Ukuqonda Indima Yonyulo Oluphambili Ekucimeni Iziphumo Zokhetho

Inkqubo yokhetho yaseMelika ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yenyathelo elibini: unyulo lokuqala ukukhetha iqela, lulandelwa lunyulo jikelele ukukhetha umgcini-ofisi. Ngelixesha unyulo ngokubanzi luthatha eyona ngqwalasela kawonke wonke, unyulo oluphambili lunempembelelo enzulu nephakamisiweyo kumntu ophumelela ekugqibeleni ngoNovemba. Unyulo oluphambili lugqiba kungekuphela kuphela abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela eliphambili kodwa kwanecala lengqondo leqela elikhulu, umgangatho wehlombelo, kunye noovimba bezixhobo ezikhoyo kumaphulo. Kubafundi benzululwazi yezobupolitika kunye nabaqeqeshi bezeli bezentlalo jikelele, ukuqonda okunzulu indlela abaphumelela ngayo unyulo jikelele lwe-Prisol.

Unyulo oluphambili alungomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; luyindawo yedabi apho amaqela amaqela eqela akhuphisana khona, apho intsebenziswano entsha yezobupolitika inganyuka khona, nalapho iziko lezobupolitika lingatshintsha khona. Ukhetho olwenziwa liqela elincinane nelingafanekiselwanga lilo eliphambili labavoti linokuba neziphumo eziziziphumo ezizizo kunyulo jikelele. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa impembelelo yonyulo, iziphumo zalo jikelele, imizekelo yembali, kunye nocelomngeni oluvela kweli qondo libalulekileyo lonyulo lonyulo.

Luluphi Ukhetho Oluphambili?

Unyulo lokuqala lunyulo lokuqala oluqhutywa ngamaqela ezobupolitika ukukhetha abaza kunyulwa kulo jikelele. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo oluqhelekileyo, oluvulekele bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo, i-primering iqhele ukuphelela kumalungu eqela okanye, kwamanye amazwe, ukuvota abakhetha ukudibana neqela ngoSuku Lokhetho. Injongo yomntu ophambili kukuxinanisa ibala lokufumana ii-enminee nokubonisa izinto ezikhethwayo zeqela.

Unyulo lokuqala alufani kulo lonke elaseUnited States. IUnited States ifumene imizekelo eyahlukeneyo, nganye ineemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha umvoti kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba. Iindidi ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • I-Primerives ezivaliweyo: Kuphela amalungu abhalisiweyo angavota kwintloko yeqela lawo. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukunyaniseka kweqela kwaye ithintele "umnqamlezo" ukuvota/apho amalungu evoti yeqela elinye kwiqela eliphambili ukuphembelela ukuqhatha kotshaba olubuthathaka.
  • OpenPrivers: Abavoti ababhalisweyo bangavota kumntu ngamnye ophambili, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwiqela labo baluphi na. Le modeli ivumela ukuba nenxaxheba engakumbi kodwa ikhokelele ekuvoteleni okuququ, apho abavoti bazama ukuphazamisa iqela elichasayo.
  • Semi-Valed Primeries: Abavoti abazimeleyo bavunyelwa ukukhetha ukuba yeliphi iqela eliphambili ukuvota kulo, ngexa amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo kufuneka avote phakathi kweqela lawo. Le mizekelo ilinganisela ukuthuleka nokuthembeka kweqela.
  • Ngaphezulu- Kwiinqanawa Ezibini: Bonke abatshayeli, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangaliphi iqela, bavela kwivoti enye yokuqala. Umphezulu wabafundi ababini abavotayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela, baqhubela phambili kunyulo jikelele. California kunye neWashington zisebenzisa le nkqubo, enokuthi iphumele kwiqela elinye elikhuphisanayo.

Inkqubo nganye ilungisa umtyunjwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Iqela elivaliweyo lithanda ukuxhasa abavumi abagqithisileyo ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu azinikeleyo eqela kuphela avota. Ukuvula kunye namalungu amabini aphezulu avelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abalungeleleneyo kuba batsala ivoti ebanzi.

