Impembelelo Yoluntu Kwidemokhrasi

Idemokhrasi esempilweni ixhomekeke ngaphezu nje konyulo olukhululekileyo norhulumente osebenzayo. Ifuna ukuba abemi balapho basebenze ngokukhutheleyo, batshate, baququzelele, baphendule iziphumo zemisebenzi yabo. Kulapho imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu ingenayo imigaqo-nkqubo yesebe, amaqela oluntu, kunye nonxulumano lokuzithandela, ibutho labantu lisebenza njengeziphene ezinxulumeneyo phakathi kwesizwe nabantu. Yibala apho abemi badibana khona ukuze bafumane izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo, irejista, inkququzelela, iqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo yedemokhrasi ayingo nje kuphela kodwa isebenza. Eli nqaku lihlola impembelelo enkulu yebutho labantu kwidemokhrasi kwidemokhrasi, lihlola iziphumo zalo ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, imingeni, imingeni yalo, kunye nendima yalo ephakathi kwenkulungwane yama-21.

Ukuqonda ibutho lasekuhlaleni kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezihlala ngayo zisabela kwaye ziquka. Ngaphandle kwazo, ulawulo-melo lunokuba yingozi, apho kuvela unyulo kodwa abemi abanawo amajelo afanelekileyo okuphembelela inkqubo phakathi kwemijikelo yokuvota. Njengokuba isazinzulu ngezamayeza ezobupolitika saseHarvard uRobert D. Putnam eyaziwa, ibutho labantu livelisa “ikomkhulu lentlalo-ntle” – imigaqo-nkqubo yedemokhrasi, kunye nokuthemba okubangela ukuba kubekho impembelelo yedemokhrasi. Eli qumrhu lingundoqo kwimibutho labazali elifundisa amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, uluntu luyila ibala yona kanye indlela yobomi yedemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda Uluntu Lwasekuhlaleni

Ibutho labemi aliyonto ikhoyo. Iquka iqela lamaqela ahlukeneyo kunye namaziko asebenzayo ngaphandle kwentsapho, kwemarike, nakurhulumente. Le mibutho iqhele ukuzenzela, ukuzixhasa, kwaye ijolise kwinzuzo kawonke wonke kunokuzuza inzuzo. Eli gama ngokwalo linemvelaphi enzulu yembali, elikwizinkcubeko ezithi zibuyele emva kwiingcuba ezikhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke noAdam Ferguson, owabona uluntu njengendawo yenkululeko nomanyano olufunekayo ukungqubana namandla karhulumente.

Namhlanje, ibutho labantu liquka iqela elikhulu labadlali:

  • [[UMTL:0] Imibutho yezeerhulumente (NGO): ukusuka kumaziko enkqubela-phambili yezizwe ngezizwe anjenge Oxfam ukuya kwimibutho yokunceda ibonelela ngeebhanki zokutya.
  • Intshukumo ze-Grassroot: ezizenzekelayo okanye ezilungelelanisiweyo zabemi zihlanganisana kwimiba efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ubulungisa bobuhlanga, okanye impilo kawonke-wonke.
  • Imanyano yomsebenzi womsebenzi:[ Amaqela afana nonxulumano lwebhari okanye uluntu lwezamayeza oluphembelela inkqubo kwimimandla yalo.
  • Imibutho exhasa amalungelo abasebenzi kunye nokuthelekisa.
  • Imibutho esekelwe kukholo: iiCawa, iinkonzo, izindlu zesikhungu, kunye nenkxaso-mali eququzelelweyo enika iinkonzo zoluntu kunye nelizwi lokuziphatha.
  • Amaqela anxulumeneyo: amaqumrhu ommandla, imibutho yabazali nomfundisi- ntsapho, kunye namaqela okuzonwabisa akha umanyano lwasekuhlaleni.
  • Amatanki okucinga kunye namaqumrhu ophando: Imibutho evelisa uhlalutyo lwenkqubo nempembelelo kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke.

Eyona nto idibanisa la maqumrhu ahlukeneyo yindima yawo njengemida. Aguqulela inkxalabo nganye kwisenzo esimanyeneyo, azise ubuchule kwintetho yesidlangalala, kunye nokusebenza koorhulumente. Kwiidemokhrasi ezininzi, ibutho labantu beliye lanyanzelela ezinye iinguqu zentlalo ezitshintshayo, ukusuka ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka ukuya kukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota.

