Iindlebe zeKhomishini zimi njengesiseko solawulo lwamaMelika, zisebenza njengenkqubo yokuqala apho isebe lemithetho lilawula khona amasebe owiso-mthetho. Elimiselwe kwinkqubo yomGaqo-siseko yokuhlola nokulinganisela, ezi ndlebe zivumela iCongress ukuba ihlole imicimbi kawonke wonke, ivavanye ukusebenza kwamagosa asekuhlaleni, kwaye iqinisekise ukuba alikho isebe eliwedlulayo igunya layo elisemthethweni. Eli sebe lilawula ukuva okungalawulekiyo (h) ukuphazanyiswa ngamandla okukhupha iziphumo zetyala kunye nokunyanzela ubungqina obunamandla obunamandla okufuna ukukhanya, ukuphendula, nokuthobela umthetho. Xa lisetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo, ukuva kungabonisi nje ububi kodwa kutyhile kuphela ukuma komgaqo kawonke, inkqubo yomgaqo-demokhrasi. Eli nqaku lihlola ukuchaphaza kwempembelelo ephakathi kwe-ograccuntsss, iinjongo zolawulo lomthetho, iinjongo zeliveyilelo, nokuhlola iinjongo ezingoko zelimo-mo.

Injongo Neentlobo Zokuchotshelwa Kweenkundla

Ukuchongwa kwemithetho-siseko kusebenza imisebenzi emithathu emikhulu: uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye nophando. [[FLT: 0]] kuqokelela ulwazi lokuchongwa kwemithetho kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamaziko esebe, kuvumela iikomiti ukuba zive iingcaphephe, abagcini-masebe. [iiindlebe] [[FLT:] [iiiindlela] zokuva ukuqwalaselwa kwemithetho kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesebe lesebe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zolawulo zihambelana neenjongo zoburhulumente. [[FGOct:4] [Fomati]] [FOFT] iimfontegractiss, iimfaggrac, okanye uphazaliso oluthe ngqo kwimiqatha, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi, kunye namangqina asezantsi. [5]

Uhlobo ngalunye lokuva lusebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo, kodwa bonke banenjongo efanayo: ukwenza abadlali borhulumente baphendule kwiMigaqo-siseko kunye nabantu baseMelika. Ubuchule bokuqhuba ukuva bunikwa liGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, elithi ivestinsi Congress "wonke amagunya owiso-mthetho" kunye negunya lokuphengulula izinto ezinokunyusa umthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo ixhase eli gunya le-Arhente kwiimeko ezingqinelayo ezifana [[FLT:]] McGrain v. Umthetho osebenza njengenjongo yayo ende. [197] kunye [FLT] [5].[5], iqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lombutho lisebenza njengenjongo ebanzi yomthetho.

Ngapha koko imisebenzi yabo esesikweni, iindlebe zikwasebenza imisebenzi yokomfuziselo kunye nemfundo. Iziphumo zeteyiniki-zimo zonxibelelwano .

Impembelelo Esebeni Lejaji

Isebe eligwebayo lenzelwe ukuzimela, likhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kubomi babo bonke abagwebi besizwe kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela ekuncitshisweni komvuzo. Kodwa iintlanganiso zemicimbi yezowiso-mthetho zinempembelelo enkulu ekuphenduleni ityala kwiindlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo.

Ukunconywa Kwetyala Lejaji

Ukuqulunqwa kweKomiti yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nenkundla esezantsi mhlawumbi yeyona misebenzi ibonakalayo phakathi kweNkundla kunye nejaji. Ezi ngxelo zihlolisisa intanda-bulumko yezomthetho, imigaqo edlulileyo, imbali yesimilo, kunye neempawu zengqondo. Nangona zisoloko zibekwa ityala lokungavisisani, zisebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokunyanzelisa ii-ammines ukucacisa iimbono zazo ngokucaciswa komgaqo-siseko, umzekelo, kunye nendima efanelekileyo ye-judicaliary. Inkqubo isenokuveza inkcaso enokwenzeka yokuba nomdla, isimilo, okanye iintetho eziphikisayo, njengoko kungabonakali kwiindlebe ezinjengoRobert Bork (1987) kunye noBrett Kavaugh (20).