Indima Yonyulo Oluphambili Kwinkqubo Yolawulo

Unyulo lokuqala lusebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ngaphandle kokukhetha nje unyulo. Basebenza njengecebo lokucoca elivavanya abahlolo, babanyanzelela ukuba bachaze iindawo zenkqubo, kwaye bakha izibonelelo zentlangano ezifunekayo kwiphulo lonyulo jikelele.

  • [[FLT: 0] Izinto ezikhethelwe iQela: Izaphula-mthetho zityhila izinto eziza kuqala kwisiseko seqela. Abo baphumelelayo kwiprimetics ngabo bamela ngcono utyekelo lwengqondo lwangoku lweqela labo, olunomahluko ukusuka kwi-centrulis ukuya kwimposiso yemposiso yePropulism.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano sonyulo sonyulo: Ityala linganika abavoti amandla ekuqaleni komjikelo wonyulo, kudala imvakalelo yokuba ngumnini phezu komtyunjwa. Ukujika okuphezulu okuphambili kusoloko kuvela ngonyulo oluphezulu, njengabavoti abathatha inxaxheba kwintwasahlobo babuyela kunyulo ngoNovemba.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuchaza iPlatform yeNkqutyana: Abanyanzeli bolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba baziyahlule kwimibandela echaphazela iqela. Oku kungakhokelela kwiingxoxo zenkqubo ezincinci kwaye kuncede abavoti baqonde uluhlu lwezinto abanokuzenza.
  • Iphulo lokwakha iZibonelelo: Ngexesha lokuhlanganisa amaqela ephulo, abaza kuhlanganisa, ukuphuhlisa ii-internat zokuqokelela intsebenziswano, nokuseka imisebenzi yemirhumo yengca. Iphulo elinamandla eliphambili lishiya umtyunjwa oyintloko owenziwe ngesixhobo sokwenza intlangano esilungisekileyo esinokuthunyelwa kunyulo jikelele.
  • Icandelo lokwahlula-hlula: Izaphuli-mthetho zibhenca amaqela angaphakathi. Indlela abaza kuthabatha ezi zahlulo ``````'''''''''. Ngokudibanisa iqela okanye ngokuphelisa uxinezeleko-xanduva-shwangusha-shwaka-goqo lweqela liyakwazi ukugqiba amandla eqela ukuya kunyulo jikelele.

Impembelelo yoKhetho oluBanzi kwiiNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo

Impembelelo yonyulo oluphambili kwiziphumo zonyulo jikelele iphithene. Impembelelo yexesha lokuqala ingamisela umncomi ukwenzela impumelelo okanye atshabalalise phambi kokuba iphulo jikelele liqalise. Iimeko ezingundoqo ziquka ukhuthazo lwabachongi, iqela, umanyano, umvoti, ukukhutshelwa kwemiqathango yengqiqo, kunye nokubekwa kwemiqathango ye-nomminee.

Igadate Momentum kunye nokugqunywa kwesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi

Ubuchule obunamandla bokusebenza kwasekuqaleni kwe-primia kunye ne-caucus bungadala iziphumo "i-banwagon," apho ingqwalasela yogcino-lwazi kunye nokunikezela ngemali kufutshane nenqanawa engaphambili. Lo mandla angathwala umvotelwa ukutyhubela lonke ixesha eliphambili kwaye kunyulo jikelele. Umzekelo, ngo-2020, uJoe Biden ugqibelo olukhawulezileyo lokuphumelela kwi-Democratic nomva kwe-Punice lwavuselela iphulo lakhe emva kokuba ephelile eIowaoa, New Hampshire, kunye neNevada. Olo loyiso lunga lunga lubangela ukuba arhoxise ivoti elungelele, ekugqibeleni olukhokelela kwi-Democratic nothis.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukhuphiswano olude nolukrakra lungakonakalisa ukuqhayisa ekugqibeleni ngokuveza ubuthathaka, ukubhenca iimpawu ezingalunganga zobuqu, nokushiya umntu ephelelwe yimali. Ngonyaka ka-2016, iRiphabliki yayinde kwaye ithanda ukuxambulisana, uDonald Trump ejongene nohlaselo oluqhubekayo olusuka kubachasi abafana noTed Cruz noMarco Rubio. Ngelixesha uTrump ekugqibeleni waphumelela ekuchaseni oku, imfazwe enzima phakathi kweqela, kwaye amanxeba athatha ixesha lokuphola.

