Ukwahlulwa kwamaGunya: uRhulumente noLawulo loManyano eUnited States

Inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika ixhomekeke kulwahlulo olulungelelanisiweyo lwamagunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe (wesizwe) kunye norhulumente ngamnye. Olu kwakhiwa, olubizwa ngokuba yi-constarianism, lwenzelwe ukuthintela naliphi na iqondo ekuqokeleleni igunya eligqithisileyo ngeli livumela umanyano lwesizwe nolwamkelo lwasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda indlela la magunya anikwa ngayo, asetyenziswa, yaye ngamanye amaxesha akhuphiswano kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo, imithetho iyamiswa, kwaye abemi bayalawulwa kwiibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni ukuya kwiiholo zeBhunga.

Umanyano loluntu asiyomfundiso emileyo; iguquka ngotoliko lomgaqo-siseko, izenzo zomthetho, imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, kunye nohlolo lomthetho. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi korhulumente nomphathi-zwe luye lwatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo kwimbali yaseMelika, ukusuka ekugxininisweni kwamalungelo karhulumente kwasekuqaleni kumazwe ukuya kulwandiso olukhulu lwendima ye-New Deal yasemva kunye nokuvuselelwa kwakhona kwakutshanje kwenkqubo karhulumente. Eli nqaku lihlola iziseko ezisekelwe kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko, iindima ezahlukileyo zomgangatho ngamnye, uxanduva olunamandla oluvelayo, kunye nemibandela yangoku ekhuthaza ikamva le-Americannucationalism.

Isiseko somanyano loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wadala inkqubo ephindiweyo yolawulo, unika urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente igunya elithile elidweliswe ngokwelinye ixesha elibeka lonke igunya lorhulumente kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Abalawuli, bevelile ubuthathaka bamanqaku oMgaqo-nkqubo, bafuna urhulumente wesizwe onamandla kodwa wahlala eyigonyamela ingqwabalala ubuzwilakhe. Ukulalanisa okubangelwa kukungalawuleki okusezikweni.

UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo Namandla Agciniweyo

ISinyuso seshumi leSiphendulo, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1792, sivakalisa ngokucacileyo: "Amandla angagunyaziswanga eUnited States nguMgaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga ngawo eUnited States, ngokulandelelanayo, okanye ngabantu." Oku kulungiswa kusebenza njengelitye elingumgaqo-siseko lolawulo lorhulumente. Kuthetha ukuba ngaphandle kokuba uMgaqo-siseko unika urhulumente wesizwe amandla, okanye uyawalela kumazwe. Ngokutheth' imbali, oku kuye kwavumela amazwe ukuba alawule intengiso, aqhube oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, alawule impilo kawonke-wonke kunye nokhuseleko (amandla asekuhlaleni), kwaye ajongele imfundo, phakathi kwezinye imisebenzi emininzi.

Ukhuthuzo oluzizizinzileyo nokhukuliso

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweSihlaziyo seshumi leSihlanu lukhusela amagunya karhulumente, iSupremacy Claus kwiGatya lesi-6 iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente ebekwe ngokuphangaleleyo kuyo, kwaye izivumelwano zingu "Umthetho wezwe onyusiweyo". Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umthetho karhulumente ungqubana nomthetho osemthethweni wesizwe osemthethweni, umthetho wesizwe uyaphumelela. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa ngokuba kukukhutshwa kwentlukwano yesizwe, sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokulondoloza ubunye besizwe kwiindawo ezinjengendawo yokufuduka, intengiselwano yamazwe, kunye namalungelo abantu. Noko ke, ubukhulu becala ukurhoxisana kwe-prediotion kudla ngokuphikiswa, ingakumbi xa kukhutshwa kumazwe amaqela amaqela enkquluntluswano yezo yesithethe.