Umahluko Phakathi Koluntu Namanye Amahlelo

Kubalulekile ukwahlula ibutho labantu kwicandelo lasekuhlaleni nelizwe. Nangona amashishini esebenza ukuze kufumaneke ingeniso kwaye urhulumente esebenzisa igunya elisebenzisanayo, imibutho yoluntu jikelele ayincedi nto kwaye ayincedi nganto. Noko ke, imida iyakwazi ukubhabha. Abanye oorhulumente bafumana inkxaso eninzi, kwaye ezinye iinkampani zibandakanyeka kwimpangelo. Kodwa ke, uphawu olungundoqo kukuba ibutho labantu lisebenza kwindawo kawonke wonke ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwizikhundla zengeniso okanye igunya likarhulumente.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yoLuntu oluManyeneyo kwiDemokhrasi

Ibutho labemi lenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo exhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ezi zinto zidlulela ngaphaya komelo nomelo oluquka imfundo, ukujonga nokuhambisa inkonzo.

Umelo nokwazisa amalizwi

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kukubonakalisa isidima okanye amaqela angaphantsi. Ulawulo-mgamshelwa ukuba abonise ukuthanda kwabantu, kodwa ngaphandle kokulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwelungelo lobungangamsha, izilangazelelo zamahlwempu, amabhinqa, kunye nabanye abantu ababuthathaka basekuhlaleni banokungahoywa. Imibutho yamakhaya (CSOs) ejongene nokuchanabeka kwezi zinto zixhalabisayo. Umzekelo, Amalungelo e-Human Human Rights Watch[ amaxwebhu kunye neengcinezelo zoorhulumente zokukhusela inkululeko esisiseko. Ngokufanayo, imibutho yamalungelo abantu abakhubazekile iye yaqhubela phambili ngempumelelo kumthetho njengomthetho oMsebenzi woMsebenzi woMsebenzi womthetho. Ngomzekelo, iimfuno zomjelo-nkqubo eziqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokurhwexambuliswa kwe-CSO ziquka kakhulu.

Impembelelo yemithetho

Uluntu lungumqhubi oyintloko wenkqubo. Ngophando, ukuphembelela, amaphulo kawonke-wonke, kunye noluvo, imibutho iqhubela phambili imithetho emitsha, imimiselo, kunye noqingqo-mali. Umbutho wemekobume, kunye namaqela afana neSierra Club ne Greenpeace, ube luncedo ekulungiseni inkqubo yemozulu. Ukuqhatha kungayisuka kwingca ephezulu okanye ukusuka kwimibutho ephezulu. Ngamanye amaxesha kubandakanya isenzo esingqalileyo, esinjengesibheno okanye ukungathobeli, okunokuthi kuguqule uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nesenzo sorhulumente.

Ukuphendula Kurhulumente

I-demokhrasi esebenzayo ifuna ulawulo lolawulo-mmandla. Uluntu lwabemi lusebenza njengeqela eligadayo, elihlola ukusebenza kukarhulumente, elibhenela ekubonakaliseni urhwaphilizo, kunye nokufuna ukuba kubekho ukubonakala. I-odoli yorhwebo (ngokufuthi ixhaswe yimibutho engaphumeleliyo), iinja ezilwa nokungaqhathayo ezifana ne-Transparency International, kunye nentsabelo yoluntu zonke zidlala le ndima. Xa oorhulumente bezama ukusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo okanye ngokuxhatshazwa, ibutho labantu elinamandla lingakhanyisa ukukhanya kokungendawo. Njengoko iArabhuan Spring yabonisa, amaqela abantu ayesemgangathweni ekuqululeni ulawulo olunenothwano lwenkohlakalo kunye nokukhuthaza utshintsho.

Imfundo yePhondo kunye noMmiselo kaRhulumente

Imikhosi yoluntu ixhomekeke kubemi abanolwazi. Ibutho labemi lifak' isandla ngokunikela imfundo yoluntu ngokubanzi, ngokulungiselela iingxoxo zikawonke-wonke, nangokukhuthaza ingxoxo. Amaphulo emfundo yemfundo, iingxoxo zoluntu, kunye nonyulo lwentelekelelo lobuxoki lunceda abemi balapho baqonde amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo. Ngaphezu koko, abahlali abangenamgamshelwano njengeejaji okanye iintlanganiso zeholo zedolophu ezilungiselelwe yiCSOs banokuphucula ubunjani bentetho kawonke-wonke. Ngokudala izithuba zokuqiqaqa, ibutho loluntu linceda ukuphelisa ukungabikho kwentlalo nokuxokwa.