Umanyano Lweqela Nezantlukwano Zezenzo

Ityala linokudibanisa iqela okanye liphucule iintandabu ezikhoyo. Ukudibanisa isiseko esiphambili . "apho iqela likhawuleza likhuphe umyalezo wamandla kulowo uzakunyulwa ngokubanzi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, isiqalo esahlulayo singavelisa "imfazwe ye-vil" phakathi kweqela, nabaxhasi bokuphulukana nabathathi-nxaxheba bazive behlukanisiwe kwaye bengenakuvotela abachola abacholi-mali ngoNovemba.

Imizekelo yembali iyakubonisa oku. Ngo-1968, iDemocratic ephambili phakathi koEugene McCarty, uRobert F. Kennedy, noHubert Humphrey baphula iqela elichasene nemfazwe kunye nemigca yemfazwe. Ekugqibeleni, uMongameli onguMongameli uHumphrey, akazange akhuphisane nayiphi na iprojekthi (wangena kugqatso emva kokubulawa kukaKennedy kunye nendibano) kwaye wabonwa njengeqela ngaphakathi. Amaqela anzulu aba negalelo ekuvukeleni kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe yeDemo-democratic eChicagony kwaye ekugqibeleni anceda uRichard Nimon uwince. Ngomahluko, ngo-2016, iDemocrats ngokudityaniyo emva kokuba ediswe kakhulu noxanduva noxa oluphambili luka-Bern Berniernerse, nangona esoloko ehlala engazini, ancedisa phakathi kwabaxhasi abaxhasi abaxhaka.

IVoter Turrout neNjongo

Unyulo lokuqala lungavelisa ihlombe lomvoti elithwele unyulo jikelele. Ukhuphiswano oluphezulu lweprofile kunye nabavoti abanyanzelisayo lusoloko lutsala abatsha abavoti kwinkqubo. Umzekelo, iphulo lokuqala lika-2009 likaBarack Obama likhuthaza inani eliyimbali lentsha kunye nexesha lokuqala lokuvota, abaninzi babo bashiye bebophelelekile kunyulo jikelele kwaye bamnceda ukuba akhusele uloyiso lwesiphelo. Ngokufanayo, iziqhubiso zengca eziphumayo ze-oksi zitsalela uDonald Trump ngo-2016 izigidi zabavoti abatsha kwibalazwe linguRiphabliki, kwaye abaninzi kwabo bavoti babhenela kuye kunyulo jikelele.

Noko ke, umjikelo osezantsi ungavelisa umtyunjwa ongakwaziyo ukukhupha unyuselo olubanzi. Kumbindi we-intertermary, ukujika kusezantsi kakhulu ngezantsi kwe-/manye amaxesha kungamashumi amabini% okhetho olufanelekileyo (ithetha ukuba isijungqe esincinane, esingaboniswayo seqela sikhetha umtyunjwa. Oku kungakhokelela ekukhetheni komntu obhenela kwisiseko somxhasi kodwa ogqithisele kakhulu kulowo ukhethayo jikelele. Uphando lubonise ukuba abathathi baphume kwi-getye-get ji ephantsi batyelele ekutyebeni ngaphaya kwengqiqo kwaye bangazama ukuphumelela ekuphumeleni uvavanyo kunyulo jikelele.

Imbono yezobuzwe: "I-Shift

Enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo eziphembelela unyulo ngokubanzi kukubekwa kwengqiqo. Abangenisi kumalungu aphezulu kufuneka babhenele kumalungu anamandla avotayo kwiprimetics jl. Ngokufuthi athe alula (kuMalikathi) okanye athe tye kakhulu (kuMalifaka) kunalowo uvotayo. Le inyanzelisayo iqhubela ekuthatheni izicwangciso ezigqithisileyo okanye ezingokwasemngciphekweni ngaphezu koko kusenokuba kukulungileyo konyulo jikelele.

Le nto maxa wambi ibizwa ngokuba "kukusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo egqithisileyo" okanye "imposiso yokunika ingxelo. Abaninzi abajongene nocelomngeni oluphambili kwiphiko elikude leqela labo basoloko belungisa iirekhodi zabo zokuvota kunye nentetho ukuze bangahlulwa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kunokutsalela lonke iqela kwimiba egqithisileyo, kukwenze kube nzima kakhulu kwiqela ukuphumelela kwimimandla ephakathi okanye ejijekileyo. Uphando lwezopolitiko olufana noDavid Brady, John Ferejohn, kunye noBrandice Canes-Wone lubonise ukuba abalinganisi bengqondo abatyekele kakhulu ekwenzeni unyulo olugqithisileyo, kodwa usongelo lwezintluvo oluphambili.