Ukulawula Ihambo Nemilinganiselo Yomthetho

Kwakhona iBhunga libeka amatyala okuhlola ukumangalelwa kokungalungisi kwekomiti egwebayo, ukonakala, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla. Phantsi komGaqo-siseko, iNdlu yabameli inamandla okuququzelela abagwebi besizwe, kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi zokuLawula. Ukuphulaphula kweKomiti yeNdlu Yombutho yamaJudisi kukuziphatha okusesikweni `njengezo zikhokelela ekungaquququzeli koMgwebi Alcee Hasting (1999) okanye uMgwebi G. Thomas Portitty Jr. (20)

Impembelelo kumgaqo-nkqubo wezeejaji

Ukuthethwa kwesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo ephikiswayo okanye iingcebiso zezomthetho zingabumba ingxoxo kawonke-wonke kwaye zikhuthaze ukubonakala. Umzekelo, emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo iSiqhelo seNkundla seKhosi esimanyeneyo. I-FEC [2010], iintlanganiso zihlola indima yemali kwezobupolitika kunye nokuqiqa kweNkundla, nto leyo ekhokelela ekucetyisweni kwemigaqo-siseko yokulungisa kunye nokuguqula imigaqo-siseko. Ngelixa i-ngqungquthela ingenakuyibhukuqa iNkubeko ephakamileyo ngokuchola ngokwezimvo kuphela, ingenza uxinzelelo lwezindululo, umhlala-mthetho, okanye kwaneenkundla ezigwebayo. Ukuva kukwanyanzela ukuba inkundla egwebayo ukuba iphendule, njengoko iProptle ibonakale ngamanye amaxesha ngaphambi kokuba i-ongcesaart, kunye nokhuseleko.

Sekunjalo, ukuvelela kombutho-siseko wequmrhu lejaji kufuneka uhambe ngononophelo. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla okuchophela umthetho kungasongela ukuzimela ngokwaselugwebeni, kusenokwenzeka ukuba abagwebi boyike okanye baphelise iinkundla. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amanye amava, ingakumbi lawo afuna iingcaciso ngemithetho ethile ekhethekileyo, anqumle kwingingqi engalungelelaniyo ngokuphazamisana nomsebenzi womthetho. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kufuna ukuba ujongelwano lwejaji luhlonelwe indima yomntu onegunya lomthetho ngoxa usaqinisekisa ukuphendula kobutyala.

Impembelelo Kwisebe Eliphetheyo

Ngenxa yokuba umongameli kunye namagosa aphezulu ezobupolitika aba netyala elilinganiselweyo kwezobupolitika, ukuva iindlebe kunokubhenca ukuziphatha okubi, inkqubo yokulungisa imeko, ukutshintsha uluvo lukawonke wonke, kwanokudala ukususwa kwesikhundla.

Uphando Ngezenzo Nezigqibo Ezilawulayo

Ukuva okugqithisileyo kuvumela iNgqungquthela ukuba ithandabuze oonobhala beKhabhinethi, iintloko zamasebe, iiNcedo zeWhite House, namanye amagosa aphetheyo ngemigaqo nangezigqibo zabo. Umzekelo, ukuva ngempendulo yeNqukumbele uKatrina, ukuhlasela kweBenghazi, okanye ukurhoxa eAfghanistan kubonise ukungagqibeki ekucebeni, unxibelelwano, nokubulala. Ezi ndlebe zinokukhokelela ekupheliseni, ekulungiseni kwakhona, kwimigaqo emitsha, okanye kwiinguqu zomthetho. Bakwanyanzela amaziko aphumeza amaphepha nakwii-imeyili ezinokuhlala zifihliwe, zikhanyisa indlela amandla okulawula asetyenziswa ngayo.

