Unyulo Oluyintloko noMthetho: Ukhokelo Olulula Kwinkqubo Entsonkothileyo

Unyulo lokuqala yi-injini efihlakeleyo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ngeli xesha unyulo ngokubanzi lufumana eyona ngqalelo ininzi, amaprimenti agqiba ukuba ngoobani abathathi-nxaxheba abavela kwi-colot kaNovemba, abanqumla ngokunempumelelo ibala kwilizwe labantu abangaphezu kwe-330 ezigidi. Noko ke, imithetho elawula olu khuphiswano ikude kakhulu. Ziluluhlu oluxinene lwemithetho karhulumente, imimiselo yeqela, imithetho yeqela, kunye nemimiselo yenkundla yenkundla.

Ukuqonda le mithetho isemthethweni kubalulekile kuye nabani na ojonge ukuvota, ukubalekela isikhundla, okanye ukucacisa indlela yelizwe yezobupolitika. Uxinzelelo olungundoqo kumthetho ophambili wonyulo luphakathi komdla karhulumente ekuqhubeni unyulo olulungileyo nolufanelekileyo kunye noMmiselo wokuqala wesiHlaziyo wePhondo wezobupolitika kunelungelo lokukhetha umgcini walo osezantsi.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni: Ngubani Obeka Imithetho Eya Kubabeki - mthetho?

Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo oluqhelekileyo, olulawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente nangurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, unyulo oluphambili lukho ekudibaneni komthetho kawonke-wonke nomanyano lwangasese. Oku kudala isiseko esikhethekileyo esisemthethweni.

Igunya lomanyano nomGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika amandla okunika unyulo, kodwa imithetho yesizwe imisela iimfuno ezibanzi. Uncedo Melika Vote Act (HEVA) ka-2002, umzekelo, imiyalelo yemigangatho yoomatshini bokuvota kunye nogcino-lwazi lobhaliso olusebenza kunyulo. Iinkundla zequmrhu ziphinde zadlala indima enkulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba amaqela ezobupolitika anelungelo lomanyano [[FLT] oluphambili lolwambutho . Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente akanakunyanzela iqela ukuba livumele amalungu omkhosi ukuba avote kuwo ukuba asebenze kwindima yawo ephambili ukuba okona kubangela umonakalo lweqela.

Kwimeko yophawu olubalulekileyo [[FLT: 0] iTashjian v. iParti yeRepublica yaseConnecticut (1986), iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umthetho karhulumente onyanzelisa isalathisi esivaliweyo wawungagqwalanga kuba yayiphazamisana nelungelo leqela lokumema abavoti abazimeleyo ukuba babe nenxaxheba. Ngokuchaseneyo, [[FLT: 2]] iCalifornia Democratic Party v. Jones, iNkundla yabetha phantsi "isiphambili seKhalifoni," eyavumela bonke abavoti abavoti abavoti abazimeleyo ukuba bavote naliphi na iqela. Inkundla yaqiqanda ukuba bangamshelwanga ukuba bamkele inkululeko yabo engongongohlangani.

La matyala agxininisa umgaqo ongundoqo womthetho: imithetho ye-Prime kufuneka ilungelelanise izilangazelelo zombuso nxamnye namalungelo eqela. Yiyo loo nto sibona umahluko omkhulu kangaka kwimithetho engundoqo kumazwe angama-50.

Imithetho kaRhulumente kunye neeNcwadi zoLawulo lweQela

Kumgangatho wesizwe, ikhowudi yonyulo ilawula amandongomane namabhati: ukucwangcisa ixesha lokubhalisa, izicelo zosayino, ukwenziwa kwendlela yokuyila, kunye neenkqubo. Amaqela ezobupolitika akwabhala iincwadi zawo zolawulo. IKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic (DNC) kunye neKomiti yeRepublicaan National Committee (RNC) imisela imithetho ebophelelayo yokuba abathunywa babo bomongameli banikwe njani. Amaqela karhulumente angamisela imithetho engqongqo kumgangatho wombuso wabo, logama nje engangqubani nomthetho karhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba umkhwelisi weRhuluneli angajongana nemithetho eyahlukileyo kunokuqhuba umongameli, kwana kwilizwe elifanayo.

[[UMTL:0] Icebo lelizwe: kuluhlu olubanzi lwemithetho engundoqo yephondo, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho wesizwe inika urhoxiso olulungileyo.

Ukuqonda Iintlobo Ezahlukileyo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Owona mahluko ubonakalayo wasemthethweni phakathi koorhulumente luhlobo lokuqala abalusebenzayo. Imithetho yenzelwe ukulawula oza kuvota, okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuthambeka kwengqiqo yabathathi-nxaxheba.