Kwezinye iimeko, ukutshintsha kungamangalisa kangangokuba umnyulo ophambili ukhetha umvotelwa owehlula nzulu ubuzwe, ngaloo ndlela enza unyulo jikelele lubenokhuphiswano oluncinane. Umzekelo, ngo-2010 nango 2012, iqela leTa Parti liphumelele kwiRiphablikian primerive kodwa laphulukana nonyulo lwemibutho yabachongi ngokubanzi kuba iindawo zabo zazikude kakhulu kunyulo jikelele. Ngokuchasene noko, abathathi-nxaxheba abasinda kucelomngeni lokuqala ngaphandle kokuya kumphetho wengcamango bangaphumelela kakuhle ekuphumeleleni ngoNovemba.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yempembelelo Esisiseko Ekukhetheni Ngokuqhelekileyo

Iinkonzo Zedemocratic Primites Nokuwa KweQumrhu

Unyulo lomongameli luka-1968 lumi njengenye yemizekelo ecacileyo yendlela izidubedube ezinokuthi zijike ngayo iziphumo zonyulo jikelele. UMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wajamelana nocelomngeni olunamandla lokulwa nemfazwe evela kuSenator Eugene McCartyy kunye noSenator uRobert F. Kennedy. Emva kokuba uJohnson erhoxile kugqatso, amaPrigrand baba lidabi phakathi kukaKennedy, McCArty, kunye noMongameli uHuberthphrey (owangakhuphisananga kwi-pringi kodwa wathembela kwiqela ngaphakathi kwenkxaso). Ukubulala kukaKennedy kwashiya iqela linembangaphi. Ingqungqungquthelanano yesizwe eChicago yayiphawulwa yimilo yogonyamelo neqela elikhulu. Humphrey waphumelela ekungabini kodwa waphulwa kakhulu, kwaye wafumana uRhel-Genel.

Izaphuli - mthetho Ezilawulwa Yidemokhrasi Zowama - 2008: Ukukhuthaza Isivumelwano Esitsha

Ngowama-2008, iDemocratic ephambili phakathi koBarack Obama noHillary Clinton yayiyenye yezona zikhululo zokhuphiswano neziphezulu kwimbali. Bobabini abatsha badiliza ukuqokelela iingxelo zemali baza bakhupha izigidi zabavoti abatsha. Uloyiso luka-Obama kunyuso lwe-Iowa kwaye uxhathisa kwakhe okuqhubekayo ngexesha lexesha lokuqala kwamenza wakwazi ukwakha iingca eziphezulu ezikhoyo. Wazimisa njengemvotezi yeenko, eyathi yanento yokuba nentabalala yabatsha abavoti, abaNtsundu, abaNtsunduma, kunye nabazimeleyo. Lo mbutho wathwali-obhama wasiwa kunyulo jikelele, apho u-Obama waphumelela khona uJohn McCain. Inkqubo yokuqala eyayingakhethwa kuphela ukuba abenguno-omine-omine kodwa kwakhona yangqinwane.

Unyulo Jikelele lowama-2016: Izabelo kumacala omabini

Unyulo luka-2016 lubonisa indlela ama-prime anokuvelisa ngayo amatyala angeyontsalelo kwilizwe ngalinye kumacala omabini. KwiRiphabliki, uDonald Trump wasebenzisa isiseko esinyanisekileyo sabavoti abaziva bengenamdla kwiqela. Isimbo sakhe sobundlobongela kunye neendawo ezingokwasemthethweni zabhenela kweli qela, kwaye waphumelela ulwamkelo emva kokoyisa ibala elixineneyo elinamatyala amaninzi eBernidemerervans. Ngelixa ekuqaleni wanikwa ithuba elincinane lokufumana unyulo jikelele, iphulo lakhe lokuqala lakha umbutho ojikeleyo kwiimeko ezingundoqo, kuquka iPennsylvania, i-Michigan, ne-Wiscoverson. Kwicala elinomocracracle, u-Clinto ekwayoyisa iziphumo ezininzi ze-octivemocratic , owathi wafumana iziphumo ezininzi.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwezinto Eziphambili

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo, unyulo oluphambili lungagxekwa kakhulu. Njengesango kunyulo jikelele, naziphi na iimpazamo kwinkqubo yokuqala zingagqwetha umelo lwedemokhrasi.