Ukuthunyelwa kweenkonzo kunye nentlalo-ntle

Kumazwe amaninzi, imibutho yasekuhlaleni ivala imisantsa eshiywe lizwe. Inikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezinjengokunyamekela impilo, imfundo, isiqabu, kunye nenkxaso kubantu abangenamakhaya. Nangona oku kunokubangela ukuxhomekeka, kwakhona kwakha ukuthembana kunye nokudibana kwentlalo. Ngokomzekelo, iintsapho ezisekelwe elukholweni zisoloko ziphethe iibhanki zokutya kunye nezikhuseli ezifikelela kwezona zisengozini. Kwimeko apho urhulumente ebuthathaka okanye engendawo, uluntu lunokuba lunengxwelerheko.

Impembelelo Yokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Enye yezona nxaxheba zibalulekileyo kwibutho labantu kukukwazi ukuncedisa kwezobupolitika. Xa abemi benxulumana, bafunda ubuchule obufana nokulungiselela, ukuphikisana nokulalanisa. Bakwahlakulela imvakalelo yokuphumelela – ukukholelwa ukuba izenzo zabo zinokwenza umahluko.

Ukukhonkxa

Ukuphuma kwivoti ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo woluntu. Iintlangano ezingathathi-nxaxheba ziqhuba isantya sokubhalisa, imimandla engqonge amacala enqanawa, zinike isithuthi sokuhlola. EUnited States, amaqela afana noManyano lwaMasipala ebesenza oku ngaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ngaphezu konyulo, iCSOs ikhuthaza abemi basekuhlaleni ukuba bafumane imicimbi yasekuhlaleni – ukuchasa ukukhutshelwa kwelizwe, ukunyanzela izikolo ezingcono, okanye ukulungiselela ukuqulungela ukucoceka kommandla.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwamanani Neendlela Ezitsha Zokwenza Ucalulo

I-Internet kunye ne-media yentlalo-ntle iguqule ulungelelaniso lwentlalo-ntle. Izibongozo ze-intanethi, ukugcuma, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-hashtag kuvumela abantu ukuba babandakanye kwezobupolitika ngaphandle kobulungu besithethe. Imikhosi enjenge- Emnyama IMatter [ iqala njengesixhobo sobungcangca e-mbilini esibangela ulawulo lobuhlanga kwaye yakhula yaba ngumandla omhlaba wonke olungelelanisayo. Izixhobo zamanani zithoba umqobo wokungena, zibangela abantu abaninzi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Noko ke, ziphakamisa inkxalabo nge-reethigitism kunye ne-alchitrum.

Ukwakha Ikomkhulu Lentlalo Nokuthembana

Ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwibutho lasekuhlaleni kwakha ikomkhulu lentlalo-ntle – ukuthembana nokuzinzisa okubangela ukuba kubekho inyathelo elidibeneyo. Uphando lukaPtnam lwabonisa ukuba imimandla enamaqumrhu axineneyo oorhulumente abasebenza kakuhle kunye nabemi abathenjiswe inxaxheba abangakumbi. Xa abantu bengenelela kwiqela lemidlalo, ikwayara, okanye iqela lomzali, bakhulisa unxulumano oluchitheka kubomi bezobupolitika. Olu manyano nokonakalisa amakomkhulu luqinisa idemokhrasi ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya phezulu.

Iingxaki Nezisongelo Kuluntu

Phezu kwayo nje indima yayo ebalulekileyo, ibutho labantu lijamelana nocelomngeni olunzulu olunokudodobalisa impembelelo yalo.

