IBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi laseUnited States limi njengenye yezona ntlangano zowiso-mthetho zinamandla nezahlulayo ehlabathini. Njengelungu ledemokhrasi yaseMerika, iNdlu yeNdlu yeNkulumbuso idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo yesizwe, ekuhloleni amandla olawulo, kwaye imela izilangazelelo zorhulumente ngamnye kwinkqubo yethu yorhulumente. Ukuqonda isakhiwo seBhunga, amagunya, neembopheleleko ze-ofisi kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela urhulumente waseMelika asebenza ngayo nendlela imithetho esenziwe ngayo kwiRiphabliki yethu yeBhulumente.

Yintoni IBhunga LeeNtlanganiso LaseUnited States?

IBhunga leNdlela yenye yamagumbi amabini eBhunga, elinamalungu ali-100, elinorhulumente ngamnye omelwe ngabameli ababini. Olu melo lulinganayo luqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinane anelizwi elinye kwiBhunga elilinganayo namakhulu, namazwe amaninzi, umgaqo osisiseko ovela ekuyekeleleni kwiNgqungquthela enkulu ngexesha leConvention yezomGaqo-siseko ka-1787.

Izihlali zisebenza amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu ashukumayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka namava ngaphakathi kwigumbi. Ngokungafaniyo neNdlu yabameli, apho onke amalungu ajongana nonyulo nyaka ngamnye kwiminyaka emibini, kuphela malunga nesithathu sezihlalo zeNdlu zeCante zikhuphisana nakuwuphi na umjikelo wonyulo. Kunyulwa isithathu esinye kuphela se-isithathu se-ingingqi (isibini-3 zeziqu ezihlala zihleli zisengamalungu akhoyo). Ngoko ke, iCante yenzelo lingu "umzimba oqhubekekayo).

Isakhiwo seBhunga leNtsimbi sigxininisa kuphando, ukuqwalaselwa kwenkqubo yexesha elide, kunye noluvo lwesizwe olubanzi oluthelekiswa nendlu. Le nto ibonakalisa injongo yabaseki yokuyila iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho eliza kusebenza njengamandla azimasayo, elincinane kakhulu kwiminqweno kawonke-wonke ekhawulezileyo kwaye elijoliswe ngakumbi ekuqwalaleni ngenyameko imicimbi entsonkothileyo.

Indima yeBhunga kwisebe loMgaqo-siseko

Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. linika onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga leMigaqo-mthetho: Indlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNkululo ebangelwa "Ukulalana Okukhulu" ukufuna ukulungelelanisa iziphumo zezikhulu eziphambili nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Esi sakhiwo se-bidamaral sidala inkqubo apho omabini amagumbi kufuneka asebenze kunye ukumisela umthetho, ukunikezela iimaleko ezininzi zohlalutyo kunye nokucazulula.

La magumbi mabini ngokusisiseko ayalingana kwiindima nemisebenzi yawo yowiso-mthetho. Yindlu kuphela enokuthi ivelise umthetho wengeniso, kwaye kuphela iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeeNdlu zeMali iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ezivunyiweyo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna ukuba omabini amagumbi avumelane ngokwahlukileyo kwisivumelwano esifanayo phambi kokuba asiwe kuMongameli.

IBhunga leNtsimbi lidibana kwisakhiwo se-United States uCapitol eWashington, D.C., apho amaqumrhu aqhuba ishishini lawo lemithetho, agcina iikomiti zokuchotshelwa kwemithetho, aphikisane neengxoxo zemibandela ejongene nohlanga. Umlinganiselo omncinci wegumbi xa uthelekiswa nendlu yabameli yama-435 evumela ukuba kubekho ingxoxo ebanzi kwaye inika abaququzeleli ngabanye impembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yemithetho.

