Indaleko yemithetho yonyulo luhambo olubangel ’ umdla olubonisa ukutshintsha kwemilinganiselo, ulawulo, kunye nobuchule bobugcisa boluntu jikelele jikelele. Ukusukela kumabhunga amandulo ukuya kumabhunga angoku amanani, imithetho elawula indlela abemi abakhetha ngayo iinkokeli zabo ngokuqhubekayo beyilwe yimibutho yentlalo, iimfazwe zobupolitika, kunye nenkqubela engapheliyo yokungaguquguquki nokumela. Ukuqonda le ndaleko yembali kubalulekile ekuqondeni iingxoxo ezilawula imicimbi yezobupolitika. Eli nqaku linikeza imbono ecacileyo kwimithetho yonyulo, ukulandelela inkqubela yabo kuqheliselo lwamandulo ukuya kuntlukwano, ngokufuthi isiseko semithetho elwayo yenkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu-yokuqala.

Imvelaphi Yamandulo Yokuthungatha

Ingcamango yokuvota njengendlela yokwenza izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo zangaphambi kokuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezisemthethweni. Ngeli xesha izigqibo zangaphambili kumaqela abaqokeleli beezingwe zenziwe ngokuvumelana okungacwangciswanga, ukuvela kwesixeko samazwe nobukhosi kwafuna iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Ulawulo - melo Oluthe ngqo lwaseAthene

I-Athene yeSiladi isoloko inconywa njengendawo yokuzalwa kwedemokhrasi, nangona izenzo zayo zazisuswe kude lee kwiinjongo zale mihla. Ngenkulungwane yesihlanu iBCE, abemi bamadoda baba nenxaxheba kwi-demokhrasi engajongiyo, ukuvota kwimithetho kunye nezigqibo zegunya lesebe, ukurhoxa kumabhinqa, amakhoboka, kunye nabangengawo ama-antenelo [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [asemgxumeni]. Uqheliselo lwabemi balapho benokubeka khona izalathiso zezandla okanye ngokubeka iimboleko kwi-enjini eziphambili. Noko ke, le nkqubo ikhuselwe ngaphandle kolawulo oluphambili, i-Atlantine lwabemi [FLT] [FFFFF] [FF5], apho abemi baselunokuvota khona kwinkokeli elishumi leminyaka ephambili, i-ekhothoba esetyenziswa kwimithetho yokuziselwa kwemithetho esetyenziswa kwegunya eliphambili, ngaphandle kwegunyathi, i-ethe .

Ukufuduka kweRome Republic

IRiphabliki yeRoma yaphuhlisa isakhiwo sovota esintsonkothileyo esaphembelela ingcamango yamva yezomthetho waseNtshona. Abemi baseRoma bavotela [[FLT: 0] ii-assemblies ezilungelelaniswe ludidi lwentlalo [, njenge iComitia Conturia Conturata [[[FLT:]] [[5]]], apho izityebini zeminyaka zasebenzisa amandla aphezulu. Ukuhamba kwaqhutyekwa ngomlomo de kube yinkulungwane yesibini yeBCE, xa kushenxelwa kwimfihlo-bhalo---bharpt",[[[FLTLT:]] iTabrellate [[5] [FLT] [5]] [iiingciso-onqathiwe] [indlela] yokhetho lomthetho wobulungisa, ngoko kumele ukurhoxando, i-onele, i-ekhomba-mthetho, i-ekhothoba, i-ondo, i-ondo-omele

Uphuhliso Lwamandulo

Ukuwa koBukhosi baseRoma kwakhokelela kwixesha elide lokulawula imicimbi apho ukuvota kwafak ’ isandla kakhulu kwibutho labantu.