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

Kwisiqalo esivaliweyo, abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe ngeqela elithile abanokuvota kwisiseko salo mbutho. UDemocrat obhalisiweyo akanakuvota kwisiseko soRiphabliki. Isiphumezi-miyalelo esisemthethweni se-pricyrimries esivaliweyo somelele: bakhusela [ ilungelo lokunxulumana [. Baqinisekisa ukuba umbutho ungomnye unyulwe ngamalungu okwenene.

Apho isebenza khona: Amazwe anjenge New York, Florida, Delaware, kunye nePennsylvania asebenzisa ngokungqongqo amadlala avaliweyo. Umthetho ongundoqo: i Voters kufuneka zivakalise kakuhle unxulumano lwamaqela azo ngaphambili konyulo oluphambili.

[[FLT: 0] Impatho yeProtholity: I-valed primrime idla ngokuxhasa abathathi-nxaxheba abakwingqiqo eninzi ngokuhambelana nesiseko seqela, njengokuba abavoti abaphambili bebophelelekile kakhulu kwaye bebotshelelwe kakhulu kunabo bonke abachongi.

Vula Iindawo

Umvulo ovulekileyo uvumela nawuphi na umvoti obhalisiweyo ukuba akhethe ukuba yeyiphi inxenye yokuqala ukuvota kuSuku loNnyulo. Kundawo yokuvota, ucela nje iDemocratic okanye iRepublicaan ballot. Umqwalaseli osemthethweni apha yi inkululeko kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba .]

[[FLT: 0] Apho isebenza khona: Amazwe afana ne Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, ne New Hampshire asebenzisa ipringiteris ezivulekileyo. Umthetho ongundoqo: Umvoti angaguqula amaqela kunyulo angene kunyulo ngaphandle kwemiqathango.

Impikiswano enkulu yomthetho nemilinganiselo yecawa ngulo [[FT:2] umahluko wovoti. Abachasi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvula kwe-primes kuvumela amalungu eqela eliphikisanayo ukuba "avumele" akwilungu lokuqala kunye nevoti yomvoti obuthathaka. Ngelixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa jikelele ukuvulwa kwe-Primenti njengevumelekileyo, impikiswano iyaqhubeka.

I-Semi-open kunye ne-Semi-eVale Izixhobo

Ezi zii-druid zenzelwe ukwahlula umahluko. i-semi-crood ephambili (umz., Iowa, umNtla Carolina), kuphela amalungu abhalisiweyo angavota kweloqela elingundoqo, kodwa ivoti ezimeleyo ingakhetha ukuba yeliphi iqela elinolwahlulo lokuthatha inxaxheba.

Iibhariri eziphezulu-sibini nezoMphezulu-Mntla

Oku kukunduluka okugqithisileyo kwi-primiry yesithethe. Kwindlela Phezulu- 2 , esetyenziswa eWashington, eKhalifoniya, nase Nebraska, bonke abatsha abatshayo badweliswe kwisiqalo esinye nangaliphi na iqela. Abathathi-nxaxheba abafumana olona voti luphambili kunyulo jikelele.

[[FLT: 0] Inkcazo: Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuvelisa uphumelele okuthe kratya nokuthoba amandla eqela ngaphakathi. Noko ke, ikhokelele kwiimeko apho iiDemocrates ezimbini okanye ezimbini zeRepublicans zijongene nonyulo jikelele, ngokunempumelelo zisusa uvotezo lwamanye amaqela. INkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa inkqubo ePhakamileyo yeWashington kwi Jahington State Grangev. Washington Republican Partion [2008], iwuhlula ngokuphumelelayo umphetho owenziwe phantsi [FLT:] [FFF] [FFFF]]

I-Alaska ityhalele phambili oku nge phezulu-i-FOur idityaniswe ne-Ranked Cover Voing (RCV) kunyulo jikelele. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, abanyulwa abane abaphezulu baqhubekele phambili, kungakhathaliseki ukuba beliphi iqela, kwaye unyulo jikelele lugqitywe ngesantya sokubaleka.

Icebo lobuxhakaxhaka: kuhlalutyo lwendlela ezi nkqubo eziluchaphazela ngayo unyulo, bona i Melika engangeniyo uphando kutshintsho olungundoqo.

Ukufumana ibhalthi: Iimfaneleko zeCandidate kunye nokufikelela

Imithetho esemthethweni kweliqonga ithatha phezulu ngendlela engathethekiyo. Ukuba umvoteli akanakufumana igama lakhe kwisixhobo sokuqala sokuvota, iphulo lakhe liphelile phambi kokuba liqalise.