Imisebenzi yeCore kunye neembopheleleko zeBhunga

IBhunga lenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente waseMerika. Ezi mbopheleleko zidlulela ngaphaya kokubekwa komthetho okulula ukuquka ukuvelela, ukuqinisekiswa, nokusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya eliphetheyo nelokugweba.

Igunya loMthetho

IBhunga leNtlanganiso linemisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo, eyokuqala ekufuneka ibhaliswe. Ngokunxulumene nalowo msebenzi negunya lalo loqingqo-mali, kwakhona, neNdlu, ijonge amasebe alawulayo kunye namasebe karhulumente. Lonke icandelo lomthetho karhulumente kufuneka lidlule kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso nakuMbutho phambi kokuba lithunyelwe kuMongameli ukuze lityikitye.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. Kwesinye isandla, imithetho nemigaqo yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ixhasa ukuqwalaselwa kwesenzo esikhawulezileyo, njengoko inika abaququzeleli abathile amandla abalulekileyo okusebenzisa inkqubo yokwabelana ngesondo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ingxoxo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu yandebe inkulu kakhulu, kwaye abaququzeleli ngabanye banamandla angakumbi okuphembelela, ukulibazisa, okanye ukuvala umthetho othintela umthetho kunabanye babo eNdlukweni.

IiBhili zingaziswa yiyo nayiphi na i-seneta ze zibhekiswe kwikomiti efanelekileyo ukuze kuqwalaselwe. Ikomiti nganye emileyo ingaqwalasela, itshintshe, ize inike ingxelo ngeetyala eziye zawa phantsi kolawulo lwayo. Emva kokuhlola kwekomiti, amatyala ashenxiselwa kumgangatho weNdlu yeNtlanganiso ukuze kuxoxwe kwaye kuvotwe. Ukunga okungacaciyo kweNdlu yeeNgwegwegwe kuthetha ukuba ulwamkelo nokuyekelela kukuzinxenye eziyimfuneko kwinkqubo yemithetho.

Amacebiso Namandla Amkelekileyo

Amandla achazayo eNdlu yeeNgwevu kukukwazi ukucebisa nokuvuma kwimibandela engundoqo yesebe eliphetheyo neyokugweba. Eli gunya linendima ephambili ekulolongeni ukhokelo lukarhulumente wesizwe nokuma kwakhe kobuzwe basemzini. Lo mGaqo-siseko unika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiNdlu yeQeqeba ukuba ngubani osebenza kwiindawo eziphambili kulo lonke urhulumente wesizwe.

UMgaqo-siseko unika umongameli "uya kutyunjwa, kwaye ngeSicebisi nangeSivumelo seNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, uza kumisela amaGaqo-mkhosi, abanye abaPhathiswa noorhulumente, aBagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, nabo bonke abanye amagosa eUnited States... (Umzobo 2, Icandelo 2). Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lisebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumadinga omongameli.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso linegunya elipheleleyo lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kwizikhundla eziphezulu, ezifana neejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, iijaji zesizwe, kunye namalungu ekhabhinethi. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iqala ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuchotshelwa kweekomiti, apho ii-minees ziphendula imibuzo kunye nokuhlolisiswa ubuso. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umtyunjwa ngumbandela wokuqala wokuchongwa phambi kwekomiti yeBhunga eliPhakamileyo. Emva koko, ukuchongwa komcimbiswa kuqwalaselwa yiBhunga elipheleleyo.

Ngeli xesha inkoliso yabaphathi bendlu iqinisekiswa ekugqibeleni, amandla eBhunga lokugatya ukutyunjwa asebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kwigunya eliphetheyo. Uninzi lwabasemagunyeni luyaqinisekiswa; noko ke, kwinani elincinane lamatyala nyaka ngamnye, iikomiti zeBhunga leNtlanganiso aziphumeleli ngokunenjongo ukwenza umsebenzi wokutyunjwa ukuze zithintele. Ukongeza, umongameli ngamanye amaxesha urhoxa-magama xa kubonakala ngathi akanakuqinisekiswa. Ngenxa yoku, ukwaliwa ngokungqalileyo kwee-athoba kumgangatho weNtsimbi yeNtlanga akuhlazi.

