Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kungumqulu osisiseko wolawulo lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Ilungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuxineneka kwegunya nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo, le nkqubo isasaza amandla phakathi kowiso-mthetho, ulawulo oluphezulu, namasebe agwebayo karhulumente worhulumente wezwe. Esazulu sale siseko nguMongameli wase-United States, osebenza njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo kwaye uqhelisela impembelelo ebumba ulungelelwaniso oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamasebe. Ukuqonda indima kamongameli phakathi kokwahlulwa kwamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi yaseMerika kunye nendlela eye yaguquka ngayo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya karhulumente ayizange ivele kubaseki bamaMelika. Isithandi sobulumko sezobupolitika saseFransi uMontesquieu, kumsebenzi wakhe wowewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo. Umoya woMthetho , waphikisa ukuba inkululeko igcinwe kakuhle xa uwiso-mthetho, umphathi-mthetho, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba igcinwa yahlukile. OoTata abaFundiweyo, ingakumbi uJames Masson, i-gnomedia, badwelise iingcamango zikaMonte ngelitiki ngexesha lokuyila iU.S. uMgaqo-siseko odumileyo ubhala uNombolo.[51][FLT] Oko kuhlanganiswa kwamagunya onke, umlawuli we-grona, nowe-judiary, nokuba ngomnye, okanye umbanobumba oluqhelekileyo, okanye uchazo olusesikweni, oluqhelekileyo, oluchazweyo."

UMgaqo-siseko, owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, wamisela lo mgaqo ngokudala amasebe amathathu alinganayo anamagunya neembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo. Inqaku Lenza iCandelo le-bidamaral Congress ukuze yenze imithetho, iCandelo II elinikwe igunya eliphezulu kumongameli omnye ukunyanzela imithetho, neGatya III layila iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuchaza imithetho. Kodwa amaFramente aqonda ukuba ukwahlula amandla ngokwawo akwanele; nawo adala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa ukwenzela ukuba isebe ngalinye likwazi ukuxhathisa ukungenelwa ngabanye. Eli lungiselelo lichazinzile indima ye-Precity ukusuka kuGeorge Washington kuselusuku lwangoku. Ukuhlola okunzulu kwezi mvelaphi, [[FLT:] uMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [FLD] [FF:1]

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu negunya loMongameli lomGaqo-siseko

Inqaku II loMgaqo-siseko lifaka igunya elilawulayo kuMongameli waseUnited States. Oku kunikwa igunya kubanzi kwaye kungqalile, kubandakanya imbopheleleko yokuba "Nikukhathalele ukuphunyezwa kweMithetho ngokuthembeka." Indima yomongameli njengentloko yabalawuli ibandakanya imisebenzi emininzi, nganye yayo isebenza phakathi kolwahlulo oluntsonkothileyo lwamagunya.

Unyanzeliso lomthetho nolawulo

Umongameli ujonge ulawulo lwequmrhu lorhulumente, eliquka amasebe anjengeJaji, uKhuselo, uNciphiso, kunye noRhulumente. Ngoonobhala neentloko zezikomkhulu, umongameli uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente yenziwe ngokwenjongo yequmrhu. Noko ke, amandla kamongameli okulawula ukugcinwa komthetho akaphelelanga. IBhunga lilawula ukuxhaswa kwemali kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamaqumrhu alawulayo, kwaye ijaji yezakhono zolawulo lokuthobela imithetho kunye neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Oku kudala uxinzelo olunamandla oluhlola igunya lomongameli.

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

Umongameli ubeka abaphathi-mikhosi abayintloko baseUnited States, kuquka amalungu ekhabhathi, abagwebi borhulumente, kunye nee-arhente. Ezi zindululo zifuna "imvume kunye nemvume" yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ithetha ukuba uninzi lwevoti luyafuneka ukuze luqinisekiswe. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa [ isebenza njengendlela engqalileyo yokuhlola ukubekwa komongameli, ivumela isebe lowiso-mthetho ukuba livavanye iimfaneleko kunye nokugatya abatsha abangafanelekiyo. Yathi iqinisekisa ukuba, abagwebi bephondo babambe ishumi elisisigxivi, bakhutha umva kwimpiso-mongameli. Ukususwa komongameli kulinganiselwe ngakumbi: ngelixa umongameli umlawuli omkhulu wesebe eliphethe amasebe oorhulumente olawulo, ozimela ngokwawodwa nabaphathi abathile bakhuselwa yimiqatha yemiqatha, i-Steatho, iqinisekisa umlinganiselo wokuzimele i-ofisi yendlu yabamhlophe.

