Ukuqonda Imithetho Echasene Noluntu

Imithetho yokutyhilwa kwabantu, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yimithetho karhulumente yokubonisana okanye yokuvula iirekhodi, zizakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezifuna ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente enze imisebenzi yawo, izigqibo, kunye neerekhodi ezifikelelekayo kuluntu. Le mithetho yahluka kakhulu kwiimfuno zolawulo kodwa yabelana ngosukelo olufanayo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi bayakwazi ukuhlolisisa izenzo zikarhulumente. Ngaphandle kokubonakala ngokucacileyo, iingozi zedemokhrasi ziya ziba zizeze, zinikwe amandla athe ngqo ezandleni zamagosa asebenza ngaphandle kolawulo olunentsingiselo.

Kumphakathi wayo, le mithetho igunyazisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente atyhile iindidi ezithile zolwazi aze aphendule kwizicelo zommi zeerekhodi. Lo mda uquka ukuthengiselwana kwemali, imizuzu yentlanganiso, izivumelwano, unxibelelwano phakathi kwamagosa, kunye namaxwebhu enkqubo. Umgaqo osisiseko ulula: uwonke unelungelo lokwazi ukuba imali yawo yerhafu isetyenziswa njani kwaye izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo zenziwe njani.

EUnited States, umqondiso obalulekileyo [[FLT: 0] wenkululeko yoMthetho woLwazi (FOIA) wamiswa ngo1966, kusekwa ilungelo lesizwe lokufikelela kwiingxelo zesebe eliphetheyo. Ngokufanayo, iAccacte kuMthetho wolwazi [ eKhanada (1903) kunye nenkululeko yolwazi loMthetho 2000 kuMandule uMandule ngamnye wenza ukunikezelwa komthetho okusemthethweni osemthethweni obhaliweyo omele ukhutshelwe ngaphandle kokuba iingxelo ezithile zikarhulumente zisetyenziswe kumthetho othile. Kumazwe nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, imithetho ebheke phambili.

Amalungiselelo Angundoqo Emithetho Yokwahlukana Noluntu

Nangona ithetha izinto ezahlukeneyo, inkoliso yemithetho yokutyhila inikela imigaqo emininzi:

  • Ukuvuleka kokuvula lula: Izirekhodi mazityhilwe ngaphandle kokuba ukukhululeka okukhethekileyo kuyasebenza.
  • Imfuno zexesha ezifunekayo: Iinkonzo kufuneka ziphendule kwizicelo ezikwinani elimiselweyo lentsuku zoshishino (ngokufuthi 20 ukuya kumashumi amathathu).
  • Imiqathango ye-FLT:0 [ ityala elisengqiqweni lingahlawulwa ukuze kukhutshwe kwaye kufunwe, kodwa imimiselo emininzi ilinganisela iindleko ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kuhlala kufikelelekile.
  • Intelekelelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lobuqu, uphando lomthetho, kunye neemfihlelo zorhwebo.
  • Inkqubo ye-Appeal: Abaceli bangalungela ukukhanyelwa ngokubhenela kolawulo okanye ngesenzo senkundla.

Ukusebenza kwale mithetho, nokokuba, kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela ephunyezwa ngayo. Umthetho osetyenziswa kakubi, ophantsi, okanye osoloko utyeshelwa awunakuyifeza injongo yawo. imigudu yakutshanje kwiKhomishini yase-U.S. yokomeleza iFOIA ubonakalisa imfuneko eqhubekayo yotshintsho.

Ukubaluleka Kokuziphendulela Kukarhulumente

Imbopheleleko karhulumente yokuziphendulela kumagosa karhulumente namaziko oluntu ukuchaza izenzo zawo, ukwamkela imbopheleleko, kunye nemiphumo yokuziphatha okubi. Kukuko ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi, kuqinisekisa ukuba amandla asetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye athandwa ngabantu. Ngaphandle kokuziphendulela, ukonakala, ukulahlwa, kunye nokulawulwa ngoozwilakhe.