  • Unyuso kunye nongameliyo I-Triniout: unyulo oluphambili lusoloko lusezantsi ngokujikeleza, ngokufuthi malunga ne 10-30% yabavoti abafanelekayo kumjikelo wexeshana. Abo bavotayo badla ngokugaxeka bebophelelekile ngokwezobupolitika, abadala, kwaye beqikelele kakhulu kune-avareji-livereji ilungu leqela. Oku kuthetha ukuba umncinane, ongameliyo weqela ukhetha umtyumbo osezantsi. Uphando wePew Research Center ufumanise ukuba uvotisintloko sithetha kakhulu ngocando olusuka kwenye indawo kune-wonke, enokuthi ikhokelele kumntu ongenayo umbutho othatha imo-yo.
  • Ukungena kwemali neMdlalelo Ekhethekileyo: Amaphulo aphambili anokuba axabisa kakhulu njengemilo yonyulo jikelele, ingakumbi kwizihlalo eziphezulu zeprofile. Amalungu asoloko exhomekeka kwizibonelelo ezizizityebi, iikomiti zezopolitiko, kunye namaqela enkcitho ezimeleyo. Oku kungena kwemali kunganyusa amazwi abatyebi kwiindleko zabavoti abaqhelekileyo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba abaphumeleleyo kwizindlu ze-printo ngenxa yenkxaso yemali banokubonwa ngabo banikeleyo, hayi kwimisebenzi yabo. Ukuvavanywa kwemali yezelo kwiPrimtary kungadiza abangenayo imali.
  • Ukwenziwa kube nolwandiso kunye nokunyuka kobuNtovu: Impembelelo yonyulo oluphambili ingafak' isandla kwicandelo lezobupolitika. Ngenxa yokuba iiprince zisoloko zigqitywe ngooyena baxhasi abaphambili kunye nabavoti beengcamango, abatshati baxhotyiswe ukuba bathathe izimiselo ezingqongqo ukuze baphumelele. Olu "primary" lunganyanzela ukuba amaqela asuke kumbindi, lulalanise kurhulumente onzima kakhulu nakunye nokhetho oluqhelekileyo. Olunye uphando lucebisa ukuba ukuveliswa kweprojectraiting ngqo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ngexa kujoliswe ekunyusweni kokhetho lwe-cractation, lunokuba negalelo ngokungaziyo ekunyukeni kweqela le-platinaba abanyuliweyo ngaphambili.
  • Iphulo leCandelo loMntu kunye noNgqongqozo lobuqu: Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zingaba buhlungu kakhulu, njengabo baxhasa umvoti omnye ukuba bafumane omnye umvoti. Ezi ntlaselo zinganika iqela eliphikisanayo unyulo. Izibhengezo zohlaselo kunye nentetho eyahlulayo kwiprimerimes ziyakwazi ukuthoba ivoti, ingakumbi abo baxhasa umxhasi ophulukana nenkonzo kwaye bazive bemadolw ’ amacala emva komnqongozeli.

Utshintsho kunye nolunye ulwakhelo kwindlela ehamba phambili

Ngenxa yocelomngeni, izazinzulu zezobupolitika nabahlaziyi baye bacebisa ukuba kubekho utshintsho kwinkqubo ephambili. Injongo yezi nguqulelo kukuvelisa amabanga aphezulu amele imimandla ephakamileyo, ukunciphisa ukwanda kwemimandla engaphandle, nokuvelisa oosomashishini abanokuphumelela kunyulo ngokubanzi.