Umyaleli- ngaphakathi- kwiNtlanganiso

UMgaqo-siseko umisela umongameli njengoMthetheli-Mkhosi noMkhosi wamanzi wase-United States kunye noomkhosi wamajoni xa ebizwa kwinkonzo karhulumente. Le ndima inika umongameli igunya elibalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yomkhosi kunye nenkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Kodwa amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe kuphela kwiKhomishini phantsi kweQhinga I. Eli candelo liye ladala impikiswano enkulu kuyo yonke imbali yaseMelika, ingakumbi kwixesha langoku lemfazwe yemfazwe yemfazwe nezobugrobistism. Isigqibo semfazwe sephondo samaye sizama ukucacisa umlinganiselo ngokufuna umongameli ukuba azise iBhunga phakathi kweeyure ezingama-48 zokufaka imikhosi emkhosini nemikhosi exhobileyo kuwiswa kuyo ngaphandle kogunyazomthetho. Nangona oomongameli besoloko bengene ingcuphe inkcatha inkcaso yesigqibo somthetho wezomthetho, ihlala ingundaba ephambili kwi-omatiko-omatila-omga-omga-omi.

Ukusekwa Kolwalamano Lwamazwe Asemzini Nesivumelwano

Umongameli ngumphathi oyintloko kwimithetho yamazwe angaphandle eMelika, oxubusha ngezivumelwano kunye noqhuba ubudlelwane. Iingxelo zifuna ivoti engaphezulu kakhulu yesithathu kwindlu yezindlu, uvavanyo olubalulekileyo oluye ngamanye amaxesha lwanyanzela oomongameli ukuba bafune ezinye izixhobo, njengezivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu, ezingafuni mvume yeBhunga leNtsimbi. Izivumelwano zoLawulo oluPhezulu zivumela umongameli ukuba enze izibophelelo zezizwe ngezizwe ezingakhange ziphinde ziqale, kodwa azingqinelani kwizivumelwano phantsi komthetho wasekhaya kwaye zinokuba lula ukutshintsha ulawulo olulandelayo. Olu tshintsho luye lwandisa amandla omongameli kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle, kodwa uBhunganiso lusenokungawuphembeleli inkqubo yemithetho yamanye amazwe ngenkxaso, ngokuxhasa umthetho, kunye nolawulo lwekomiti.

Impembelelo KaMongameli Ekuwiseni Umthetho

Ngoxa iBhunga linegunya lokwenza imithetho, umongameli unempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. UmGaqo-siseko unika iinkqubo eziliqela umongameli anokuzibumba ngazo, azimise okanye azimise umthetho, amisele nemigaqo yowiso-mthetho.

Umbane weVeto

Umongameli angasebenzisa nayiphi na ityala elidluliswa yiBhunga. Iveto ingangachatshazelwa kuphela ngamavoti amabini anesithathu kwindlu kunye neCathenal, umgqaliselo ophezulu owenza ukuba i-veto ikwazi ukunyusa isixhobo esisebenzayo. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa ii-vetoes ukuvala umthetho abawujonga njengongawuvumelanga umthetho, ongenabulumko, okanye ochaseneyo nomgaqo wabo. I-veto inguvavanyo oluthe ngqo kwiNdlu, kunye nesisongelo se-veto esingumthetho osoloko unyanzela abenzi bomthetho ukuba banxibelelane nendlu emhlophe phambi kokuba bathumele isibhengezo somthetho kwidesika sikamongameli. Pocketvees, obonakala xa umongameli engenzi nto kwingxelo yemali ngeentsuku ezilishumi ngexesha loBhunganiso, unikela indlela eyongezelelweyo yokubulala ngaphandle komthetho.

