Ukuqonda ukuSulwa nokuHlanganisiwa: Isikhokelo sesizwe ngeSimo

Umthetho wokucoca iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States lusebenza ngokudityanisiweyo ngemimiselo yenkundla, imithetho, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Ngeli xesha amagama athi "i-extimence" esoloko esetyenziswa ngohlobo olunye, amela iingcaciso zomthetho ezahlukeneyo ezineziphumo ezahlukeneyo kwingxelo yomntu. Kubantu abafuna ukuqala ngokutsha emva kokubanjwa okanye ukuqinisekiswa, ukuhlaziywa kwezi ntlobo ziyimfuneko. Le sikhokelo sinika ububanzi, ubugocici-ngo bobunyani, iimfuno ze-procedro, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzayo zemithetho yokucima nokutyhala.

Ukususwa kwento nge-. Ukugada: Ukuchaza Amagama

Ukucima kubhekiselele ekutshabalaleni okusemthethweni okanye ekususweni ngokoqobo kweerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho kwinkundla nakumthetho wogcino-lwazi. Xa zicinyiwe, irekhodi ithathwa ngokungathi ayizange ibekho, kwaye inkoliso yamalungu kawonke-wonke kunye nawabucala ayinakufikelela kuyo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, abantu bangaphendula ngokusemthethweni "no" xa bebuzwa ngokucinezelwa okucinezelelwa emsebenzini okanye kwiizicelo zezindlu.

Ukubeka imvume [[FLT: 0] yembali yolwaphulo-mthetho ithintela ukufikelela koluntu kwingxelo kodwa ayiyiphelisi ngokupheleleyo. Le ngxelo ihlala ikhona kumasebe athile karhulumente, kumthetho onyanzelisayo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iibhodi zokumisa. Ukujija kusoloko kubandakanya umyalelo wenkundla othintela ukukhutshwa kwengxelo ngaphandle phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezifana nokuxilonga okungasemva kokhuseleko okanye ukuthengwa kwemipu.

Amanye amazwe asebenzisa indlela exutyiweyo, apho iirekhodi zitywinwa khona kuqala kwaye emva koko zitshatyalaliswe ngokuzenzekelayo emva kwexesha lokulinda. Amanye avumela ukutywinwa kwezono ezithile ngexesha efuna ukucinywa kweminye imiba emincinane. Ukuqonda ukuba luluphi unyango olukhoyo kulawulo lwakho lelona nyathelo lokuqala libalulekileyo.

Ukuguquguquka Okukhulu Kombuso Ekucinyweni Nasemithethweni

IKhalifoniya – Ukukhutshwa Phantsi Kwetyala

IKhalifoniya ivumela abantu ukuba bafake izicelo zokuphelisa ukuthembeka emva kokuphumelela ukugqibezela ukulingwa. Le nkqubo ayiyicimi ngokupheleleyo ingxelo; endaweni yoko, iphinda ichaze ukuma kwetyala njenge “engakhutshwanga.” Noko ke, ingxelo ihlala ibonakala kumthetho onyanzelisayo kwaye isenokuqwalaselwa kwiziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho zexesha elizayo. Ukubanjwa okungakhokelelanga ekuqiniseki, umthetho waseKhalifoniya unika inkqubo eyahlukileyo yokutywina iirekhodi zokubanjwa. Inyaniso, iCalifornia ayikuvumeli ukupheliswa kweefebe ezinzulu, kuquka ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo kunye nezenzo zesini ezifuna ukubhaliswa kobomi bonke.