Urhwebo LukaClaus Nokukhula Kwegunya Lomkhosi

IChoode Claus kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 linika iNkqutyana "ukulawula urhwebo nezizwe zasemzini, kunye namaZwe amaninzi, kunye neIndiyan Covoltion. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukutolikwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yeli binzana kuye kwaba yinjini yokuqala yokwandisa igunya lesizwe. [12] kwaye [FFFF] [12] [FFFFF] [5] [5] [5] [5] [5] [[10],[10] i-VFFFF:[4].[4] [4] [iiiiiiimfutho] [fkm] [iikm] [iiifulm:[5] [[5] [iiiiiiiiiiiivom] [ivom] [[4]

Iindima Ezahlukileyo Zoorhulumente Bakarhulumente

Oorhulumente abangoorhulumente abangoorhulumente abalawuli; bangamagunya aphezulu anegunya eliphangaleleyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi babo. Amandla abo, adla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ngamandla alawulayo," aquka ukukwazi ukuqulunqa amagunya okuxhasa impilo, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yokuba amaphondo asondele kubantu, ayakwazi ukuvisisanisa imigaqo-nkqubo ngokweemeko, imilinganiselo, neemfuno zasekuhlaleni.

Imfundo Nezifundo

Imfundo ingumsebenzi oyintloko karhulumente nowasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente ngamnye umisela eyakhe imilinganiselo yofundo, isiqinisekiso somfundisi- ntsapho, iiprojekthi zemfundo, kunye neemfuno zokuhlola isikolo. Ngoxa urhulumente wengingqi enikela inkxaso-mali eyongezelelekileyo (umz., esebenzisa iSihloko I kunye ne-Antustures of Digreement Act) kwaye umisela iimfuno zokuphendula, ayikulawuli oko kufundiswa. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiinguqu eziphawulekayo: Amanye amazwe aye amkela imigangatho engqongqo yokuvavanya ulawulo nobhedusho lwengingi. Ingxoxo emalunga nemigangatho yesizwe enxulumene nemigaqo yesizwe, inzululwazi, kunye nemfundo yesini.

Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke

Amazwe enza indima ephambili ekunikezelweni kwemiqathango yempilo nomgaqo. Ayayamkela imvume yoochwepheshe bezonyango, alawule iimarike ze-inshorensi (ngokufuthi ephethwe ngurhulumente phantsi koMthetho we-Affordcure Care Act), aqhube iinkqubo zeMedicaid, aqhube amasebe oluntu. Ngexesha lesifo seCOVID-19, amaphondo akhokela kwimiyalelo yokufihla isigqubuthelo, ukuvalwa kwezonyango, ukusasazwa kwemithi, kunye nolawulo lwezibhedlele. Oku kusebenza kwabonisa iinzuzo zomgangatho wesibhedlele kunye neengxaki zomanyano lwesizwe. Amanye amazwe, njengeKhalifoni neNew York, asebenzisa amanyathelo anzima, ngoxa amanye anjengoFlorida neTexa i-Texad transtivery elungele uqoqosholo lwezoqoqosho kunye nokhetho lobuqu.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Amasebe ezothutho zikarhulumente ajongene nogcino nokwakhiwa kwenkoliso yeendlela zelizwe, iibhulorho, kunye neenkqubo zothutho zikawonke-wonke. Afumana inkxaso-mali yemali kumaziko enkqubo anjenge-Highway Trust Fund, kodwa agqiba kwimisebenzi ethile, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye nemithetho yokulungisa. Kwakhona amazwe alawula ukufakwa kwemoto, ukubhaliswa kwemoto, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemiqathango ethile yokhuseleko (umz., isantya sinyanzeleka ukuba kusetyenziswe ngemali ephuma kwimiqathango) kodwa ashiya indlela ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni.