Imeko yeDilesi ye-Union kunye noMthetho we-Agenda

UMgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba umongameli "amaxesha ngamaxesha anike iCongress Information of the State of Union". Le dilesi iguqukele kwiqonga elikhulu ukuze umongameli achaze izinto eziza kuqala zemithetho kunye nemithetho emitsha. Intetho idla ngokuquka izicelo ezithile zemigaqo ezinokuvelisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke kunye nengcinezelo yeBhunga ukuba isebenze. Ngoxa idilesi ngokwayo ingenawo amandla omthetho, sisixhobo esinamandla sokhuthazo lomongameli, ingakumbi xa umongameli enandipha iirejista eziphezulu zemvume okanye inkoliso yeBhunga.

Imiyalelo yesigqeba kunye noMongameli weMeetranda

Ziyalelo ezigunyazisiweyo zimiyalelo ekhutshwa ngumongameli olawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente. Banegunya lomthetho xa besekelwe kwigunya elinikwe ngumGaqo-siseko okanye ngomthetho. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka, ulawulo lwemekobume, kunye namalungelo abantu, phakathi kwezinye iindawo. Ngoxa imiyalelo yezolawulo zingenagunya ingenakuyilawula imimiselo esemthethweni, bavumela umongameli ukuba asebenze ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo apho iBhunga ligunya okanye apho umthetho okhoyo uvumela khona igunya. Iinkundla zezolawulo oluphezulu ezigqitha imida yemithetho esemthethweni okanye ye-ogalelo-mthetho. UMongameli i-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi i-ofisi isebenza umsebenzi ofanayo kodwa ayisetyenziswangamiselwanga ngokusemthethweni kwaye ayisoloko ipapashwa kwiFecregisterl Register. Zombini izixhobo ziye zatsala iingcengcosho kwingings ezithi abathi abathi becacingela ukuba basebenzise iiKhosigracrac, ngaloo mithetho.

Ingxelo Zokusayina

Xa kusayinwa incwadi yomthetho, ngamanye amaxesha oomongameli bakhupha iingxelo zokutyikitywa kwentetho ezivakalisa ukucaciswa kwabo umthetho okanye ukubhengezwa kwamalungiselelo athile awasayi kunyanzeliswa ngenxa yenkxalabo yomgaqo-siseko. Ukusetyenziswa kweengxelo zokutyikitya intetho kudityanisiwe, kunye nabachasi besithi balingana nomgca ongacwangciswanga okanye ukungenelela kwinjongo yeBhunga. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba umongameli unomsebenzi wokukhusela umGaqo-siseko nokuchaza indlela isebe eliphetheyo eliza kuwuphumeza ngayo umthetho.

Iingqiniphotho Nokulungelelana Kwamandla Omongameli

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iqinisekisa ukuba amandla omongameli anyanzelwa yiBhunga kunye nejaji. Ezi ngqikelelo ziye zavavanywa ngamaxesha athile ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ingakumbi ngexesha lamanqam okanye xa elinye iqela lilawula amasebe aphetheyo kunye nowiso-mthetho.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ngokuchotshelwa kwetyala, ngokuphanda, nangezicelo zamaxwebhu nobungqina. Iikomiti zeBhunga ziyakwazi ukubeka amangqina angaphantsi kwengxelo zezeerekhodi, izixhobo eziye zasetyenziswa ukuphanda izenzo zesebe ezisuka kwizigqibo zemfazwe ukuya kwihambo engafanelekanga. Umongameli angagunyazisa ilungelo eliphezulu lokuvimba ulwazi oluthile, ingakumbi unxibelelwano olubandakanya ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ukuphengulula okungaphakathi, kodwa iinkundla zidla ngokuba nendima ekuchazeni iimpikiswano ezinjalo. Amandla esi siqwenga eso sibonelelo sinye esinamandla: iBhunga lilawula iindleko zolawulo lorhulumente kwaye linokudibanisa iimeko zokuxhasa imigaqo ethintela imicimbi yomongameli.