Uphando Lwehambo Yobuongameli Nokusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Ezinye zezi ziphumo zokuchongwa kwemithetho ecwangcisiweyo kwimbali yaseMelika ziphande iziphumo zophando oluthelekelelwayo ngumongameli okanye amagosa aphezulu. Watergate ukuva [ [1973-1974]] iNtlanganiso eKhethelwe yiKhomishini Yolawulo lweCandelo loMongameli Imisebenzi edaliweyo yatyhila ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo oluphezulu, kuquka ukuqhekezwa kweKhomishini yeKhompyutha yesizwe kunye nokugqunywa kwe-demokhrasi. Ukuva okulandelayo, okukhokelwa nguSamtator Ervin, kwaye kwabhenelelwa zweni kwaye kwatyhilwa ngokufihlakeleyo uluvo lukarhulumente, ekugqibeleni kukhokelela kuMongameli Richard Nixen kunye nokugwetywa kwemiqatha yoncedo oluninzi. Ngokufanayo, ukuva kwi-'i-'i-'i-Caltra' [ithromentietion: [197] amagosa se-enqanawa solawulo sabaphathi-mkhosi sasekuhlaleni sabe somthetho ekwa-Antaxtra, kwabethothotho

Kutshanje, ihlazo le-Trump-Ukraine (2029) lakhokelela kwi-House Button Committee yobuChoboshela-mali, ebonisa indlela ukuva okunokuthi kubhalwe ngayo ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kunye nokuthintela iBhunga. Ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, iikomiti ezininzi zongameli zabamba iingxoxo ukusuka kwimali yemali yeseko, ukuthintela ukumangalelwa kwengxelo yezemali yezemali eMueller, kunye nokuphatha kukamongameli okunolwazi olucalulo. Ukubekwa kwetyala koluvo kunegalelo kwingxelo yolwaphulo-lwazi lukawonke-wonke ekwakungafundiswangafundiswangaqhutyelwanga zize zilungiselwa ingxoxo kwaye zilolongabubucala. Ngokufanayo, iKomiti ye-6 yeKomiti yokukhetha i-Oversity projekthi ye-S.

Ukunikela Ubungqina Nokuphendula Ngeembasa

IBhunga linamandla okunyanzela ubungqina kunye namaxwebhu, kwaye linokuba nenkcazo kumagosa aphezulu esebe ngenxa yokusilela ukuthobela. Ngoxa isebe eliphetheyo lisoloko liqinisekisa ukuba linelungelo eliphezulu lokuxhathisa amasebe, iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa ilungelo leKhosarente lolwazi logama nje uphando lufanelekile. Isichasi-mvo esiphezulu, njengalowo uchasene noActorney Eric Barey (202) kunye neWhite Houses ezincedisayo kwiquarter, zigxininisa ukulwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamasebe. Kwanaxa ukuthotyelwa okanye ukulwa, isisongelo sokudelelwa kusenokukhuthaza ukuphindwa kwamandla eMbutho, bona le ngxelo [[FLD] [FULD] [0] kwingqungqula]

Ukuphazanyiswa Komgaqo - siseko Neembono Zoluntu

Ukuvakala komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho nokuxhasa ukuchana kwe-opioid kukhokelela ekudluleni kwe-ASCIT for the Bacters and Community Act (2088). Ukuphulaphula kwimicimbi yezogcino-lwazi neenkampani zezezentlalo-ntle zasekuhlaleni ziye zakhuthaza iingxubusho mayelana nomthetho we-othestiki karhulumente. Kwisebe eliphetheyo, kwanasesisongelo sokuva kwabantu ngokubanzi singenza amaqumrhu ukuze atshintshe ikhondo, njengoko amagosa ezama ukuphepha ukubhengezwa ngokuchasana nokuphoxeka kwezobupolitika. Ngaphezu koko, ukuva kunika iqonga lokusebenza, abavuli, amaxhoba okwabelana amabali, ukukhuthaza izimvo zabo zoluntu kunye nempembelelo yotshintsho.

Imizekelo Ephawulekayo Yembali

Ngaphaya kweWatergate neIran-Contatra, ukuva okuninzi kombutho kushiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kulawulo lwaseMerika. [[FT:0] I-Teapot Dome indlebe ze-[ (1924) iphanda ngemposiso yokunyoba ebandakanya unobhala weSiphakamiso u-Albert’s Fall ngokufihlakeleyo ugcino-oli lwaselwandle. Ukuva kweCampernern National Land Committen kwakhokelela ekuvunyweni kwetyala lika-Fall's'. Ikomiti yeCampyube yaqala ukuva i-Camplite dentions ityhilwe njenge-oggracism. [[FLT]] [FLT] [54] i-M.I-CM.I-SCM.GeneARGeneARY]