IMagna Carta neNcaciso yokufuzisela

IMagna Carta yowe-1215 idla ngokuchazwa njengesiseko somthetho-siseko. Nangona iso sivumelwano soxolo phakathi kukaKumkani John kunye nee-barsons ezinemvukelo, saseka umgaqo wokuba ukumkani wayengengawudluli umthetho. U-Claus 39 waqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi avalelwe entolongweni okanye agxothwe ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu, wasungula ingcamango yebhunga leebharpon ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kokumkani ngomelo lwemithetho. Kwienkulungwane ezilandelayo, eli bhunga linyukele kwiPalamente yamaNgesi, kunye nookanye nomthetho welizwe omele iziququ zelizwe. [FLD: FFFF1] phantsi kolawulo oluqinileyoMkhosi we-Edwalgradenti I, i-Edwa i-Edwa i-Edwathradewsburgs Prison.

IBhili Yamalungelo AmaNgesi Nemvukelo Ezukileyo

IBhili yamaNgesi yamalungelo onyaka wama-1689, eyamiselwa emva kweNguquko Ezukileyo, yaphawula inyathelo elipheleleyo kulawulo loburhulumente bomGaqo-siseko kunye nobukhulu bepalamente. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aquka: ukufuna imvume yepalamente yokunquma imithetho, ukunqanda ibheyile ibheyile egqithisileyo, kunye ne-(_ukuqinisekisa) ukuba unyulo lwamalungu ePalamente kufuneka akhululwe [[[FLT]:1]. Ikwaqinisekisa ilungelo lokucela umlawuli kunye neepalamente ezithekileyo ezithe rhoqo. Le migaqo yaphembelela ukucinga okunemvukelo.

Inkqubela Yenkulungwane Ye - 19

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yabona ukwanda okudubulayo kumlinganiselo wonyulo kunye nokunyuselwa ngokusemthethweni kweenkqubo zonyulo kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseMntla Merika. Ukwenziwa kwemizi - mveliso, ukuhlaliswa kwedolophu nokuvela kwentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika ekhululekileyo kwabangela ukuba abantu bathathe inxaxheba ngokubanzi.

Ukwanda KweElectorate EBritani

UMthetho woHlaziyo wonyaka ka-1832 eBritane wawuyingqikelelo. Wasasaza izihlalo zepalamente ukusuka ekutshayelweni kwabantu “amarhafu abola” ukuya kukwandisa iidolophu zoshishino kunye nokuhlisa iimfaneleko zezinto zovota, ukwandisa unyulo ukusuka kuma-400,000 ukuya kuma-650 000 amadoda (kususela kubemi be-~14-zigidi). Ngokuthe ngcembe ezi zinto zisenza iintshukumo `iSekelo loTshintsho luka-1867 nolumelo lwe-Olphamential Act, 8849/Further lwandisa ifranchisessss kwiqela lamadoda asebenzayo. Utshintsho ngalunye lwaluyimveliso yemilo yezopoliti, kunye neminye imikhosi yezizwe efuna i-cuffge. Ezi zenzo zathi zathi zisusa iziseko zokumelelwa kwelizwe kumnini we-efazi, nangona kuseyindoda, nakuba isengabantu.

Ibhola Efihlakeleyo Nengqibelelo Yokhetho

Enye yezi inguqulelo ezitshintsha kakhulu zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yayiyintshayelelo ye- eyimfihlelo yebhola yovolot. Ngaphambi kokuba ivote ithathwe ngokusemthethweni, yayisoloko ikhutshwa eluntwini okanye ibhalwe ekuhleni kwemihlathi ````ivoti ilula ukunyotywa, isohlwayo, ingqhinga, okanye ukunyanzeliswa ngabanini-ndlu okanye abaqeshi. I-Australia yaqalisa ukulungiselela i-bhallbat eyimfihlo kwi-1850, kwaye umkhwa wasasazela kwiBritane (uMthetho we-Ballot 1872), iUnited States (amazwe ayamkela ngokulula kuyo yonke iminyaka yo1880 kunye ne-18900), kunye nezinye iintlanga ezininzi. “iAustralianboti yenze imigangatho yangaphambi koshicilelo, ngokuphawula ukhetho lwawonke olufihlakeleyo. Olu khetho oluthenjiweyo luye lwazisweyo.