Isizathu Sokuba Imibandela Ibe Netyala

Ukuphendula kusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi esempilweni:

  • ithetha ukonakala nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla: Xa amagosa esazi izenzo zawo zijongwa, awanakukwazi ukubandakanyeka ekunyobeni, ekuphembeni, ekuphekeni, okanye kwezinye izinto ezingekho mthethweni.
  • Intembeko yoluntu yoluntu: Abami abakholelwa ukuba urhulumente wabo ucace gca kwaye banokuphendula kutyekelo lwemithetho, ukuhlawula irhafu, nokuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu.
  • Ipromotes zenza izigqibo zolwazi: IiVoters nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ifuna ulwazi oluchanileyo ukuze ivavanye ukusebenza kukarhulumente kwaye ixhase utshintsho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqinisekisa ukuququzelelwa kwesizwe:[ Xa abantu beqonda indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, basengozini yokuvota, ukuya kumaphula-mthetho, nokunikela kwintetho yesidlangalala.
  • Iqinisekisa iziphumo zenkqubo: ingcinezelo enika ingxelo inyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba bathethelele ukhetho lwabo, ngokufuthi olukhokelela kwimigaqo-nkqubo engcono, esekelwe kubungqina.

Unxulumano phakathi kokubonakala nokuziphendulela akuzenzekeli; lufuna ubujongo obusebenzayo, ubugocigoci, kunye nemigaqo eqinileyo esemthethweni. Imithetho yoluntu inika ubuchule obungalungiswanga bokuphendula le meko.

Indlela Imithetho Yezithintelo Zikawonke - wonke Enyusa Ngayo Ukuphendula

Imithetho yokutyhilwa kwabantu isebenza njengejelo phakathi korhulumente nolawulo, iguqulela iinkqubo ezifihlakeleyo zolawulo zibe yinkcazelo efikelelekayo.

Ukunika Amagosa Ephephandaba Neentlangano Ezigadekileyo Igunya

Intatheli zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiingxelo zikawonke-wonke ukuphanda nokunikela ingxelo ngemisebenzi karhulumente. Ukuboniswa kokuchitha imali, ungquzulwano lwenzala, kunye nokungaphumeleli kwemigaqo kudla ngokuqala ngesicelo se-FOIA okanye ukubukezwa kwemizuzu yentlanganiso ekhoyo ekuhleni. I-Sunucan instritivement Government [[ kunye nemibutho efana ne [[FLT:] iKomiti yeNkululeko yenkululeko yePhondo inikezela ukuqeqesha nokuxhasa okusemthethweni okusetyenziswa yimithetho. Umzekelo, uthotho lweFOA izicelo ze-FLT] i-SD. 01tton Post[FFFLT:5] ityhilwe inkqubo yolawulo lwe-Promenters, ikhomba ephambili yezolawulo.

Yenza isiphumo Esichaseneyo

Ukubonisa gca kusebenza njengesithintelo sokuziphatha okubi. Xa amagosa esazi ukuba ii-imeyili zawo, ucwangciso, kunye nokutyhilwa kwemali kunokwenzeka ukuba kuhlolwe uwonke-wonke, abanakukwazi ukubandakanyeka kwihambo ethandabuzekayo. Uphando oluvela kwiFoct:0 Isiseko esikhanyayo lufumanise ukuba imithetho evulekileyo ebekwe phantsi kwemimiselo yorhwaphilizo oluthelwe lulwaphulo-mthetho olunezonakeleyo olunoburhulumente.

Ukulawula ngeMithetho yoMgaqo-siseko

Iikomiti zomthetho, ababali-zincwadi, kunye nabahloli jikelele baxhomekeke ekufikeleleni kumaxwebhu karhulumente ukuze enze umsebenzi wawo wobuveleli. Imithetho yolwazi yoluntu iqinisekisa ukuba la maqumrhu ajongene neerekhodi afuna ukuphanda ngazo. Ngokomzekelo, i-Ofisi ye-Akhawunti ye-Rhulumente (GAO) kunye nabaqwalaseli-manani bephondo basebenzisa ukufikelela kwabo ngokwesivumelwano ukuhlola izivumelwano zikarhulumente kunye neengxelo zemali.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kummi OnguMntu

Kwakhona abantu abaqhelekileyo bangenelwa kwimithetho yokutyhilwa kwabantu. Abazali bayakwazi ukuhlola izigqibo ezenziwa ziqumrhu zezikolo, abaxhasi bezopolitiko bayakwazi ukuqwalasela imvume yokusingqongileyo, kwaye abanini-mali abancinane bayakwazi ukuhlolisisa iingxelo ezithenjiweyo. Oku kubonakalisa idemokhrasi ngobuchule bomzimba kukomeleza idemokhrasi ngalo lonke umgangatho.