  • Amaqela aphezulu-esibini nasemantla: Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, phezulu-iiprime ezimbini zivumela bonke abatsha abatsha abatsha ukuba bahambe ngesixhobo esinye, kunye neziphezulu ezimbini zabagqibeli abahambela phambili naliphi iqela. Le nkqubo ivunyiwe eCalifornia nase Washington. Abaxhasi bayiphikisa ngokufanelekileyo kuba kufuneka babhenele kunyulo olubanzi, hayi kwiqela elinyanisekileyo. Abagxeki baxhalabisa ukuba ikhokelele kubaqhubi ababini abathathi beqela elinye, ngokunelo olukwiqela elijongene. Umahluko, umphezulu-siphezulu osetyenziswa e-Alaska, iipesenti ezine-ccoaces kuvolulo jikelele.
  • I-Choice Voting in Priming: Amanye amazwana asebenzisa i-choce covotion (RCV) kunyulo oluphambili, evumela abavoti ukuba bafake abaveleli ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi, umntu okwindawo yokugqibela obhaliswayo ukhutshwe kwaye amavoti abo arhoxiwe de umntu afikelele kuninzi. RCV angakhuthaza abathathi benjenjalo ukwakha imiqongqotheliso ebanzi kwaye banciphise iphulo elingalunganga, njengoko abavumi abatshayo befuna ivoti yesibini ye-ice kubaxhasi.
  • Ivula iiPrigrim kunye ne-Nonpartisan Primitary: Ukuvula iziqalelo kubavoti abazimeleyo kungaphinda kulungelelanise inkqubo. Kwimeko ezivulekileyo, abaza kufaka isibheno kubaphulaphuli abaphezulu, kuquka abazimeleyo, abanokubatsalela esizikithini. Abanye abaxhasi abapheleleyo abangeyo i-pristan, apho bonke abatshatensi badweliswe ngaphandle kodweliso lweqela, ukuhlisa ububanzi becala.
  • Imigudu yokunyusa iVoter Turnout esisiseko: iquka ukushukuma kwemihla yokuqala ukwandisa ukubonakala, ukuvumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye, kunye nokuqhuba iposi ngaphakathi okanye ekuvoteleni kwi-intanethi. Xa abantu abaninzi bevota, abavoti baya bafumana abameli abaninzi, kwaye iziphumo zokokuba i-commeternete ibonakalisa iqela elipheleleyo kunephiko lomkhuthuzi.
  • Imali etshintshiweyo: Ukulinganisela indima yemali kwiprimrives] ngokufumana inkxaso-mali ekuhleni okanye ngokweemfuno ezingqongqo zokutyhilwa kwemali.]

Isiphelo: Impembelelo Eqhubekayo Yabacalucaluli Kukhetho Oluqhelekileyo

Unyulo lokuqala lungaphezulu kakhulu kunenyathelo lokuqala; lunamandla anqumayo ekuxonxeni abathathi-nxaxheba, iminqophiso, kunye neemeko zenkqubo ezichaza unyulo jikelele. Ukusuka kumandla oloyiso olumxinwa eIowa ukuya kwisikhundla sengqondo esinyanzelwa yindawo exineneyo, zonke iinkalo zenkqubo yokuqala zityhila ukuba ngubani ophumeleleyo ngoNovemba. Uhlolisiso lonyaka ka-1968, 2008, kunye no-2016 lubonisa ukuba iPrimerimenti ingakha isiseko soloyiso okanye idityaniswe ngaphandle kokulungisa. Njengoko i-United States iyaqhubeka isenza umcimbiso wokwenza amatyala, ukuvota, ukubotshelelwa, kunye nokumeleka, ukuqonda impembelelo yonyulo-ntlalo jikelele kunyulo jikelele kunyulo jikelele kubaluleka kuye nabani nabani ofuna ukuya kulawulo okanye ukufundisa inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMelika.

Oothisha bangasebenzisa olu lwazi ukunceda abafundi babone ukudlula kwimixholo yemixholo yonyulo ngokubanzi baze baqonde ukuba ukhuphiswano lokwenene ludla ngokuqala kwiinyanga ezingaphambili, kwizinto ezikwizipringi. Ngokuhlolisisa iindlela ezisebenza ngazo, imizekelo yembali, kunye neenguqu ezicetyisiweyo, sifumana uluvo olucacileyo ngendlela ukhetho olwenziwa ngayo kwiintwasahlobo esijamelana nazo ngoNovemba. Ikamva lolawulo-melo lwamaMerika lixhomekeke kwindlela esikhetha ngayo ukwenza olo nyulo.