Impinda yezeejaji

Ijudiary inegunya lokuhlola izenzo zomongameli nokugqiba ubugqeba bayo. Eli gunya, elimiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison [1803], lisebenza kwizenzo zesebe eliphetheyo kunye nomthetho. Iinkundla zingabetha imiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu, imimiselo, nezigqibo zoburhulumente ezichasene noMgaqo-siseko okanye ezigqitha igunya lemithetho yezomthetho. Inkundla ephakamileyo ilawula kwiimeko ezinjenge [[FLTLT:2] i-Stown Comment & Lamp; Tube. v. Sayer[FLT] [5], (1952), enokuthi ibonise ukuxhatsha kwe-ntsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe ye-Korea, ibonakalisa indima ekwahlulwa ngayo.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

Indlu yabameli inamandla okuqinisekisa umongameli ngenkqubo "yokucetyiswa, yokuSifumba, okanye enye iMisdeamers" Ukuba iNdlu iyawamkela amatyala okungagunyazi, iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeQela iqhuba ityala kwaye ingasusa umongameli ngevoti yesithathu-mitha emibini. Ukungagunyazi kucetyiswa kulelona cebiso libalulekileyo elikhoyo kwiBhunga, kodwa ikwayinkqubo yezopolitiko eye yasetyenziswa izihlandlo ezithathu kuphela kwimbali yaseMelika (Andrew Printoson, uBill, noDonald Trump, isibini sesithathu seejovoti). Igunya lokungaqululeki licelwe ukuba lisebenzise intetho enzulu yamandla, hayi inkqubo yokungavumelani.

UMongameli kwiMicimbi yaMazwe angaphandle noKhuseleko lweSizwe

Indima kamongameli kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe nokhuseleko lwesizwe mhlawumbi yeyona ndawo ibanzi yamandla alawulayo, kodwa ikwaphantsi kwemiqathango yengqungquthela ebalulekileyo kunye nemithetho enqabileyo.

Iingcebiso Nezivumelwano Ezilawulayo

Njengokuba kuphawuliwe, izivumelwano zifuna ukuba iNdlu yeeNgwevu zidityaniswe ngobuninzi obubini obuthathu. Lo mqobo ukhokelele oomongameli bale mihla ukuba baxhomekeke ngokuya phambili kwizivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu, ezinokwenziwa kuphela ngemvume kamongameli. Ngoxa izivumelwano zolawulo zibotshwa phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, azinandawo efanayo nezivumelwano phantsi komthetho wasekhaya wase-U.S. kwaye zinokupheliswa lula kakhulu ngoomongameli abalandelayo. Ukwanda kwezivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu kushenxise amandla athile kwiNdlukwano, impikiswano emalunga nokuba umlinganiselo othelekelelwa ngabalawuli beFramers uthenjiweyo warhoxiswa.

Amandla Emfazwe

UMgaqo-siseko wabela uMbutho amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, kodwa oomongameli basoloko besenza umkhosi ngaphandle kwezibhengezo ezisemthethweni. Isigqibo soMbutho soMbutho sasililinge lokuqinisekisa igunya lawo. Ifuna ukuba umongameli anikele ingxelo kwiBhunga kwiiyure ezingama-48 zokungenisa amajoni kwimfazwe kwaye abeke imida kwientsuku ezingama-60, ngethuba leentsuku ezingama-30 zokurhoxakeka, ngaphandle kokuba iNgqungquthela igunyazise i-Proferamenterreyi ukuba ithathe inyathelo. URichard Nixon uthandabuze umgaqo-mGaqo-siseko, kwaye ukusebenza kwawo kusekuqhutyweni. Noko ke, umthetho umele ukujonga ngokucacileyo ulawulo kumandla omkhosi womkhosi kwaye unyanze ulawulo olunyanzelelwe ukulungiselela ukudibana kogunya-mkhosi womkhosi, ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwe-Orraqraq lomkhosi womkhosi ka-20022002

Ubuntlola nobuninzi

Umongameli ujonge uluntu olunobuchule, kuquka amaqumrhu anjengeCIA ne-NSA. Eli gunya kufuneka lisebenze phakathi kwemimiselo esesikweni efana noMthetho we-International Intelligence Surveillance (FISA). IKhonklane kunye nezixhobo zokudlala ekujongeni imisebenzi yokuhlola, kunye nenkqubo yeNkundla yeNteko yoLuntu yeMasipala-Masipala e-Ongentla-Manyeneyo ebhekisa kwiiNkupheneyo kwimithetho egunyazisa i-mvume. Umlinganiselo phakathi kwe-mfihlelo ye-ofisi ye-demokhrasi noxanduku yedemokhrasi ubungu beyeyona mbambano ephindaphi, ingakumbi emva kokutyhilwa kweenkqubo zogcino-data ezizintluntluntlukwano. Imithetho enjenge-USA Freedom ifuna ukubeka imiqatha kumthetho emitsha kulawulo yamandla okuhlola amagunya.