Izicelo Nezinto Ezicekisayo

Uninzi lwamazwe lufuna abatshatelwa ukuba bahlawule umrhumo wefaundi okanye baqokelele inani elithile lotyikityo olusuka kubavoti ababhalisiweyo ukuze bafaneleke kwibhola yokuqala. Umzekelo weNkundla yeNkundla apha apha [] Anderersson v. Celebreze [1903] [1] [1983] kunye [[FLT]] Burdickick v. Takushi]. Inkundla imisele uvavanyo olulinganisiweyo: ubukhali bomda kwi-project/voter bulinganiswe nxamnye nomdlalo wonyulo.

  • [[NTL:0] Iimfuno Zokuthatyathwa: Kwezinye iindawo, ummeli weRhuluneli angafuna amawaka otyikityo. Umzekelo, eTexas, ummi wamazwe efuna malunga notyikityo olumalunga nama-5 000, kodwa kufuneka azihlanganise kwindawo ezithile (u-"unikezelo").
  • Intengo ebhabhayo: Ezi ziyahluka-hluka. Ukubaleka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe eMichigan kungabiza amakhulu ambalwa eerandi, ngelixa umrhumo wefashoni eFlorida unokuba ngamawaka aliqela. Ukuba umrhumo uphezulu kakhulu, ungacelw'elwa njengophazamiso olungekho semthethweni ekunene ukuqhuba iofisi.

Imithetho yokuzithethelela nokuzimela

Imfuno ezisisiseko zomthetho ziquka iminyaka esisiseko (idla ngokuba yi18 yeofisi karhulumente, 25 yeNdlu, i-30 yeBhunga), ubumi kunye nendawo yokuhlala. Umba wesicelo kufuneka asoloko engumntu ohlala kwiphondo okanye kwisithili abanqwenela ukumela ixesha elimisiweyo (ngokufuthi eli-1-5). Le mithetho ayifane iqhutywe ngempikiswano kodwa iyanyanzeleka.

Imithetho ye-"Sore"

Umthetho ogxekayo kodwa osoloko utyeshelwa ngumthetho "Sore Loser". Le mimiselo ithintela umvotelwa ophulukana nomtyaba ophambili ekusebenzeni njengomntu ozimeleyo okanye obhalelweyo kunyulo jikelele. Injongo esemthethweni kukuqinisekisa ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokuqala ngokuthintela iimpikiswano zokungena kwicandelo ekuchithekeni konyulo jikelele. I-Pentalo ingaquka ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kunyulo lwebhola.

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Ibhola

Kuqhelekile ukuxambulisana ngokufumana ibhola yokuvota. Imisebenzi idla ngokungamkeleki xa kuphoswa ixesha eliseleyo, ukunikezela intsayino enganele, okanye ukuba namaphepha angafanelekanga. Olu celomngeni lusoloko luviwa kwiinkundla zephondo kwaye lunokuthatha iinyanga ukusombulula, ukwenza ikhalenda yokuqala ibe yidabi elisemthethweni.

[[NTL: 0] Icebo le projekti: Ukubona indlela imithetho yokufikelela eyahluka ngayo ngokwemeko kubanikezeli abazimeleyo, iBallopedia igcina iinkcukacha zengxelo yemo- ngokomhlathi[.

Imithetho yobhaliso lweVoter kunye neQela

Ukuvota kwintloko, kufuneka ubhaliswe ukuze uvote. Oku kuvakala kulula, kodwa iimfuno ezisemthethweni zidala imiqobo ebalulekileyo.

Imigca ebhalisweyo

Uninzi lwamazwe kufuneka abavoti babhalise iintsuku eziyi15 ukuya kwezingama-30 phambi kweyokuqala. Amanye amazwe, njenge Minnesota, Wisconsin, kunye neMontana, avumela ubhaliso lwemini enye [ ngosuku oluphambili. Olu tshintsho lusemthethweni lunganyuka ngokuphawulekayo, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abaselula.

Imithetho yeVoter

Ingxoxo engomthetho we-Voter yemithetho ye-ID iqatha kakhulu kwi-primes. Amazwe anemithetho ye-Voter engqongqo afuna iindlela ezithile zokuzichaza (njengelayisensi yokuqhuba okanye ipasi yokundwendwe). Abagxeki baphikisa oku ngumqobo wokuthabatha inxaxheba. Umgangatho osemthethweni kukuba ngaba umthetho ubeka "umthwalo ongawundululiyo" elungeni, umgangatho omiselwe ku Crawford v. UMrion County Ecompution Board[[FLT: 1] (2008). Ngelixesha iNkuxhasa umthetho ongqongqo ka-Indiana, ukusetyenziswa kwale mithetho kunyuko-kunyuko-kunyukela kunyuko oluphezulu unyuso-kuqhubekeka ukunyuswa.