New York – Ingxelo Yezaphuli - mthetho

Imithetho yokutywinwa kweNew York iphakathi kweyona ihamba phambili. Ngaphantsi kwePrecedure Law Icandelo 160.59, abantu abagwetyelwe ukubotshwa kwabantu abathile abangekho mthethweni kunye namaqumrhu angoorhulumente bangasebenza ukutywina iingxelo zabo emva kwexesha eliyiminyaka eli-10 belindile ukususela ngomhla wokuvalwa okanye ekuvalweni. Umthetho ususa izono ezinzulu ezifana neengcwangu zogonyamelo, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesini, kunye nocaluvo lweqela. Ngaphezu koko, New York ivumela ukutywinwa kweengxelo zokubanjwa ngenxa yamatyala aphela ekugxothweni okanye ekuvalweni. Inkqubo yesicelo ifuna ukushukutyelelwa enkundleni apho ukuvalelwa kwetyala kwenzeka khona, kwaye ijaji ilinganisa iimeko ezifana nokhuseleko nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nokulungisa.

ITexas – Ukungahlali Kwayo Nokungakhuselwa

Umahluko phakathi [[FLT: 0] wokwahlula-hlula okukhoyo phakathi kwe-, i-Expandment (ukuphela kweengxelo) kunye nokungaqiniseki . I-Explone ikhona ngokuyintloko kubambo olungaphumelanga ekuqinisekiseni, kuquka amatyala arhoxisiweyo, axoxiwe, okanye apho umntu waxolelwayo. I-i-i-adisclorence inguloare enokuthi inqande iingxelo ezithile zetyala kunye nezinye iifeliyo emva kwexesha lokulinda. Umthetho we-Texas uyile inkqubo edificiweyo yokuqala yezenzo ezithile zetyala ezisezantsi ingafaneleka ze "uder offonsidensie" ngaphandle kokulinda eminye iminyaka emihlanu, ngexa umele ukulinda iminyaka emihlanu. Isebe lokungalindiswa kwe-ovimba-octives.

Illinois – Imodeli Yokucinywa

Umthetho we-Illinois (730 ILCS 5/5-2) unika ukuvalwa kweengxelo zokubanjwa nokutywinwa kweengxelo zokubanjwa. Iingxelo zokubanjwa zinokususwa ngokuqhelekileyo emva kokugxothwa, ukuvalelwa, okanye ukuba ummiselo wemiqathango uphelile. Ukubekwa kwemiqathango kukhona kwenkoliso ephosakeleyo kunye neefebe ezininzi emva kwexesha lokulinda eli-3 ukuya kwesixhenxe kuxhomekeka kwityala. I-Equatriod iquka ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo, amacala esini, kunye ne-DuIllinois. I-Illinois ikwavumela ukucinywa kwangoko kweengxelo zabantu ababanjwa kodwa abangazange bamangalelwe. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukufaka isicelo senkundla yesiphalukathi kwaye ifumana i-exandumiso emva kokuhlola i-Illinoiss.

IFlorida – Ukubuyiselwa Okulinganiselweyo

IFlorida ayivumeli ukucinywa okanye ukutywinwa kweengxelo zokholo ngaphandle kwaphantsi kweemeko ezilinganiselweyo. Endaweni yoko, urhulumente unika "Ubungqina Bokungafezeki" ukusuka kwiSebe loMthetho laseFlorida, elandelwa ngumyalelo wenkundla wokutywina okanye ukuvala iingxelo. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olungamkelekiyo luthintelwe ukuba luvalelwe ngaphandle kokuba netyala, okanye amatyala amancinane emva kwexesha lokulinda. IFlorida ikhupha ngokucacileyo ukuvalwa kwengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yokugwetywa kwawo nawuphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphezu konyaka omnye. Urhulumente ukwamisela umthetho ongqongqo wokutywina ityala ngaphezu kwengxelo enye yezaphuli-mthetho.

Michigan – Isenzo Esicocekileyo

Michigan wagqithisa iCeac Slate Act ngo-2020, edala ukucinywa okuzenzekelayo kwetyala elincinane, elingenabudlova emva kwexesha lokulinda. Ukucima (isibongozo) kusafumaneka kwabanye. Lo mthetho ugquma iinkolelo ezimbini ezingalunganga kunye neziphendu ezingenamda, ngaphandle kolwaphulo-mthetho lwezitrato kunye nogonyamelo olunzulu. Ukususwa kwendalo kwenzeka emva kweminyaka emihlanu okanye 7 kungekho luvo lwamatyala amatsha, usebenzisa ugcino-data olusuka kwiMichigangan State Police. Oku kubonisa utyekelo olukhulayo kwintelelo yoncedo lweziko lwezompumezo zekhompyutha.