Ucelomngeni Kwimithetho Engavunyelwayo Nguwonke Wonke

Nangona ibalulekile, imithetho yokutyhilwa ijongene nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo olubangela ukuba zingaphumeleli. Le miqobo kufuneka ijongwe ukuze kuqondwe ngokupheleleyo okokuba mhlophe.

Ulwimi olusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kunye nokuchasa okusemthethweni

Imimiselo emininzi yenkcazelo ibhalwe ngamagama avulekileyo, adidayo ashiya indawo yokutolika. Amagama afana "nenkqubo yocalulo" okanye "inkcazelo ebanzi" asongiwe ukuthethelela ukungadibani. Imithetho yezomthetho etshintsha-tshintshayo ibangela ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kube nzima ngakumbi, kudala isalathisi semizekelo esahlukayo ngolawulo kwanangenkundla.

Izityholo Ezigqithiseleyo Nezityholo Zokufihla Intliziyo

Ngoxa ukukhulula kuyimfuneko ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lwezobuqu nokhuseleko lwesizwe, kusoloko kusetyenziswa kakhulu. Oorhulumente bangakhankanya ukukhulula okuphangaleleyo ukuphepha ukutyhilwa okubangela iintloni okanye ukukhusela ulwazi oluchukumis' kwezobupolitika. ilungelo lokufihla iimfihlelo eUnited States, umzekelo, liye lacelwa ukuvala izicelo zeFOIA naxa kungekho mdlalelo wokhuseleko lwesizwe usengozini. Imigudu yotshintsho ijolise ekunqandeni imigaqo yokukhulula nokufuna abameli ukuba babonise ingozi ethile phambi kokuba bagcine iirekhodi.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Ukulungiselela izicelo zokwamkelwa koluntu kudinga ixesha nemali. Amasebe amaninzi, ingakumbi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, aswele amagosa eFOIA anikezelweyo okanye ubugcisa obaneleyo bokusingatha izicelo ngokunempumelelo. Iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka iqhelekile, iyakukhanyela ngokunempumelelo ukufikelela. Ingxelo yowama-2019 evela kwiNational Freedom of Information Coalition ifumanise ukuba urhulumente kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni asoloko akhankanya ukunqongophala kwemali njengesizathu sokulibazisela.

Ukungakhathali kukawonke-wonke nokungakhathalelwa

Abemi abaninzi abalazi ilungelo labo lokucela iirekhodi zikarhulumente okanye abayazi indlela yokufaka isicelo. Kwezinye iimeko, kwanaxa iirekhodi zipapashwa, kunzima ukufumana okanye ukuhlaliswa ngeendlela ezingezizo ezobudlelane bomsebenzisi. Amaqela e-advocacy aqhuba Isiseko- ukuya kulwazi , kodwa inxaxheba ihlala isezantsi xa kuthelekiswa naleyo inokwenzeka.

Izithintelo zobugcisa nokwahlula amanani

Nangona oorhulumente abaninzi bepapasha iingxelo ze - Internet, asingabo bonke abantu abanayo i - Internet okanye abakwaziyo ukufunda nokubhala ukuze bafumane amaxwebhu, kodwa ke, iingxelo ze - elektroniki zinokusetyenziswa lula okanye zicinywe.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Imithetho Esetyenziswa Nguwonke - wonke

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ibonisa amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda kwemithetho yokutyhila.