Iinguqulelo Ezintle ZaseMerika

EUnited States, irepublic yamandulo yafumana ukuvota ithintelwe kumadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla. Ngoo1820 kunye no1830, amaphondo amaninzi aye ashenxise iimfaneleko zempahla, nto leyo eyakhokelela ku- “Jacksonian Democracy” ngokuphangaleleyo (nakuba indoda emhlophe). [[[FLT:]]] unyulo lwe-1824 [[FLT]] [12]] oluyeyalelweyo ukuvota okusekelwe kwi-luhlanga, kodwa emazantsi ezweni avakalisa ukuvota iirhafu, iirhafu, iirhafu zobu, kunye nogonyamelo lokususa ubukhoboka obunzulu. [[FT] [FLT]] [5] i-FT] Fittenth Deving [5] Isivotiso se-octive projective providecti yenkulungwane yomthetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho-moso siseko se-omatika.[5]

Inkulungwane Yama - 20: Ukugatya Ihlabathi Lonke Namalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yakubona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwamalungelo okuvota embalini, eqhutywa yimibutho yamabhinqa angenamalungelo asekuhlaleni, yaye ngenxa yeziphumo zeemfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi.

Intshukumo yamabhinqa ephazamisayo

Umlo wamalungelo okuvota wamabhinqa waba yinto yehlabathi lonke. Ilizwe laseNew Zealand laba lelokuqala elizicebisayo ukunika amabhinqa ivoti ngo1893. EUnited States, i yesi19th IsiHlaziyo sonyaka we1919tezi sagunyaziswa ngo1920 emva kwamashumi eminyaka esenzo sokuvota. Amandla angundoqo afana noSusan B. Anthony noAlice Paul baqesha ukupheka, ukuvulela, nokungathobeki kwemilo. Ngokufanayo, i-UK yanika amabhinqa i-cuffngensi (ongaphezulu kwama-30) kunye nokulingana okupheleleyo ngo198059. [[FLT.C.952] UctivegarFranges Actives ka 1928 [FFoct:3] wanika amabhinqa amalungelo okuvotayo. Ngophakathi, ngokunjalo, amazwe amaninzi ayewandisa ngo-demokhstan, nangona e-1959491, kwaday, ngoko, ngo-20491, kwade ngo-1 / 2015 .

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

EUnited States, uMthetho wamaLungelo ogunyazisa ukuvotelwa kwamaLungelo ka-1965 ngumthetho wephondo onamandla kunawo onke owakhe wamiselwa ukunyanzela ukuLandlwa koMphetho weshumi elinesihlanu. Yaphelisa iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, enikezelwe kulawulo lorhulumente lobuvoti kwimimandla enembali yezenzo zokuvota, kwaye kwafuneka amagunya anokutshintsha kwiinkqubo zokuvota ukuze kufumanekelwe “ukungena kuMgangatho. [FLT] kwiSebe lobulungisa. [Foct:] UMthetho wakhokelela ekunyukeni okuphawulekayo kobhaliso olumnyama eMzantsi. Icandelo 5 lenziwe ukuze lithintele inkqubo entsha yokulawula i-Rhulumente. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kumthetho wonyuso lwezomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho. [Foct:]

Ukwanda Kwedemokhrasi Emhlabeni Wonke

Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwabonwa ukunwenwa kwenkqubo yesalathisi jikelele ngokususwa kolawulo lwe-odoli kunye nokuwa kolawulo oluphantsi. UMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya ka 1950 wamisela jikelele jikelele ukurhoxa kwinkululeko, ukwenza unyulo olukhulu lwehlabathi. Amazwe amaninzi atsha aseAfrika azimeleyo amkela iinkqubo zokuqala zesiphelo selizwe lonke, ngexesha ezinye zazama ukuthatyathwa ngomlinganiselo woburhulumente. Isiphelo semfazwe yomlomo sazisa iinguqu zedemokhrasi kwiMpuma Yurophu, Latin America, kunye nenxalenye nganye ye-Asia, ifuna imithetho emitsha ekhethekileyo yokulawula unyulo olukhululekileyo nolungangachongi. Izidumbu zezizwe ezifana [[FLT: 0] ezise Zizwe ngezizwe [FLG:] kunye neZiko lobuGenestivaltar [FFOLD]

Imithetho Yokhetho Kwixesha Eliqhelekileyo

Inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa kunye nezithethe ezitshintshayo zentlalo ziye zavelisa amathuba amatsha kunye nee-intelligence kulawulo lonyulo. Inkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu iye yabona iingxoxo ezishushu ngokukhethwa komvoti, ukuvota ngeposi, iphulo lemali, kunye nokukhuselwa kwekhompyutha.