Amanye Amazwe Anokuphawulwa

  • Pennsylvania: Inika isikwere esicocekileyo esicocekileyo sokutywinwa kwentsimbi ukwenzela iimpazamo emva kweminyaka eli-10 kungekho zingqikelelo. Ukucima ngezandla kufumaneka kwizinto ezingadibaniyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Yafington: Ivumela ukuphembelela iinkolelo zempazamo ezininzi kunye neefelone emva kwexesha lokulinda. Inkundla ingakhupha isatifiketi sokukhulula esitywina irekhodi.
  • Georgia: Imvume yokucima iirekhodi zokubamba ukwenzela iindibano kuphela. Iingxelo zokufezekisa azinakutshintshwa, kodwa ezinye izono zexesha lokuqala zingathintelwa kwimbonakalo kawonke-wonke.
  • Ibalado: Kutshanje yandisiwe ukutywinwa kophawulo lwezigebenga ezithile ezingenazidlo, nexesha elifunekayo lokulinda ubuncinane iminyaka emihlanu emva kokuba ivaliwe.

Indlela yokukhetha enokwenzeka phesheya kwama-R States

Nangona iinkcazo zahlukene, uninzi lwamazwe asabelana ngeemfuno eziqhelekileyo zokulungelelanisa:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukugqibezela isivakalisi: Ukuquka uvavanyo, ityala, iifayile, kunye nokubuyisela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Akukho zityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho zilindeleyo: Kufuneka ucinywe nakweziphi na iintambo ezintsha okanye amatyala.
  • Ixesha lokulinda: Inani elichaziweyo leminyaka emva kokuqiniseka, ukukhululwa ekuvalweni, okanye ukugqitywa kokulingwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlobo lwe-'FLT': ulwaphulo-mthetho logonyamelo, amatyala esini, kunye ne-DU Is ziphantse zisuswe kwindalo yonke.
  • Inani leenkolelo: Iirejista ezininzi zilinganisela ukuba zingaphi iirekhodi ezinokutywinwa okanye zicinywe ngexesha lobomi.

Amanye amazwe, njengeKhalifoniya neNew York, akwaqwalasela imigudu yomntu yokubuyisela iliso, njengembali yomsebenzi, iileta zokuncomela, kunye nenkonzo yoluntu. Amanye, njengoTexas neFlorida, amisela imithetho engqongqo ngeliso eliphantsi.

Izixhobo ezizenzekelayo. Isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ekucinyweni

Utshintsho olukhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje luntshukumo kwi [[FLT: 0] ezenzekelayo yokucima. Ngaphantsi kwesixokelelwano esizenzekelayo, umeliso luchonga iingxelo ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba kufuna umntu afake izicelo. Michigan, Pennsylvania, kunye no Utah luye lwakhokelela le ntsingiselo. Ukususwa okuzenzekelayo kunciphisa imiqobo efana nemali yokufaka ityala, iindleko zoncedo lwasemthethweni, kunye nokubonakala kwenkundla. Noko ke, iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zisoloko zinethuba elide lokulinda kwaye zigqume kuphela ezona zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu kodwa ezingezobundlobongela, isibongozo sezandla sihlala siyimfuneko.

I Fayile Menu

1. Fumana Ingxelo Yakho Yembali Yezaphuli-mthetho

Cela umbhalo oqinisekisiweyo wembali yakho yolwaphulo-mthetho kwindawo ephakathi yeli lizwe (umz. iSebe leJaji yaseKhalifoniya, iDivision of Criminal Justice Services for New York). Le ngxelo iya kudwelisa ukubanjwa nokukhutshelwa kwetyala, kuquka ezo zisenokuba zazigxothiwe okanye zasuswa ngaphambili.