Okusesikweni Nezenzo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho uphantse uphelelwe yindawo karhulumente. Uninzi lolwaphulo-mthetho olupheleleyo, ubusela, amatyala eziyobisi, , zibekwa ityala phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zichaza amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezohlwayo; urhulumente kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni ayazinyanzelisa; kwaye iinkundla zikarhulumente ziwanyanzelisa. Urhulumente umangalela kuphela ulwaphulo-mthetho olunqamlezileyo lwemida yesizwe okanye olukwindawo yesizwe (umz., ukurhwaqesha kweziyobisi, ukuphanga ibhanki, ubugrogribi). Le nkqubo ihloniphekileyo ithetha ukuba imigaqo yezomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho iyahluka-mthetho: ezinye zithi ziyasiphelisa isigwebo, abanye bayasivala; abanye bayazi ukuba neziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, abanye balandela ubuncinane obungqongqo bemiqatha bemiqatha.

Indima yamandla omanyano kuLawulo lweSizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe ubamba amagunya afunekayo ekucombululeni imiba engaphaya kwemida yombuso okanye efuna ukusondela ngomanyano lwesizwe. La mandla adweliswe ngokucacileyo adweliswe kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8, kwaye anwebelwe ngokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko nangezicelo eziyimfuneko nezifanelekileyo zemiqathango yemiqathango.

Urhwebo lwehlabathi

I-Choomer Claus eMandla inika iBhunga eliyintloko igunya kumsebenzi wezoqoqosho onqumla imigca karhulumente. Oku kuquka ukulawulwa kwentengiso, ii-intanethi, i-tems, kunye nemisebenzi emininzi yezoshishino enempembelelo engokoqoqosho. Urhulumente wengingqi uphinda athethe kwaye anyanzelise izivumelwano zorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, amise ii-staffice, kwaye alawule ukurhweba nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Umzekelo, iFederal Trade Commission ijongela ukunqanda ukugcinwa kolawulo, ngoxa i-Sceturances kunye ne-Exchange yeKomishini ilawula iimarike.

Ukhuselo lwesizwe nemicimbi yamazwe angaphandle

Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya elipheleleyo kumkhosi, inkqubo yamanye amazwe, kunye nezivumelwano. Ingqungquthela ivakalisa imfazwe, imali exhobileyo, kwaye ilawula umkhosi; uMongameli usebenza njengoMthetheli-mvaba- kwiChieef. Amazwe akanakukwazi ukugcina imikhosi yawo (ngaphandle kwe-National Guards, enokuthi imiselwe) okanye ingene kwizivumelwano namazwe asemzini. Oku kuqinisekisa inkqubo enye edibeneyo, edityanisiweyo kunye nezixhobo zokuzikhusela ezimanyeneyo.

Ukufuduka Nokuziqhelanisa

Umthetho wokwahlulwa komthetho ngummandla wesizwe kuphela. UmGaqo-siseko unika iNgqungquthela amandla "okumiselwa koMthetho ofanayo wokwenziwa kwezinto zemvelo". Amasebe omanyano anjenge-Immigration kunye neCFORcement (ICE), iCCP), iCorstom kunye noKhuselo loMdama (CP), kunye neU.S. uGawulayo kunye ne-IMGawulayo (USCIS) asebenzisa inkqubo. Ngelixa ngamanye amaxesha amagunya ezama ukunyanzela imithetho enxulumene nokufuduka (umz. SB 1070), iinkundla zisoloko zibetha imithetho yezomthetho ezama ukulawula ukufuduka, ukucaphula umthetho.

Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu nokusetyenziswa kwemali

Urhulumente wequmrhu uhlawula irhafu yengeniso, iirhafu zenkampani, irhafu eqengqelekayo, kunye nokuhlawula iirhafu ukuze kuxhaswe iinkqubo zayo. Ngokuchitha kwayo amandla, iKhomishini ingaphembelela indlela yokuziphatha yorhulumente ngokudibanisa iimeko zemali zikarhulumente ngokudibanisa iiprojekthi ezibizwa ngokuba "urhulumente wolawulo lwasekuhlaleni". Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente ufuna ukuba kunyuswe irejistamente yokufumana iminyaka encinane yokusela ukuya ku-21 njengemeko yokwamkela iimali ze-egrafigrafi. Ngeliti yemali yeNTB (bona i-[FLT: 0][FLT]][FLT]]NFIB v. Selius.[202]]