Iinguqu Zokudityaniswa Kweqela

Kumaphondo aphezulu avaliweyo, umthetho uyakumisela indlela osebenza ngayo neqela. Amanye amaphondo akuvumela ukuba utshintshe amaqela ngomhla woNnyulo. Amanye, njengaseNew York, afuna ukuba utshintshe unxulumano lwakho kwiinyanga ezingaphambili. Oku kwaziwa njenge "window" yotshintsho lweqela. Le mithetho yenzelwe ukuthintela ukuhlasela kweqela kodwa ikwanokubambisa abavoti abafuna ukutshintsha igama labo lezobupolitika.

Imali Yekampu: Imithetho Yomdlalo Wemali Kumaphepha

Imali ingundoqo kumaphulo anamhlanje, yaye unyulo oluyintloko lunemithetho ekhethekileyo yemali.

Imida Yegalelo

UMthetho weCandelo loNqumrhu loWonga-nkqubo (FECA) ulawula ulawulo lwamaqumrhu asekuhlaleni. Ngowama-2024, umntu angafak' isandla kwi R1,300 ngonyulo kwikomiti yomvotelwa. Ngenxa yokuba isicatshulwa sokuqala silunyulo olwahlukileyo kuwonke-wonke, umnikeli anganika ii-$3,300 zeR3,300 ukwenzela i-all, 300. Olu "unyulo-eyenzi" lunyusa kabini umlinganiselo umnikeli angawunika ngokusemthethweni phambi kwejelo- jikelele uqala.

Imithetho yemo yesizwe iyahluka ngokugqithisileyo. Amanye amazwana akanamida konke konke kwiminikelo yokuchaza abatsha abatsha, ngoxa amanye enemiqathango engqongqo (umz., R1,50 ngonyulo ngalunye).

Ii-Exponentity ezilungelelanisiweyo

Amaqela ezobupolitika angachitha imali exhasa ngokuthe ngqo abathathi-nxaxheba bawo abaphambili, kodwa kukho imida enokuba balungelelanisa nabani na. Ukukhutshwa kwale mida kukungqubana okunzulu ne-FEC. Unyuko u-PaCS (ukulandela ] Speech ngoku.org v. FEC] kunye ]]] I-CITSIZEN BON []]) ngokupheleleyo iguqule umhlaba. I-PAC inokwandisa kwaye ichithe iindleko ezingapheleliyo ukuxhasa okanye ukulwa kwe-adiza okanye ukulwa, njengoko zingalungelenene ngqo naleejolo olukhoyo.

Imali

Amanye amazwe, njengeMinnesota, iHawaii neArizona, anika abo batshateyo inkxaso-mali yemali elungiselelwe abantu abavuma ukuchitha imida. Le yinkqubo esemthethweni eyenzelwe ukunciphisa impembelelo yabanikeli-mali abaninzi kwizindlu zangasese. Noko ke, inxaxheba iye yancipha njengoko iindleko zeli phulo ziye zanyuka, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukuchithwa kwemali kungathandeki kakhulu kubantu abaza kubhaptizwa.

[[UMKCUBO:0] Icebo le projekti: kwimida yangoku yomnikelo wezwelonke, khangela i webhsayithi yeKhomishoni yoPhuhliso .

Iingxabano, Unxibelelwano Neengxoxo

Unyulo oluphambili lunokugqwethwa, yaye umthetho unikela iindlela zokucombulula iingxabano.

Iingxelo

Ukuba isiqalo sisondele kakhulu, umthetho karhulumente usoloko unika ubalo oluzenzekelayo (ngokufuthi luye lwavuswa ukuba umda ungaphantsi kwe 0.5% okanye inani elithile leevoti). Kungenjalo, umvoteli angacela isalathisi, kodwa kufuneka ahlawule ngokwayo. Imithetho yokuzoba ibhola yohlukene kwimo nganye, kwaye ezi nkqubo zilawulwa ziinkundla zikarhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Nokunganeliseki

IsiHlaliso se-14 soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., iCandelo le-3, lichaza ukuba nabani na obandakanyeka "kukhuthuzo okanye kwimvukelo" eUnited States emva kokufunga ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko akanakukwazi ukuphatha. Eli binzana licacileyo laziswa ngo-2024 xa amagunya afana noColorado noMaine ezama ukususa umlandeli wobumongameli kwibholo esisiseko esisekelwe kweli lungiselelo. Iimfazwe ezisemthethweni ezingokwasemthethweni kulowo unegunya lokunyanzela icandelo 3 (ii-vs. Congressmenti) kwaye oko kuquluni "istrection" kukhokelela kwisigqibo esimanyeneyo se-U. S. INkundla ePhaka V[FLD], ethetha ukuba le mithetho elawulayongasayinwe.