Iimbambano Nempikiswano

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya asiyomfundiso engenakuthelekiswa; kuvela ngokuqhelisela, ngeengxaki, nangokweepolitiki. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iingcinga eziliqela ziye zaphakamisa imibuzo engokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kwegunya lomongameli namanye amasebe.

Intetho yesigqeba esilawulayo

Abanye abaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi baxhasa ingcamango "yombutho olawulayo", ethi umongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwisebe eliphetheyo, kuquka amandla okususa onke amagosa aphetheyo ngoko mandundu kunye nokulawula izenzo zamaqumrhu azimeleyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba le nkcazelo iyavumelana negunya lolawulo lolawulo loburhulumente kumongameli omnye. Abachasi bathi iyakuyithoba inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngokuthoba ulawulo loburhulumente kunye nokuhlola ikomiti. Ingxoxo inemiphumela enyanisekileyo kwisakhiwo soorhulumente, njengeKhomishini yeFrederal Tradentiums kunye neSikolo se-Spesentistries, eziye zafumana ulawulo oluthile lolawulo lomongameli.

Amandla Alawulayo Ngamaxesha Entlekele

Abalawuli bembali baye bandisa igunya labo ngexesha lemfazwe, iimeko zezoqoqosho, kunye neemeko zempilo kawonke-wonke. Ukugxothwa kuka-Abraham Lincoln kwe-habeas corpus, Franklin Rooselt's New Deal, kunye nezenzo zokhukuliso ezithatyathwe emva kwe 9/11 zokuhlasela zonke eziphakamisa amaxhala ngokuphamba. Iinkundla ziye ngamanye amaxesha zawagxotha, njengaku [[FLT: 0] ulutsha oluncinane , kodwa lukwathiye lwaziwajongele ekufumaneni imigaqo ye-compulce kwimicimbi yokhuseleko yesizwe. Uxinezeleko oluphakathi kolawulo olunempumelelo kunye nemiqatha yemithetho yomgaqo-siseko luhlala lulucelomngeni olungundoqo lokwahlula amagunya.

Isenzo soMlawuli weNkqutyana kunye noMongameli

Xa iBhunga lahlulelene okanye lingakwazi ukumisela umthetho, oomongameli bangaziva benyanzelekile ukuba benze nto-nye ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, i-actranda, kunye nomthetho wombutho. Oku kunamandla kuye kwabonakala kwimibandela efana nokufuduka, imozulu, kunye nokuboleka ityala lokubolekisa ngabafundi. Ngoxa izenzo ezinjalo zinokucombulula iingxaki ezicinezelayo, kwakhona basenokumangalelwa ngezimangalo zokuba umongameli ugqitha inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwaye aqokelele amandla amaninzi kakhulu. [FLT]] inika uhlalutyo olu tyelelo lotyelelo lwezimdlalo nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Indima kamongameli ekwahlulweni kwamagunya ichazwa ngokubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko kwaye ibunjwe ngumkhwa wembali, umzabalazo wezobupolitika, kunye nokutolikwa kwezomthetho. Njengoko umphathi oyintloko, umongameli enyanzelisa imithetho, eqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ekhokela imikhosi exhobileyo, ngoxa elawula umthetho, ngoxa elawula imikhosi ehamba nee-vetoes, iingcebiso, kunye nemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo. Kwangaxesha linye, iBhunga loMbutho kunye noMkhosi wephondo libalulekile. Ukuzilolonga-mali, ukuqinisekisa, ukunqanda ulawulo, ukuqulungela, ukuqulunqwa, nokuhlola imigaqo yezahlulelo. Le nkqubo ithelekelela inyamezela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ngenxa yokuba kufuneka isoloko ichazwa kwaye ilungele ukulawulwa kwamasebe. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yomongameli kule nkqubo kubaluleke nakulawula kwe-Melika kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamasebe amathathu.