2. Qinisekisa ukuba luncedo

Khangela itshati yengingqi yakho okanye jonga kwigqwetha. Jonga ukuba ityala lakho lifanelekile kusini na, nokuba kukho amaxesha okulinda anyanzelekileyo, nokuba ngaba kukho naziphi na izinto ezikubangela ungakufanelekeliyo ezifana nokubanjwa okutsha okanye inhlawulo engahlawulwanga.

3. Isicelo okanye Isicelo Sefayile

Kumaphondo asekelwe kwisicelo, kufuneka ufake isicelo esisemthethweni kwinkundla esingatha ityala lakho. Esi sibongozo siquka iinkcukacha zetyala, ingxelo yokubuyisela umva, kwaye ngokufuthi intshukumo kwimirhumo yokukhupha ityala ukuba ungena. Amanye amaphondo (umz. New York) afuna intshukumo eyahlukileyo yokutywinwa emva kokuqinisekiswa, ngelinye ixesha (umz., Illinois) isebenzisa ifomu enye yokutywinwa nokucinywa.

4. Baxelele abatshutshisi

Amatyala amaninzi afuna ukuba wazise iofisi yomtshutshisi, yaye maxa wambi umtshutshisi usenokubhala isiqinisekiso, ingakumbi esokuba ukhe watyhola ugonyamelo okanye ukuba unendlela yokuphinda uthethe.

5. Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala (Ukuba Kuyafuneka)

Kwityala, ijaji ihlola isicelo sakho, nayiphi na into ongayifuniyo, kunye nengxelo yakho. Usenokubuzwa ngomsebenzi wakho wangoku, imeko yentsapho, namanyathelo athatyathwe ukubuyisela imo yobomi. Ijaji inegunya elisemthethweni kwamanye amazwe ukukhanyela eso sicelo nokuba uhlangabezana nemigaqo yemithetho.

6. UMthetho weNkundla kunye neSixeko

Ukuba inkundla iyavunywa, inikela umyalelo wokucinywa okanye wokutywinwa. Iikopi kufuneka zithunyelwe kuwo onke amasebe agcina iirekhodi, kuquka ukugcinwa komthetho, iinkundla, kunye neenkampani zokuhlola imvelaphi yabucala. Eli nyathelo libalulekile kuba ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekileyo, irekhodi isenokuhlala ibonwa kwii-checkers zesiqalo.

Impembelelo yokulahlwa

ISebe

Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abanengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho bangama-50% alula ukufumana umsebenzi. Ukucinywa okanye ukutywinwa kususa isigculelo sikawonke-wonke kwaye kukuvumela ukuba uphendule ngokuzithembayo “kungekho” ukuba ubuze ngezaphuli-mthetho zakho ezidlulileyo kwizicelo ezininzi zomsebenzi. Kumazwe anemithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho olunamandla, abaqeshi abanakubuza malunga nokutywinwa okanye ukucinywa kweengxelo. Abaphathi-ndlu zokwakha bakwasebenzisa ii-chekezokwemva; irekhodi ecacileyo ingavula iingcango zokuqesha izindlu kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lukawonke-wonke.

Imfundo Nelayisenisi

Uninzi lweebhodi zoogxarha (umz., ulwanciso, ukufundisa, umthetho) luqwalasela imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukusetyenziswa kwerekhodi okanye ukucinywa kwerekhodi kungasusa umqobo wokufumana iphepha-mvume elinobuchule. Ngaphezu koko, iikholeji neeyunivesithi zidla ngokubuza ngembali yolwaphulo-mthetho kwizicelo; ingxelo ephawulweyo ayifuni kutyhilwa.