Inkululeko Yolwazi Ithatha Isinyathelo EUnited States

Ukususela ekudluleni kwayo ngo 1966, iFOIA iye yasetyenziswa ukutyhila yonke into ukusuka kwinkcubeko yemekobume emkhosini ukuya kuchitha imali esetyenziswa kuhambo lukarhulumente. Ukuphakamisa iprofile kubandakanya ukukhululwa kwe- Imowding Street Memorie[ (ethi ikhanyisele ukukhokela ukuya kwimfazwe yase-Iraq) kunye nokutyhilwa kwe FI] iirekhodi ezinxulumene namaqela amalungelo abantu. Noko ke, iFOA igxekwe ngenkqubo yayo yangasemva. Kunyaka wama-20222, amaziko esizwe afumana izicelo ezingaphezu kwama-92,000, kunye nokulungiswa ngokwesiqhelo kwexesha elininzi leezicelo ezintsonkothile. [FL:4]

Umthetho wolwazi eKhanada

Umthetho wokungena karhulumente waseKhanada, owamiselwa ngo1936, uye waba ngobalulekileyo ekutyhileni ukuziphatha okubi korhulumente. Impumelelo ephawulekayo iquka ukukhululwa kwamaphepha kwihlazo lobugxwayiba obukhokelele ekuweni kukarhulumente weLiberal ngo-2006. Noko ke, abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba umthetho uphelelwe lixesha, kunye neenketho ezininzi (kuquka inkxaso yeKhabhinethi). uKhomishanelo yolwazi lwaseKhanada [ umemezele utshintsho olubanzi, kuquka ukutyhilwa kolwazi olunamandla.

Imithetho yomthetho karhulumente kumgangatho we-U.S.

Amatyala anjenge ``Umthetho wolwazi oluphezulu'' (Umthetho wolwazi lwePublic womthetho) kunye [[FTLT:2] New York [Umthetho wolwazi] [Umthetho wenkululeko yolwazi]] ubeyimizekelo yokubonisa ukukhanya. ETexas, umthetho ufuna amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuba aphendule kwizicelo zentengiso ngeentsuku ezilishumi zoshishino, kunye ne-ofisi ye-Attorney General inyanzelisa ugunyaziso. Noko ke, kwana kwezi nkqubo ziqinileyo, imingeni enzima iyaqhubeka. Umzekelo, 202020 wophengululo lwafunyanwa ukuba eminye imibutho yamapolisa iyazibetha iingxelo zocangcingo zomgangatho wecamacangciso, ikhanka ii-mfifini ezifihlakeleyo.

Owona Mkhwa ulungileyo wokukhupha imithetho yoGunyaziso

Ukunyusa ifuthe lemithetho yokutyhila uwonke-wonke, oorhulumente kufuneka basebenzise ezona zinto zisemgangathweni zisekelwe kubungqina. Ezi ziguqulo zithetha ngezona mpazamo ziqhelekileyo ezichazwe kwicandelo elingaphambili.

Ukomeleza Ulwimi Olunesiseko Somthetho Nokunciphisa Utyekelo

Imithetho kufuneka ichaze amagama angundoqo ngokucacileyo kwaye inciphise indlela zokuphepha. Umthetho ka-2007 ovulekileyo kaRhulumente eUnited States eqinisekisiweyo iFOIA ngokufuna ukuba abameli baqhube izicelo ngokukhawuleza kwaye banikele ingxelo yomsebenzi wabo. Ngokufanayo, umgaqo wokulinganisa uvula iirekhodi zenzo ezibhaliswe yimibutho efana neNational Conference of Legastislaturestures inika iisikhokelo ezicacileyo, ezinyanzelekileyo zolwimi.

Ukwandisa iNgxowa-mali nokuSebenza koMbutho

Ukubonakala ngaphaya kwemali akusahlawulelwa. Oorhulumente kufuneka banike uqingqo-mali olwaneleyo lwee-ofisi ze-FOIA, uqeqesho, kunye nobugcisa. FOIA.gov ibonelela ngogcino-lwazi olusebenza kwiziko, ukukhankanya apho utyalo-mali lufuneka kakhulu khona. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangabelana ngezixhobo ngokuseka ii-ofisi zokubonisa imbonakalo yengingqi.