Iingxaki Ezikhoyo Kwindibano

Ngelinye ixesha liqhelekileyo namhlanje, ezinye iiprojekthi zomongameli lukhuphiswano oluphezulu okanye ii-couciers ezikhetha abathunywa kwindibano. Ezi ndibano zingaba ziindawo zokulwa ezisemthethweni ngenxa yeziqinisekiso zokuthunywa. Indibano yeRiphabliki ne-Democratic ezingama-2024 zalwa ngokushushu ngaphaya kwemithetho enikwa abathunywa, ingakumbi kumazwe apho umbalelwano ophambili warhoxiswa okanye wakhuphiswa.

Ikamva Lomthetho Wonyulo Oyintloko

Umthetho olawula amaziko aphezulu utshintsha ngokukhawuleza njengoko unyulo luzimela luze luba mhlophe.

Ukujija kokhetho olunqatyisiweyo (RCV)

I-RCV iyamkelwa kwizindlu zangasese ukuphelisa "isikhonkwane" abavumi kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba abaphumeleleyo banenkxaso enkulu. Maine usebenzisa i-RCV kwi-primerives yayo (kulo phesheya kwelizwe), kwaye i-Alaska iyayisebenzisa kunyulo lwayo jikelele emva kweNtlanganiso ephezulu. Umthetho we-RCV uxhaswe ziinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente, kodwa ucalulo malunga nendlela ivoti ekhutshwa ngayo iqhubekeka.

Intshukumo Evula Ityala

Kukho ukhutshelo olukhulayo olusemthethweni kumgangatho worhulumente ukwenza irhafu ekhutshiwe, ivulekile iinkqubo eziphambili ezingalawulwanga ngamaqela ezobupolitika. Iziqu eziphambili kumazwe anjenge Missouri, Florida, kunye noIdaho zizama ukulahla amagumbi okuvalela asecaleni kwiinkqubo ezifana neTop- 2 okanye Phezulu-Four. La madabi asemthethweni adla ngokuyila umba wokufakela umba njengamalungelo omhlawula irhafu: "Kutheni kufuneka ndifune imali yerhafu yombutho werhafu ephambili endinokuvota kuwo?

Utyekelo lomthetho nolwezejaji

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe ziya ziqhekeka kulo mba. Iimeko ezilawulwa yiRiphabliki ziyahamba ukuya kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo ukunyanzelisa ubunyulu beqela, lo gama amazwe azimeleyo ehamba ukuya kwiinkqubo ezivulekileyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iya kuqhubeka ingumkhuseli opheleleyo, ilinganisela amalungelo oMphengululi Wokuqala wamaqela [[FLT ngokuchasene namalungelo [FLT:]

[[UMTL: 0] Icebo elipheleleyo: ukuhlaziywa kwendlela ezi nguqu ezisebenza ngayo, ibonelela ngophando olungakhethiyo kwi RCV kunye neenkqubo ezingundoqo.

Isiphelo: Indima Yakho Kwinkqubo Yasemthethweni

Ukuqonda imithetho esisiseko yonyulo akuyonto nje yemfundo. Le mithetho igqiba enoba uvotelwa ngubani, ngubani onokuzivotela, kwaye luluphi ukhetho olwenzayo ngoNovemba. Le nkqubo intsonkothile kuba idibanisa ulawulo lukawonke wonke nomanyano lwezopolitiko lwabucala.

Nokuba ngaba ungumvotelwa ojongene nomqobo wokufumana ibhola evoti, umvoti uhamba ngemiqathango evaliweyo ekwimiqathango ephambili yokubhalisa, okanye ummeli olwela inkqubo evulekileyo, imithetho esemthethweni yinkqubo yayo yonke inkqubo. Impilo yenkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika ixhomekeke kule mithetho ecace gca, elungileyo, kwaye esetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo.

Jonga igunya lakho lonyulo lwasekuhlaleni ukuze uqonde imithetho ecacileyo karhulumente wakho. Ukwazi imithetho linyathelo lokuqala lokuyisebenzisa.