Ukwenziwa kweNgxelo yoMthendeleko

UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yeeNtsimbi zoMgaqo-siseko amandla okuvuma, ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu, izivumelwano ezenziwe lisebe elilawulayo. Oku kufunekayo ukwenzela izivumelwano eziphezulu kuqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zifumana inkxaso ebanzi phambi kokuba iUnited States yenze isivumelwano kuzo.

Izivumelwano ezixoxwa ngumongameli mazivunywe ngamavoti amabini anesithathu kwiBhunga labaphathi ngaphambi kokuba abe yintambo esemthethweni. Lo mqobo uphezulu uthetha ukuba oomongameli kufuneka basebenze ukuze bakhe inkxaso ye-bipartisan kumaziko abo enkqubo yangaphandle, kwaye inika impembelelo eqinileyo kukuzinikela kwezizwe ngezizwe zaseMelika.

Kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, izivumelwano ziphathwa njengeendleko: zibhekiswa kwiKomiti yeMasipala, apho zinokuqwalaselwa zize zichazwe. INdlu yeNdlu yeeNgwevu isenokucinga ukuba sisivumelwano esisemazantsi phantsi kwemigaqo efanayo esetyenziswa njengomthetho. IKomiti ye-Intraven Relations Committee idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni izivumelwano nokuncomela iNdlu yeeNdlu.

Ukuzama Ukuvavanywa

Ukongezelela, ingumsebenzi okhethekileyo kwaye ongowokuphela koxanduva lokungavumelani, ukuqinisekiswa kombutho wobupolisa, kunye nokudityaniswa kwesivumelwano. Inkqubo yokungatyunjwa imela enye yeembopheleleko ezinzulu iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtloko ezithathayo, esebenza njengovavanyo olupheleleyo kwihambo engafanelekanga yamagosa aphezulu akwisebe elilawulayo.

Inqaku I, Icandelo le-3, iCandelo le-3, u-Claus 6 lomGaqo-siseko lithi: "INdlu yeeNtsimbi iza kuba namandla okuzama zonke iiMpatho... kwaye akukho Mntu uza kugwetywa ngaphandle kokubekwa ityala kwamalungu amabini anesithathu akhoyo. Eli lungiselelo lomGaqo-siseko liyenza iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtloko ibe ngumxhasi wokugqibela kumatyala angangeni.

Igosa liyanyanzelwa xa indlu ivota ukuvuma inqaku lokungagunyaziswanga. Indlu ngoko ithumela amanqaku agwetywayo – kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, elizenza libe lilungu lenkundla yabachopheli-mgwebi. Ngethuba letyala elingacetywanga, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwebo iphulaphula iimpikiswano ezisuka kumacala omabini, yaye ekugqibeleni ivote enoba iyalibamba kusini na igosa eliseofisini okanye liyalisusa.

IBhunga likwanamandla okubamba igosa eliphetheyo okanye eligwebayo livote isibini sesithathu kwityala lokungaceli. Le mfuneko ibalaseleyo iqinisekisa ukuba ukususwa eofisini kufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi kwaye akunakuphunyezwa ngevoti ezininzi eziqhelekileyo ezingeyozamvumeli-mvume.

Indlela Abacuphi Ababoniswa Ngayo

Unyulo kwiNdlu yeQela luqhutywa ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba kwiminyaka enombolo, kuSuku loNnyulo, kwaye lusenzeka ngexesha elinye nonyulo lweNdlu yabameli. Abaphathi banyulwa ngorhulumente wabo uphela. Lo mbutho welizwe lonke wahlula izicaka kumalungu endlu, ezimele izingingqi ezithile zengqungquthela kumazwe angaphakathi.