Amalungelo emipu nolo ndwendwe

Ukugxothwa akuzibuyiseli ngokuzenzekelayo amalungelo emipu kuwo onke amaphondo. Umthetho woMasipala uyalela ukuba abantu abagwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho olugwetywe ngaphezu konyaka; ukususwa kwetyala lombuso kusenokungawukhuseli umlomo karhulumente. Ngokufanayo, iziphumo zokufuduka zinzima: ukukhupha isiqinisekiso sikarhulumente akuyicimi isibakala sokugwetywa kwenjongo yokufuduka. Abange-o-onki kufuneka badibane negqwetha lengingqi ngaphambi kokuba bafune ukupheka.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezisikelwe U umda

Azifakwanga Zona

Phantse lonke iphondo alifaki zenzo zogonyamelo, amatyala esini, kunye nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi ezinzulu ekususeni ekuphelelweni lilungelo. Amanye amazwe akwangalufaki u-DU Is (umz., Texas, Florida). Ukongezelela, iingxelo zokubanjwa ezingakhokelelanga ekuvumeni zisoloko zisuswa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa le nkqubo isenokufuna inyathelo lenkundla.

Umlinganiselo Nendlela Yokufumana Icebiso

Iintlawulo zokurhweba zingasuka kuma-50 ukuya kuma-R2,50 ngesicelo ngasinye. Ezinye zichaza iindleko zokuhlawulwa kwabantu abangenayo, kodwa inkqubo isenokufuna umrhumo wokukhangela (onjalo R2,50). Kubo bangakwaziyo ukuqhuba inkqubo yomthetho kuphela, baqeshe igqwetha elibiza ii-$2,000 (R1,50). Imibutho engahlawulwayo yoncedo lwasemthethweni maxa wambi inika iikliniki-yo yesisihlawulwa.

Ukufumaneka okuzinzileyo ngurhulumente

Kwanasemva kokutywinwa okanye ukuvinjwa, ukugcinwa komthetho, iibhodi zokusebenza, kunye nabatshutshisi basenokuhlala bekwazi ukufikelela kwiinjongo ezithile. Umzekelo, iFBI kunye namapolisa karhulumente asenokubona iingxelo ezitywinwe ngenxa yemibuzo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ii-akhawunti zokukhuselwa kokhuseleko nezicelo zokuthenga ngemipu zidla ngokutyhila iingxelo ezitywinwe okanye ezicinyweyo.

Urhulumente v. Iingxelo zomanyano

Imithetho yokususa umthetho karhulumente ayisebenzi kwiingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ukuba unetyala lorhulumente, kufuneka ucele inkundla karhulumente apho wagwetywa khona. Ukucinywa kwetyala kusikelwe umda kakhulu; iingxelo ezininzi zesizwe azinakubhangiswa, zitywinwe kuphela kwiimeko ezinqabileyo. Ngokufanayo, ukugwetywa kwemikhosi kuyawa phantsi koMthetho weSigwebo soMkhosi.

Imikhwa Ebangela Utyekelo: Imithetho Ecocekileyo Ecoceke Ngokuzenzekelayo

Inani elikhulayo leemeko lidlula imithetho ecocekileyo ethi itywinwe ngokuzenzekelayo okanye icinywe iirekhodi ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokufuna isicelo. Michigan, Pennsylvania, California (kwityala lomyasa eliphantsi), kwaye iUtah ikhokele le ntshukumo. Injongo kukunciphisa umthwalo wolawulo kwiinkundla zenkundla zekomkhulu kwaye wenze izicwangciso zikwazi ukuthatha iminyaka ukuzalisekisa, kwaye abantu basenokufuna ukucelela ngesandla isibongozo somdla wakudala. Ingqungquthela yombuso karhulumente ye-Gastislatures ilandela ezi zenzo.

Iintsomi Eziqhelekileyo Ngokutshatyalaliswa

Intsomi: Ukuzifica ngokuzenzekelayo kususa zonke iingxelo.

Kumaphondo amaninzi, iirekhodi ezicinyiweyo zisakho kwii-data zomthetho. Abaqeshi abasebenzisa iinkampani zokuhlola imvelaphi yabucala basenokuzibona ukuba i-data ayihlaziywanga, nangona kungavumelekanga ukuba basebenzise loo nkcazelo.

Intsomi: Unokuyicima nayiphi na ingxelo emva kwexesha lokulinda.