Imithetho Yophawu

Kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi iUnited States, imithetho ye-ID evoti iye yaba yindawo ebanzi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi bathintele ukuqhatha nokuthemba uluntu. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi badide abambalwa, abalupheleyo, kunye nabavoti abaphantsi abasoloko bengenayo i-ID. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba imithetho ye-ID engqongqo inciphisa ukuguquka phakathi kwamaqela achaphazelekayo. [[FLT: 0] Iziko leNkuhlalo] [zi] Izinyuko zenkundla zeCrawford v. UMarion County Ecomment Board uphakamisa umthetho ka-Indianator ID, uvumela ukuba umthetho wobubanzi. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka njengoko amazwe amaninzi emkela izimfuneko ezintsha.

Ukuphuma nokuphuma kwasekuqaleni

Isifo se-COVID-19 sakhawulezisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kweposi kunye nokuvota kwasekuqaleni. Amazwe amaninzi namazwe amaninzi andisa ukufikelela kumadabi angekhoyo. Ngeli xesha iposi ikhona inembali ende . /by posi okanye ikhompyutha esebenza njengomqobo(iindawo esebenzayo). Unyulo. Uhlolo malunga nokuqhatha (ngokungalawuleki) lwakhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni kunye nemiqathango emitsha. [[FLT: 0] Umthetho we-Unionthi ne-Oseaseas Abicee Vovace Voting Voting S. [FL:] Umthetho wokwenza i-ocketssss (Umthetho ophucuthelweyo) kunye nomthetho osunguliweyo wokwenza i-ocavences.[FLD] ka-Uption: [FOV:2] Umthetho wokhuseleko lwamazwe olungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-Exective, udibanisa ii-octive kunye noluvo olulungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-ort, ukudiselwa kwe-octive, ukuququququququ

Iphulo Lokuzitshintshwa Kwemali

Indima yemali kunyulo ixhalatyiswa ngokungapheliyo. EUnited States, uMthetho we-FUMT) ka-1971 kunye nowe- 1974 izalathiso zemali ziveliswe imida kwimiqathango yemirhumo neyokutyhila. Bluckley v. Valeo isigqibo silinganiswe nokuchitha imali ngenkululeko yokuthetha, ukulinganisela imiqathango yomnikelo. [[FLT:] [FLT:] [4] i-Bipartian Chastical Active Reformation Active Active [BRA)[FLD:5] [endla lonyaka othenjiweyo], kunye nemiqatha yemali esetyenziswa nguwonke-wonke-wonke, i-onke i-ongezomngeni-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke, i-onke i-mali efumaneka kwimiqatha yemali e-mali e-onkantluvoluvo yonyulo.

Izisongelo Zokhuseleko

Unyulo lonyulo lwemeko-ntle kunyaka wamanani lujongene nocelomngeni olutsha olusuka kuhlaselo lwekhompyutha, ukurhoxiswa, kunye nokuqhekezwa kolwazi. Unyulo lwangonyaka ka 2016 lwabona ukuphazamisa kwe-Russia, kuquka inzame zokuqhekeza iinkqubo zokuvota zesizwe kunye nokusasaza iingxelo zobuxoki. Ekuphenduleni, SEACTSCT EPURTS Act [ kunye notshintsho lomgangatho wesizwe oluninzi luzimisele ukuphucula ukhuseleko lomatshini wokuvota, lufuna imikhondo yephepha, kwaye lunyusa ukwabelana ulwazi. Ngoku abalawuli be-Ecompution kufuneka balungelelanise ufikelelo nolwelo lwe-cose Security, umsebenzi olunts oza kukhula kakhulu njengoko ulwandisiwe.