Ityala le- lisasele lingumgangatho wegolide wokuphengulula i-contenant. Indlu yendlu Yokukhetha umsebenzi wobuchule weKomiti efunyanisiweyo eyakhupha uzungu olufikelela kumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente, iindlebe zayo ezichukumisleyo kuhlanga kwaye zibuyisela ukholo kulawulo lomthetho kuphela emva kokuba umongameli enyanzelwe ukurhoxa. Imizekelo emininzi yakutshanje iquka i- Indlu Yokhetho kwiKomiti ehlaselayo exhobileyo [[FLT]] [12:3] Ilungu leNdlela elinyuliweyo elifikelela kwiqondo eliphezulu likarhulumente, elinomtsala utho lwezi ndlebe zobucala, elina uthotho lwexesha eliphezulu kumatyala asebenza ngalo ngobungqina obucacileyo kunye noxwebhu. Ikomiti ethethayo yadunyiswa ngokubanziswa ngokubanziswa kwengxelo entlabangentlabange, ithetha ngetyala lobuGawula ngalinye lobuGawula-mthetho, i-Crruast , kodwa ingqina lobugcipt.

Imiqobo Nocelomngeni

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo, iindlebe zombutho zijongene noxinzelelo olukhulu olunokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwazo. Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lulu . Xa ukuva kugqalwa njengoluphenjelelwa kwezobupolitika “ukuloba iindwendwe” okanye ukuhlasela okuququzelelwayo komongameli weqela elichaseneyo, baphulukana nokuthembeka kwaye banokuqhubekeka noluntu. Ukwanda kwe-“mfihleko” okanye imigxube, amaxwebhu avulweyo, kunye neencam ezithethayo zidla ngokugquma impepho yento encinci evayo. Le mfundiso isenokukhokelela ku“ mfoko obevayo", apho uphando oluqhelekileyo lubangela ukuba abantu banganyaniseki.

Ilungelo elisebenzayo kunye nokubekwa ngamatye kukwayimiqobo emikhulu. Isebe eliphetheyo lisoloko lichasa imodeli yolawulo lolawulo olusezantsi lolawulo ngokucela ilungelo kunxibelelwano, iinkqubo zokhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nolwazi lokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngoxa iinkundla zidla ngokufuna ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo, inkqubo esemthethweni icotha, kwaye umongameli ozimiseleyo angabaleka iwotshi kwiwotshi ekuphengululeni. Ngaphezu koko, iSebe loBagwebi phantsi kolawulo lala ukugxeka amagosa abaphathi abaphezulu, ukubeka izinyo lamandla okudelela. Oku kwabonakala ngokukodwa ngexesha lolawulo lweObama noTrump, xa uthothotho lwezolo lubhekiswe kwiSebe lobulungisa kodwa lungasetyenziswanga.

Omnye umlinganiselo yinkqubo yokunyanzelisa ethintelweyo ekhoyo kwiKhontrakthi. Ngokungafaniyo nomtshutshisi, iKhomishini, ayinakubhala izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho; ingabhekisela kuphela kwiSebe leJaji. Ukuphengulula sisixhobo esibukhali esifuna ubuchule obuphezulu kwiBhunga ukuze ivume, iyenze ukuba ingacetyiswa ngeenjongo ze-arctic kuphela. Ukuziva ngokwazo kungancomela umthetho okanye inkqubo; azinyanzelisi mongameli ukuba enze isenzo. Ukuphumelela kokuva kuxhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kweBhunga ukulandela umthetho, imiqathango yokuxhasa imali, okanye eminye imiqathango yokunyanzelisa, ukwenza uxinzelelo lukawonke wonke.

Ukongezelela, ukuva kusenokuba yi- ephakanyiswe ngamangqina namagqwetha awo. AmaNgqina asenokungafuni ukuphendula imibuzo, athethe iSimemezelo sesihlanu, okanye anike iimpendulo ezizinzileyo. Umboniso wodonga lwamatye olungqinayo lungaba yimeko, luphazamisa kwimiba engundoqo. [[FLT:] uxanduva kunye noxanduva lukawonke-wonke [ lukwabangela imingeni; imiba enzima yokuncitshiswa kwesandi isenokulahlekisa okanye incitshiswe imicimbi ebalulekileyo. Njengomphumela, iziphumo zokwenene zokuva zinokuvakala zingeva de kube kwiminyaka kamva xa izazi-mbali zihlola ingxelo.

