu. Abanye bagxininisa ukubaluleka kobuveleli borhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa ngokuzinzileyo, ukukhusela imigaqo-nkqubo eyingozi yasekuhlaleni, nokuphendula imicimbi yengingqi. Ezi zimo zikhuphisanayo ziza kuqhubeka ziphembelela inkqubela-phambili yomthetho-siseko neyomthetho karhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ukuqhelana Notshintsho Lobugcisa

Ubuxhakaxhaka buza kuqhubeka buguqula imisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni buze buvelise imiba emitsha esemthethweni. Ucwangciso lwezomthetho kufuneka lulungelelanise ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo zamanani, ukuzimela kogcino-lwazi, ukungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha, ubukrelekrele obungeyo yabubugcisa, kunye nezinye izinto zobugcisa.

Izixhobo zolawulo lwamanani zinganyusa ukubonakala, ukuthabatha inxaxheba koluntu, nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Kodwa ke, izakhiwo zomthetho kufuneka ziqinisekise ukufikelela okulinganayo kwiinkonzo zamanani, ukukhusela ulwazi olunovakalelo, nokugcina ulawulo lomntu kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo.

Ukunika inkxaso-mali

Ukulungiselela ukulondolozwa kwemali ngexesha iimfuno zentlanganiso ziza kufuna utshintsho kwisakhiwo semali yorhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Izakhiwo zomthetho ezilawula igunya lengeniso yengeniso, uncedo lukarhulumente, kunye nolawulo lwemali zisenokufuna ukuhlaziywa ukuze zibonise izinto ezikhoyo zeli xesha kwaye zikwazi ulawulo oluzinzileyo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukuhlola ezinye iimvelaphi zengeniso, ukukhuthaza iinkqubo zerhafu yemiqathango, nokubonelela ngobuchule obuninzi bemali kunganceda oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcine iinkonzo eziyimfuneko nezibonelelo. Noko ke, utshintsho kufuneka lulungelelanise iimfuno zemali zasekuhlaleni kunye nemfuno zokhuseleko lwabahlawuli-rhafu kunye neemfuno zokuziphendulela.

Ukukhuthaza Ubulungisa

Ulwandiso lokulungelelanisa nokubandakanya ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni luza kuphembelela ulawulo olusemthethweni. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yorhulumente wongingqi kunye nezenzo zikhuthaza ukuphathwa kakuhle, amathuba alinganayo, kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba okunentsingiselo kubo bonke abemi kumele kubaluleke kakhulu. Iinkqubo zemithetho kufuneka zilungele ukulungiselela iinkqubo eziquka ukwenza izigqibo, ukuphendula ngokweempembelelo zemigaqo-siseko yasekuhlaleni, nokukhuthaza ukusasazwa kweenkonzo kunye nobuncwane okuthe kwamkeleka

Utshintsho lungaquka ukuqinisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukukhuthaza amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kuluntu, ukusingatha inkxalabo yemekobume, nokukhuthaza ukuhambelana ekunikezelweni kweenkonzo nakumaziko ahlukahlukeneyo. Le migudu inokuba negalelo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banceda bonke abantu ngokunempumelelo nangokusesikweni.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lweziko lomthetho loorhulumente basekuhlaleni lumela inkqubo entsonkothileyo yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, imimiselo, imithetho, kunye nezigqibo zomthetho ezichaza indlela abantu abalawulwa ngayo. Ukuqonda esi sixokelelwano kubalulekile ukuze kubekho inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle, ulawulo olunempumelelo, kunye nokulawulwa kwedemokhrasi. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bongamela iinkonzo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi njengeesebe lamapolisa kunye namasebe omlilo, iindlela nepaki. Izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezinika ezi nkonzo zibonakalisa ukhetho olusisiseko ngokusasazwa kwamandla karhulumente, ukulungelelanisa phakathi kolawulo lwengingqi kunye nolawulo lwengingqi, kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuphendula koovimba.

Njengoko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni besebenzisa imingeni yanamhlanje .ukusuka kwimiqobo yezobugcisa ukuya kutshintsho oluhlaziywayo ukuya kuphucula izinto eziphambili zentlalo-ntle, – – – kwaye imigaqo engundoqo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, nokuphendulana korhulumente. Indaleko eqhubekayo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni ibonakalisa iingxoxo ezibanzi eziphathelele uburhulumente, ulawulo-demokhrasi, kunye nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente ekucombululeni iimfuno zoluntu.

Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda nokunxulumana norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ukuqhelana nemithetho yesiseko kunika imeko ebalulekileyo ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kwintlalo-ntle. Kumagosa asekuhlaleni, ukuqonda iimfuno zomthetho kunye nemiqathango yezomthetho kubangela ukuba ulawulo lusebenze kwaye lumiselwe ngokusemthethweni. Bonke abagcini-zibonelelo, uxabiso ngeziseko ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zikhuthaza incoko esekelwe kulwazi ngendlela uluntu olumele lulawulwa ngayo nendlela imigaqo-siseko esemthethweni enokuthi isebenzise ngayo imigangatho yedemokhrasi kunye neemfuno zoluntu.

Isiseko somthetho sorhulumente wasekuhlaleni ekugqibeleni sisebenza kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni olusebenzayo, ukhuseleko lwamalungelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula ityala, nokunceda abantu bacombulule iingxaki ezimanyeneyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Njengoko abantu beqhubeka beguqula, ukulungelelanisa oku kusebalulekile kulawulo olusebenzayo lwasekuhlaleni kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMerika.

Ongezelelweyo Oovimba

Abo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngomthetho karhulumente wasekuhlaleni nokuthembisana ngezoshishino, bafumana izinto ezininzi:

  • UManyano lohlanga lweziXhosa (] http://www.lc.org) - Inikezela ngoovimba, uphando, kunye nolawulo loorhulumente bamasipala
  • International City/Intlangano yoLawulo ye- (https://i-icma.org)- Inika uphuhliso lobuchule kunye noovimba bolawulo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni
  • Imanyano yelizwe yoMasipala ( http://www.naco.org) - i-memographes zoorhulumente bephondo kwaye inika oovimba benkqubo
  • UManyano lukaMasipala weSizwe - urhulumente ngamnye unemibutho exhasa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokhokelo noqeqesho olusemthethweni
  • IiWebsite zoRhulumente wasekuhlaleni - Oomasipala abaninzi kunye nobalo lwezicwangciso zigcina ii-website ezinezigwebo, ulwazi oludityanisiweyo, kunye neenkcukacha zokudibana

Ukusebenzisa ezi zinto nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwenza abemi baqonde imigaqo esemthethweni ebumba abantu babo kwaye bafak ’ isandla ekulawuleni ngokwedemokhrasi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.