Ukuphambana Nongquzulwano Phakathi Korhulumente Namagunya Omanyano

Imida ephakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente ayisoloko icacile, ikhokelela kwiimbambano zomthetho kunye neengxaki zobupolitika. Le midlalo ingumqondiso, hayi isiphene, ye-constance , ye-(it) ivumela omabini amanqanaba karhulumente ukuba athethe, alungelelanise, aphinde aqalise. Kodwa ke, ikwabangela uxinezeleko oluzingisileyo.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wexesha lethu ngungquzulwano olungaphaya kwe-cannabis. Kusukela ngo-2025, 24 amaphondo aye agunyazisa ukuzonwabisa ngomjumba, kwaye amaninzi amaninzi anenkqubo zezamayeza, ukanti ihlala iyiShedyuli I ukulawula into phantsi kweKhomishoni ye-Romatmented Substances Act (CSA). Urhulumente wengingqi wamkele kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwezandla ngexesha le-Obama kunye neBiden abaphathi-mikhosi besebenzisa ulawulo lomthetho (umz., i-Cole Memorandrum) kodwa i-Attor Jeffey- General Dissionss (umthetho-onke) i-okelela i-aphelocts. Izenzo zoburhulumente zifana ne-SAFE Bank Actal zizimiseleyo ukunxibelelana nomthetho nomthetho womthetho womthetho-zwelonke, kodwa akukho mgaqo womthetho oqhelekileyo oye wadlulayo xa kubonakalisa ulawulo lobuzwinelo.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neNkxaso

UMthetho we-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ka-2010 owandisiweyo ngokuphawulekayo kwindima yempilo yoluntu ngomqeshwa ngamnye nangomqeshi ngamnye, ngemiyalelo ye-inshorensi, nemimiselo ye-inshorensi, kunye nolwandiso lweMedicaid. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa uninzi lwe-ACA NFIB v. Sebelius [iiiiindawo yokwandiswa kwemibutho], yenza iMedicaid yandisa inkqubo enzima engenakucekelelwa, ichaza indlela eyandisiweyo yokuthothulisa i-Medicad kwixabiso elingakhutshwanga, ngelixa engeyo ishiye ngaphandle kwengxelo. Ulwano oluqhubekayo lwemfazwe phezu kwe-ACA, kuquka nocelomngeni lokukhusela iinkonzo zombutho-o-ogno zombutho-ogno zombutho, indlela ezibonisa ngayo ukukhuthathotho nokhuphiswano lwentlano.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo yimfazwe ephambili karhulumente. UMthetho we-Cease Air ne-Ceac Water Act umisela imigangatho karhulumente kodwa ngokufuthi uphathisa abasebenzi ukumisela ngemodeli karhulumente (umz., ukwenziwa kwemimiselo karhulumente). Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amanye amaphondo (ngokulindelekile e-California) aye asebenzisa igunya lawo lokumisela imilinganiselo yokukhupha igesi engqongqo kwizithuthi eziphantsi kwe-Ceac Air wacter, amandla ulawulo lweTrump oluye lwaziphelisayo, kodwa ulawulo lwe-Biden luye lwabuyiselwa kwakhona. Inkundla ephakamileyo yezomthetho yetyala engama-202222 i-V [[FLT] [3] [iFLT] ukunciphisa amandla e-EPA elungele ukukhupha igesi eshushu, i-Airoundation, i-Active, i-Activesssscleant, i-oglement, i-og kulawulo lo

Impinda Yomgwebo Nokulungelelana Okutshintshatshintshayo

Ijaji, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, isebenza njengomxhasi oyintloko weempikiswano zorhulumente. Izigqibo zayo zimisela imida yomGaqo-siseko apho zombini imigangatho karhulumente isebenza khona.