Imiqathango karhulumente kunye nesithuba esincitshisiweyo se-oyile

Ehlabathini lonke, oorhulumente bamisela imithetho ethintela imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Ezi ziquka iimfuno ezinzima zokubhaliswa kwebutho labantu. Ezi ziquka ukuvalwa kwemali kwamanye amazwe, kunye nokujongwa kwamaqela alwayo. Ngokutsho COVICUS[, umanyano lwehlabathi lonke lwemibutho yabemi, ummandla wedemokhrasi ophelayo ophela kumazwe amaninzi. Kwiindawo ezifana neHungary, Poland, kunye neIndiya, oorhulumente baye bajolisa kwii-NGONGO ezigxeka iimigaqo, bezichaza njengabameli bangaphandle okanye abaxhasi bezobupolitika. Imiqathango enjalo iyavala ukuchasana nokunga kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukungahlawulwa Nokudinwa

Imibutho emininzi yoluntu ixhomekeke kwizipho ezivela kwiziseko, koorhulumente, okanye kwiminikelo nganye. Le nkxaso inokuba yinyaniso, inyanzelisa imibutho ukuba iqhube imisebenzi yexeshana elifutshane kunokuba yakhe umbilini omde. Ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho kudla ngokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukupha, kwaye ukudinwa okunikezelayo kungabangela iingxaki eziqhubekayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuxhomekeka kwinkxaso karhulumente kungalalanisa, njengoko imibutho inokuzikhusela ekuphulukaneni nezivumelwano.

Ukuxhathisa nokutshintsha

Imigudu yoluntu ingajamelana nokuthandatyuzwa okanye ubutshaba obucacileyo obuvela kumaqela abantu. Kumazwe ahlukeneyo, iCSOs ingajongwa njengabadlali abakhethayo kunokuba ibonakale ingabalawuli abangoondilele. Umzekelo, ukuxhasa iLGBTQ + amalungelo kujongene nenkcaso enamandla kumazwe amaninzi. Ngaphezu koko, ibutho labantu lingadityaniswa zizinto eziphambili. Abanye abantu ba-NGONC bagxekwa ngokuba bangabanxibelelani nabantu abaqhelekileyo, abamele imibangxubeko yokunikela kunokuba bamele iimfuno zengca.

Ulawulo lwangaphakathi nokuphendula

Imibutho yamakhaya ingabandezeleka ngenxa yolawulo olungelulo, ukunqongophala kokubonakala, okanye ukungafikeleleki kolawulo. Ukuxilongwa kwimibutho emikhulu yababoneleli (umz., ukungasetyenziswa kakuhle kwemali) kuphelisa ukuthemba uluntu. Kubalulekile ukuba iCSOs imisele imigangatho yedemokhrasi abayixhasayo, ngokwenza izigqibo ezicace gca kunye nokumisela abameli abachaphazelekayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Lwempembelelo Yoluntu

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene kubonisa indlela ibutho labantu eliye layila ngayo iziphumo zedemokhrasi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi EUnited States

I-1960s Civil Rights Movement lityala eliphawulekayo lokuqhuba utshintsho lwezedemokhrasi. Iintlangano ezinjengeNAACP, iNgqungquthela yaMazantsi yobuKristu yobuKhosi (SCC), kunye neSifundisi iNonligth Coliffiffing Committee Committee (SNCC) zakhuthaza izigidi zabemi ngokukhuthaza ukungazinzi, ukuhlala phantsi, nokuhamba-hamba. Ukuquququzelela kwabo amalungelo e-mthetho ka-Onkciniaye-1964 kunye neSivume somthetho sobuRhulumente sonyaka ka-1965, ukuphelisa i-Rhulumente esemthethweni kunye nokususa i-luvo. Intshukumo yabonisa indlela ekwazi ngayo ukumelana, izenzo zoburhulumente ezingaphangavuthanga bobund ’ uk

Iqela Eliqinileyo EPoland

Ngoo1980, umbutho worhwebo lwe-Sosadarity , wasebenzisa umanyano lwamangingqi ePoland waba namandla achasene nolawulo lobukomanisi. Ukuqalisa njengohlaselo kwiyadi yeenqanawa yaseGdańsk, yakhula yaba ngumbutho welizwe lonke wamalungu angaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi. Umanyano, luxhaswe yiCawa yamaKatolika kunye nemibutho yaseNtshona, lwasebenzisa iindlela zoluntu – ukuzilungiselela ngokwayo, iimpapasho ezisekelwe emfihlekweni, kunye nokugatya koxolo – ukunyanzela inkululeko. Phezu kwako nje ukunyanzelwa komthetho we-karatial kunye nengcinezelo, umbutho waqhubeka yaye ekugqibeleni waba negalelo ekuweni kobuKoma eMpuma Yurophu. Oku kubonisa indlela uluntu olunovavanya ulawulo lobuzwi nolawulo lwedemokhrasi oluphezulu oluno.