Iinkqubo ze-droware ezisebenzayo

Kunokuba balinde izicelo, oorhulumente kufuneka bapapashe ulwazi lwexabiso eliphezulu kwi-intanethi. [[FLT: 0] I-Open Directive Government ekhutshwe ngumphathi we-Obama abafuna amasebe ukuposa iirekhodi eziceliweyo rhoqo kwii-website zabo. Oku kunciphisa inani lezicelo zomntu ngamnye kwaye kwenza ulwazi lufumaneke ngokukhawuleza. Amazwe afana [[FLT:]] California iseke ii-data ezibanzi zezibuko ezivumela abemi ukuba bafumane, bachithe, bachithe, bafumane ulwazi.

Ukuqhuba Amaphulo Okufundisa Uwonke - wonke

Abemi abanakuwasebenzisa amalungelo abangaziyo. Oorhulumente kufuneka baxhase izibhengezo zenkonzo kawonke-wonke, ii-intanethi, kunye neeverhe zoluntu ezichaza indlela yokubhala iifayile zezicelo. Iinqanawa ezisebenzisana namathala eencwadi, amaqela oluntu, nezikolo zingakhula. Inkululeko yoluntu yoKhuseleko lolwazi inikela izixhobo zokuxhasa amaphulo anjalo.

Ukumisa izidumbu ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo

Umkhomishinala ozimeleyo okanye umkhomishinala wenkcazelo angaphanda izikhalazo malunga nokungahambelani kunye nengxubusho ebophelelayo. U.S. Office of Government Information Services [OGIS:1] isebenza njengenkonzo yesixhobo sokuphendula i-FOIA kodwa ingenawo amandla okuqinisekisa. Ngokwahlukileyo, umKhomishinekiso we-ofisi yolwazi [ eUnited Kingdom unegunya lokukhupha intlawulo nokufuna ukutyhilwa.

Ubugcisa Banamhlanje Bokwenza Iingxelo Zamanani

Njengokuba uthungelwano lukarhulumente lutshintshela kwi-imeyili, ii-apps, kunye neengqungquthela zevidiyo, imithetho ebhaliweyo kufuneka ilungelelaniswe. Ii-PRODUCT kufuneka zamkele iinkqubo zokuphatha eziqinisekisa ukuba zonke iingxoxo ezisemthethweni zibanjwe, zigcinwe, kwaye zifunwe. Iingxelo ze-Projects Act [[FLT:]] kunye ne [[FLT]] Federal Records Act [] unikezelo lwezicwangciso, kodwa uhlahlo lufuneka ukugquma iirekhodi ze-elektrotro.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yokutyhilwa kwabantu ingundoqo worhulumente onoxanduva, obonisayo. Inika abemi, iintatheli, kunye neequmrhu zoomphathi amandla okubeka ityala ngezenzo zabo. Ubungqina bucacile: imikhosi elawulayo enemithetho eqinileyo yokubonisa imbonakalo ifumana ukunganyaniseki okuninzi, ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke, kunye nokulawula okunempumelelo. Kodwa le mithetho ayifuni ukuziceba ngokucacileyo, ubuncwane obaneleyo, ulawulo olusebenzayo, kunye noluntu oluthenjiweyo.

Iingxaki zisala ```ii-vague khulula, ukulibaziseka kolawulo loburhulumente, kwaye ukungakhathaleli kukawonke-wonke kusongela isithembiso sokubonakala. Kodwa indlela engaphambili icace ngokufanayo. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezingcono: ukuqinisa ulwimi lobufundisi, ukuthobelana kwenkxaso-mali, ukubhungca, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke-wonke.'iiphondo linokuguqula intsingiselo karhulumente ovulekileyo ibe yeyokwenene. Kumaxesha okungathembana kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, imithetho yezakhono lokutyhila yoluntu inika indlela eqinisekisiweyo yokwakha kwakhona ukholo kwinkqubo. Ilungelo lokwazi ukuba nobuchule bokwenza izinto zobunewundyebomfolo; liyisiseko sokuzilawula.