Ityala Lophawu

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): INkundla, phantsi kweJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall, yaseka ukuba urhulumente wengingqi unamagunya achazayo ngaphaya kwalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo, kwaye loo meko ayinako ukuhlawula irhafu yemibutho yorhulumente. Esi sigqibo someleza igunya lorhulumente kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba negunya lomthetho wesizwe.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): INkundla ichazwa ngokubanzi kwezorhwebo zamazwe, inika iKhomishini amandla okulawula indlela nezithuthi zomlambo. Oku kwabeka isiseko senkcazelo yale mihla yangexesha yamanani yorhwebo uClaus.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995)[FLT:]: Kutshintsho olubalulekileyo, iNkundla yawisa umthetho karhulumente ovaliweyo wokwaphula imipu kufutshane nezikolo, ilawula ukuba umsebenzi awukhange uthintele urhwebo lwamazwe. Eli yayilixesha lokuqala kwiminyaka emalunga nama-60 iNkundla ibeke umda obalulekileyo kuMashishini, ibonakalisa ukubuya koburhulumente kulawulo kummandla othile.
  • Ukushicilela uz v. United States (1997): INkundla yawachitha amalungiselelo eBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act eyafuna ukuba urhulumente kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni uqhube uvavanyo lwesiqalo, ibambe ukuba urhulumente akakwazi ukuyalela amagosa karhulumente ukuba alawule iinkqubo zikarhulumente.
  • [[NTL:0]NFIB v. Sebelius (202): INkundla yaxhasa ugunyaziso luka-ACA ngamnye njengerhafu, kodwa yawisa umthetho wokuba urhulumente wezwe akanakunyanzela ukuba andise iMedicaid ngokusongela ngokunqanda yonke imali ekhoyo yeMedicaid (i-a ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko lwe-fiscal e-IMPIF).

La matyala abonisa ukuba ukuqanjwa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo nemizekeliso yalo iwubumba ngokunzulu urhulumente, maxa wambi iqinisa amandla karhulumente, maxa wambi iqinisekisa amalungelo karhulumente.

Iimbambano Zangoku Nocelomngeni Oluqhubekayo

Ukulingana kwamandla karhulumente norhulumente kuyaqhubeka kuvela ngenxa yocelomngeni olutsha.

Ukubonelela ngamalungelo nolawulo lokhetho

Ngoxa amagunya equlunqwe anegunya kulawulo lonyulo--( iiyure zovota, iimfuno ze-ID zovoti, kunye neenkqubo ze-posi, `````FLT''',' urhulumente wequmrhu udlala indima ngoMthetho wamaLungelo woncedo lwamalungelo oMgangatho-mali neSicelo-Melika. INkundla ePhakamileyo ka-2013. Isigqibo seNkuhla yeNkundla yeNkundla efuna amaphondo athile kunye nembali yembali yocalulo ukuze kufumane uvulo lweenguqulo. Oku kwavula umnyango wamatyala okumisela imithetho emitsha yokuvota, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukurhola nokuguqula iindawo ngaphandle kolawulo lwezwelo.[FLT][FLT][3] [ulightivelkt' indlela yomthetho olawula i-odmentation, njengoko kuhambelane, uGenet Treavectionment, uGrection, uG.