Ilungelo LeIndiya Leqela Lenkcazelo

EIndiya, iphulo lengca eliqhutywa ngamaqela ebutho lasekuhlaleni anjengeMazoo Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKS) laqhubela ekubeni kubonakale urhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ngokuvalwa nokuququzelelwa kwabantu, lafuna ukuba abemi bafumane iingxelo zikarhulumente ezinxulumene nokuphuhliswa kwemali. Lo mbutho waphumela kwiSivumelwano esinguMthombo sokuKhuthalela ulwazi ngo-2005, esinika abemi amandla okucela ulwazi kumagunya karhulumente kunye namagosa abeke ityala.

Ukunganyaniseki Kwemeko - bume Nesivumelwano SeParis

Ibutho lezentlalo lisebenza kakhulu ekulungiseni i-Paris Climate Agreement ka-2015. Iintlangano ezifana neNgxowa-mali yehlabathi, iGreenpece, kunye ne-Climate Action Network internet zilungelelanisa amaphulo, oorhulumente abaqeqeshiweyo, kunye nengcinezelo kawonke-wonke. Isivumelwano, nangona singesiso isono, simela isibopho esidibeneyo sokunciphisa ukufudumala komhlaba. Ibutho labemi liyaqhubeka lihlola ukuphunyezwa nokunyanzela ukuba neminqweno engakumbi.

Ukomeleza Ulawulo - melo: Indima Ephambili Yoluntu

Kumaxesha okuguquka kwedemokhrasi, ukunyuka kobupopulism, nokuphazamiseka kwamanani, ibutho labemi kufuneka lilungelelanise ukuze lihlale lisebenza.

Ukwakha Izithethe Ezahlukeneyo Ngapha nangapha Kwamahlelo

Akukho mbutho unye onokusingatha iingxaki ezinzima kuphela. Iimbumba ezidibanisa amaqela ahlukeneyo abantu – amalungelo abantu, imekobume, ukusebenza, unqulo – zingabangela impembelelo enkulu. I- Iphulo elingu R1,5 kwiUnited States ngokunempumelelo abasebenzi abakhawulezileyo, imibutho yabasebenzi, namaqela oluntu ukunyusa umvuzo omncinci. Izivumelwano ezisekelwe kububanzi zikha amandla ezobupolitika nokuzinzisa.

Utshintsho lwamanani

Ubugcisa boburhulumente kufuneka buxhase ukulungelelanisa, ukuqokelela imali, nokuphatha iimali ngeli xesha bukwalungisa ubungozi (inkcazelo, ukujongwa). Amaphulo ogcino-lwazi aqhutyelwa phambili, iiholo zenene zedolophu, kunye nonxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo lunganyusa ukufikelela. Noko ke, imibutho kufuneka ifake imali kukhuseleko lwamanani kunye nokukhuselwa kwezixhobo zolwazi lwamajelo okugcina ulwazi ukuze izikhusele ngokwayo kunye noluntu abalukhonzayo.

Ukukhuthaza Amalungu Edemokhrasi

Ukugcina umthetho, imibutho yasekuhlaleni kufuneka isebenzise oko ikushumayelayo. Ulawulo olucacileyo, unyulo oluthe rhoqo lokhokelo, nokuphendula kumalungu kunye nabangeneli babalulekile. Xa iCSOs ijongwa njengedemokhrasi ngokwayo, ifanele ukuthenjwa ngakumbi ekukhuthazeni utshintsho lwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Ibutho labemi alibuyolo ulawulo-demokhrasi; kuyimfuneko. Linika izibonelelo ezisisiseko ukuba abemi balungelelanise, ilizwi labasemacaleni, ukuvelela ukunqanda ukuxhatshazwa kwegunya, kunye nemfundo yoluntu exhasa ukuthatyathwa-nxaxheba kolwazi. Ngoxa ijongene neengxaki ezibalulekileyo – ukusuka ekuncipheni kwendawo yoluntu ukuya kubuthathaka bangaphakathi; impembelelo yayo ehlala icacile. Imikhosi ekhuthaza ibutho labantu abanobugcuba, abazimeleyo iyasabela, iyanyamezela, kwaye iyalungisa. Njengoko sikhangela phambili, isiphelo sedemokhrasithetho singaxhomekeka kumandla oluntu lwalo – unxulumano lwalo lwangaphakathi olungenakulinganiswa namalungu, imibutho ehlala ihleli apho abantu abafuna ukuphila khona.