Izenzo ezininzi ezinzulu azinyanzelekanga ngokupheleleyo. Ngokomzekelo, eTexas, awunakuyibophelela into yokuba ityala lifuna ukuba ubhalise njengendoda elala ngokwesini. Kwanakwimimandla ehambela phambili njengeNew York, iindlobongela azinakukwazi ukubhaliswa.

Intsomi: Ukucinywa kukwisayizi enye-yonke.

Urhulumente ngamnye unendlela yakhe, amaxesha okulinda, kunye nezenzo ezifanelekileyo. Inkqubo esebenza eKhalifoniya isenokungasebenzi eFlorida. Kubalulekile ukukhangela oovimba bombuso abangqameneyo, abanje Inkxaso yoncedo. org[[FLT: 1] yolwazi olusemthethweni olukhululekileyo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okuqhubela Phambili

  1. Qala ngokhokelo lorhulumente wakho. Iiwebhsayithi ezininzi zenkundla yelizwe okanye igqwetha lee-ofisi jikelele lipapasha izishwankatho ezicacileyo zolwimi lwemithetho yokucima.
  2. [[UMTL: 0] ngenisa ingxelo yakho epheleleyo yembali yolwaphulo-mthetho. Le nto ikhona kumapolisa karhulumente okanye FBI (ukwenza iminwe). Qinisekisa ukuba unomfanekiso opheleleyo wento efuna ukususwa.
  3. Check yendlela ezenzekelayo yokucima into ecinyiweyo kuqala. Ukuba imeko yakho inomthetho werela ecocekileyo, akuzukufuneki ukudala into. Qinisekisa ngenkundla okanye umbutho.
  4. Ikliniki yoncedo olusemthethweni okanye igqwetha. Indleko yokuthetha isoloko iphantsi, kwaye ukhokelo lungakhusela iimpazamo ezibiza imali eninzi. Iintlanganiso ezininzi zebhari zinika iinkonzo ze-arhes ngokukhululekileyo.
  5. Amaphepha afunekayo. Oku kubandakanya iinkundla zedokisi, iingxelo zovavanyo, ubungqina bokuhlawula, kunye neembekiselo zophawu.
  6. [[UMTL: 0] Ifayile isicelo ngocoselelo.[[FLT: 1] Landela iifomu ngokuchanekileyo; ulwazi olulahlekileyo lungaphumela ekukhanyeni okanye ekulibaziseni ixesha elide.
  7. Landela. Emva kwemiba yenkundla umyalelo, qinisekisa ukuba ufumana ikopi eqinisekisiweyo kwaye onke amasebe axeliwe. Kusenokufuneka uqhagamshelane neenkampani zobucala zovavanyo lwemvelaphi ukuze uhlaziye ingxelo yakho.

Oovimba Bokukhokela

Kulwimi lwemithetho ecacileyo yesizwe, tyelela i- Icandelo lolwazi loMgaqo-siseko kwiSikolo soMthetho we-Cornell okanye i-website yendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. Kwi-website yesizwe yolawulo olucocekileyo kunye nohlaziyo kwimithetho yelebhu ecocekileyo, bhekisa kwi Community Amacebo achaseneyo kwiprojekthi yeNto yeNto. . Ukuba uneenkolelo ezininzi ngaphaya koomatilo, kufuneka ubhekise kwiprojekthi nganye.

Ukususa irekhodi yolwaphulo-mthetho kuyindlela esemthethweni ekhokelela kulwakheko lobomi obungenathunzi leempazamo zexesha elidluleyo. Ngelixesha inkqubo itshintsha kakhulu ngokwemeko nangolwaphulo-mthetho, utyekelo olukhulayo kulwazi olukhawulezileyo lokwenza iziphumo zomsebenzi woluntu lutshintshiseko lobunjani olubonisa ukubaluleka kwamathuba esibini. Enoba ngesicelo esilula okanye inkqubo yombuso ezenzekelayo, ukuqonda ukucinywa kwemithetho yelizwe lakho nokutywinwa yinyathelo lokuqala ekuhlawuleni ikamva lakho.