Ucelomngeni Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Imithetho yokhetho iyaqhubeka iguquka ngokwempendulo kwimibandela eqhubekayo: ukurhoxa, ukungacaci, kunye nokukwazi ukuthintela okanye iinkqubo zokuvota ezisekelwe kwi-Al.

Gerrymandering

Ukuzoba imida yesithili yokufumana uncedo lwabaququzeleli kudala njenge republic. Igama elithi “germander” likwiminyaka yo1812. Noko ke, izixhobo zale mihla zobalo zivumela ubuchule obukhulu ekuyileni izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo. Inkundla yeSuprememe ilawula [ ukuba iinkundla zikarhulumente azinakuzimela izinto ezithenjiswayo zegerryander, zishiya umba wemeko exesheni. Amanye amazwe azenzele ngokwawo iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokunqanda ukuxhatshazwa kokuxhatshazwa kwe-thulwa kwe-thu. Ubalo lwama-20202020 kunye nomjikelo olandelayo wabona imingeni engokwasemthethweni. [FLT:] I-lithoricm [[FLT] [FFLT]] ingummandla okhulayo, kodwa akukho ndawo yemithetho esemthethweni yokuqinisekisa ukuba kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwephondo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wenkcazelo kunye nolungelelwaniso lwe-media

Ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo yobuxoki kumajelo eendaba kungakuthoba isidima sonyulo. Amazwe aye athatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo: amanye amisela imithetho engqongqo (umz., uMgaqo weNkundla ye-Wethwekhi yaseJamani), ngoxa abanye bexhomekeke kwimigaqo yeqonga lokuzithandela. Imithetho ye-Umthetho we-Processic on Disformation ibeka imigaqo-sikhokelo kwiinkampani zobugcisa. EBrazil, iNkundlalelwano yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla ePhakameleneyo neqonga lokulwa noomposiso kwiindaba zenkohliso. Ukulinganisela imfuneko yenkululeko yolwazi oluchanileyo ihlala ingucelomngeni olungundoqo lonyulo lomthetho.

Ukuzenzela nokukhupha ibhloko

Amanye amaziko azama ukuvota okusekelwe kwiblockchain, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokukhanya okuphezulu. Noko ke, ixhala ngokuchanekileyo, ukuvota, kunye nolwahlulo lwamanani liyaqhubeka. Inkqubo yokusebenzisa iEstonia, iquka inkqubo yophicotho-zincwadi olusekelwe kwiphepha. Iingcali jikelele ziyavuma ukuba iibhola zephepha zihlala zisemgangathweni wegolide wokuphicothwa. Imithetho yonyulo kwixesha elizayo iyakufuna ukubandakanya ngokuthe ngcembe, iinguqulelo zobugcisa ezivavanyiweyo.

Isiphelo

Indaleko yemithetho yonyulo ikude kakhulu. Ixesha ngalinye liye lazisa amaqela amatsha kwivoti, lazisa ukhuseleko olutsha ekuqhatheni nasekunyanzeleni, kwaye lazama ukumelana noxinezeleko phakathi kofikelelo kunye nengqibelelo. Ukusuka kwiindibano zase-Athens ukuya kwiibhokisi ezisombululayo zexesha lobalo, usukelo luyefana: ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuthanda kwabantu kuvakaliswe ngokuchanekileyo nangokuchanekileyo. Njengoko ibutho liqhubeka litshintsha, ngokunjalo nemithetho elawula esona senzo sethu sibalulekileyo sedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda le ngxelo yembali kusixhobisa ukuba sivavanye ngokunzulu utshintsho oluqhutyelwano namhlanje nokukhuthaza imithetho eqinisa ulawulo-demokhrasi kubo bonke abemi. Imbali yonyulo imbali yomthetho ekugqibeleni iyimbali yoklo lolwanothiso, ebanzi, ne-ograc.