Ingxamiseko yempilo kawonke-wonke

Isifo se-COVID-19 sabhenca amandla kunye nobuthathaka bolawulo loluntu olufanelekileyo. Ama-odola aye enoxanduva lokuqala lokuvavanya, ukunxibelelana, izigunyaziso zokuvala amasigqubuthelo, ukuvala ishishini, kunye nokugonya. Oku kwakhokelela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo: amanye amaphondo agcine izigunya ezingqongqo nezigunyazi zokuvala isigqubuthelo zisenzeka kakuhle ku-2021, ngoxa amanye aphakamisa imiqathango kwangoko. Urhulumente wesizwe wanikela inkxaso yemali, ukhokelo, yaye ekugqibeleni izitofuthelo, kodwa wazama ukudibanisa impendulo yesizwe. Abaxhasi besizwe baphikisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwendlela evunyelweyo yokufunda inkqubo; abagxeki babangela ukudidelwa, ukufezeka, kunye nokufa okuthintelayo. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka ngendima efanelekileyo yesizwe ekulawuleni kwemipulvezi, kuquka nokuba ngaba iziko zokuthintela i-DSC) bamele bamisele igunya lesizwe okanye bagunya elo gunyazwe.

Iinguqulelo Zemozulu Nenyathelo Elinikwe Ngurhulumente

Ngesenzo sikarhulumente kutshintsho lwemozulu esizinzileyo okanye esitshintshileyo ngexesha lolawulo oluthile, amazwana angene kwiphulo. Ngegunya lawo elikhethekileyo phantsi koMthetho we-Ceake Air Act, amisele imigangatho eqinileyo yokukhupha kwezithuthi elandelwa zezinye iindawo ezininzi. IRegional Greenhouse Gastinitive (RGGI) phakathi kwamazwe asemntla-mpuma kunye nenkqubo yesizwe yeKhalifoni-trade imela inkqubo yekharbon elawulayo. Ezi zinyathelo zokwenza inkqubo yesizwe ephantsi kwemiqathango yezobugcisa njengemibutho yesizwe kunye nezixhobo ezimele zivumelanelo lwemithetho engqongqo yezoshishino kushishino kumazwe aphesheya kwemiqatha. Noko ke, urhulumente unegunya kusasazo mazwe, urhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano zemozulu. Uxinezelelo phakathi kwemeko-ongqungqungquthelano yesizwe kunye nolawulo lwesizwe.

Isiphelo

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi kwamagunya karhulumente namagunya karhulumente norhulumente asiyonkqubo emiselweyo kodwa lilungiselelo lokuphila elizivumelanisayo ngomthetho, ukutolika kwezomthetho, kunye noqheliselo lwezopolitiko. Ukusukela kumadabi okuqala okuphelisa nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zomsasazo ukuya kumabala anamhlanje alo angokwasemthethweni, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nokusabela ngezifo ezimandundundu, uburhulumente busekho kwibala eliphambili lemfazwe yeMelika. Ukuqonda olu lungelelwano lubalulekile kubafundisi, abenzi beenkqubo, kunye nabemi ngenxa yokuba lunento yonke into esuka kumgangatho wezikolo zasekuhlaleni ukuya ekufikeleleni kwesamele ingqibelelo yonovoti.

Njengoko ilizwe lijamelene neengxaki ezivelayo, ulawulo lobuntlola oluye lwenziwa, ugcino-lwazi, intetho ye-intanethi, kunye nokuzinziswa kwemozulu, ngumbuzo wokuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente omele uhlale usenza. Abaxhasi borhulumente bagxininisa ububhetyebhetye, ubuchule, nokusabela kwimigangatho yasekuhlaleni. Abameli bamandla asekuhlaleni bagxininisa ukulingana kwemithetho, ukulingana, ukulingana, namandla, kunye namandla okucombulula iingxaki zesenzo soburhulumente. Akukho sigqibo esisisigxina; ubuchule bolawulo lwaseMelika buxhomekeke kwiimbono zombini kumgaqo-siseko omnye. Abo bafuna ukuphembelela okanye urhulumente, ubuchule bahlala besazi ukuba kusini na ukukhuthaza ulawulo lwesizwe kunye nokubheno lwesizwe xa kusenziwa isibheno sobuzwiso soburhulumente.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i- Concitution Annoted’s uhlalutyo lweSinyuso seshumi , Encyclopaedia Britannica ekungeneni kwe-controlism[, okanye umsebenzi wemfundo kulawulo umbutho wobuzwe [[[FLT]]]