Kwimbono yemfundo ebhekiselele ekuphumeleleni nasekusikelweni kobuveleli, bona olu hlalutyo lusuka kwi [[FLT: 0] Brookings Institution[[FLT: 1] kuphatho lwexesha langoku.

Ikamva Leendlebe Zeengqungquthela

Njengokuba ubugcisa kunye neempembelelo zezobupolitika zitshintsha, ngokufanayo nokuva kwengqungquthela. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iikomiti ziye zasebenzisa ubungqina bevidiyo, inxaxheba ekude, kunye ne-media yentlalo ukungenelela uluntu ngokubanzi. Le ngxaki inyusa ulwamkelo lweziva, olunokuqhubeka kwiintlobo ezithile zenkqubo. Noko ke, ukulahlekelwa zintshukumo zeqela lamalungu kunganciphisa impembelelo yokuncitshiswa kwemibuzo ephilayo. Ezinye iikomiti ziye zazama ukuzama ukuva nokukhupha zonke iindlebe nokukhupha iikhowudi ngokukhawuleza ukuze zinyuse ukukhanya.

Kuye kwacetyiswa utshintsho ukuze kwenziwe ukuva kusebenze kakhulu kwaye kungabi nabuhlanga. Oku kuquka ukumisela imida engqongqo yexesha ukwenzela iingxelo zokuvula, ukunika ixesha elingakumbi lokuncitshiswa kwamangqina, ukufuna iikomiti ukuba zikhuphe iingxelo zikawonke-wonke kwisakhiwo esifanelekileyo, kunye nokuyila i-Ofisi engekho yinxalenye ye-paratian ye-Oficess yoPuntalitives ukuxhasa iikomiti. Ezinye zicebisa ukuqinisa amandla eKhomishini yeNgqungquthela ukunyanzela ukuba ii-epane zinyanzele inkundla ekhethekileyo okanye ukuvumela iNgqungquthela yephondo ukuba itshathe ingeni yenkundla yephondo elungele ukuqhuba ityala. Ngoxa ezo zizinto zotshintsho zibonisa ukumanyana kwezopolitiki, zibonakalisa ukuqwalal ’ ukuva ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ii-hambreast .

Ekugqibeleni, indima yokubhalisa [ ekuququzelweni kwasesidlangalaleni ayinakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Xa abemi bebukele ukuva nokufuna ukuphendula koothunywa babo, ukuva kuba luvavanyo olunamandla kumandla. Impumelelo yokuva kwixesha elizayo iya kuxhomekeka ekubeni iBhunga lingabuyisela ukuthemba kwiinkqubo zalo zophengululo nokuba amajelo-ndaba kunye noluntu baya kugcina amagosa aphengululiweyo kunye nekomiti ephengulula ingqibelelo kunye nokusesikweni.

Isiphelo

Ukuvakala kwemithetho-siseko kusisixhobo esibalulekileyo nesinamandla sokubala imigaqo-siseko, nokugcina amasebe alawulayo etyala. Zilungiselela i-arhente yokufumana inyaniso, ukuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwegunya, nokufundisa uluntu. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuva, uphando, kunye neengcebiso, iBhunga zinezixhobo zokubhenca ukuziphatha okubi, ukutshintsha imigaqo-siseko, nokukhusela ulawulo lwezomgaqo-siseko. Kodwa ezi zixhobo zikude nokufezekisa inyaniso, ziphantsi kokulawula, imiqobo esemthethweni, kunye nezibalo zezobupolitika. Imbali yolawulo lwaseMelika ibonisa ukuba iikomiti ezinamandla ziyakwazi ukuphulaphula xa zisebenza nge-bipartariangratial, uphanelo olucokisekileyo, nokuzikhusela okucacileyo kwinkxaso esithe ngcelele. Kwixesha lokukhula kolawulo oluphezulu kunye nempikiswano, iimfuno ze-gradiogney, ii-gcondial