Inkqubo yangoku yonyulo olungqalileyo yabavoti yayingasoloko injalo. Ekuqaleni, umGaqo-siseko wawulungiselelwe ukuba abaququzeleli bakhethwe yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Oku kwatshintsha ngokuhlulwa koMphetho-mda weSeventeenth ngowe-1913, eyamisela unyulo olungqalileyo lwamaqumrhu eentatheli ngevoti ethandwayo. Olu tshintsho lwalucetyelwe ukwenza iCanternal ikwazi ukusabela ngakumbi kubantu kwaye lunciphise ukonakala kwinkqubo yokukhetha.

Kumazwe angama-45, unyulo oluphambili lugcinwa kuqala kumaqela eRiphabliki kunye neDemocratic, kwaye kukhethwa amaqela ambalwa esithathu, kuxhomekeke kurhulumente, nonyulo oluqhelekileyo olulandela iinyanga ezimbalwa kamva. Kwinkoliso yala maphondo, unyulo lungafumana ubuninzi kuphela. Kwamanye amazwe, ukugxothwa kuyafuneka ukuba akukho bani baneleyo bafunyenweyo. Imithetho ethile elawula unyulo lweNtlanganiso iyahluka ngokokwahluka ngokwemeko, ibonisa ubume borhulumente waseMelika.

Ngenxa yokuba amabinzana eNdlu yeNdlu yeQela akwiminyaka emithandathu kwaye unyulo lungashukumi, ukuqalwa kweNdlu yeQela kutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe kuneNdlu yabameli. Lilonke ilungu leNdlu linyulelwa unyulo okanye linyulwe kwakhona qho nyaka ngamnye, kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu inenkqubo eshukumayo apho inye kuphela kwisithathu samaCwengci inyulwa okanye inyuswe kwakhona rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini. Kunokwenzeka ukuba iNdlu itshintshele ibe lukhulu (kwizimo zokulawula iqela) rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini, kodwa iinguqu zicotha kwiNdlu.

Ukhokelo nokulungelelaniswa kweBhunga

Isakhiwo sokhokelo lweNdlu yeeNtsimi zahluke kakhulu kwesendlu yabameli. Ngelixesha iNdlu ikhokelwa ngumthetheli onamandla, ukhokelo lweNdlu yeNtsimbi yeNtsimbi lusasazwa kakhulu kwaye alukho baphathi baphambili.

Umongameli noMongameli onguMongameli osisiGqeba

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli weBhunga kodwa angavota kuphela ukuba kukho iqhina. Le ndima yomgaqo-siseko inika uMongameli onguMongameli ongumcimbi umsebenzi olinganiselweyo kodwa osenokubaluleka kwiNdlu yeeNtsimi, ingakumbi xa igumbi lahlulelene ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaqela.

UMgaqo-siseko ugunyazisa iBhunga ukuba likhethe umongameli pro compore (ngesiLatini u"umongameli kangangexesha elithile"), olawula igumbi lomongameli xa engekho kwaye, ngokwesiko, umphathi weqela elininzi onengxelo ende yenkonzo eqhubekayo. Noko ke, njengomongameli ongumongameli, umongameli umlawuli wexeshana akasoloko ekhokela kwiNdlu yeNdlu, kodwa uthuma umsebenzi wokongamela icandelo elikhulu elinomphathi weBhunga, elidla ngokuba ngoovimba beyure enye kwisiseko esijikelezayo.

Ngokufuthi, ii-seneta (amalungu asandul' ukunyulwa) ziyacelwa ukuba zongamele ukuze ziqhelane nemithetho kunye neenkqubo zomzimba. Oku kunceda abaququzeleli abatsha bafunde imithetho yegumbi logama benika amagosa olongamo oluyimfuneko kushishino oluqhelekileyo.

Iinkokeli Ezikhulu Neenkokeli Ezincinane

KwiBhunga leNtsimbi, inkokeli ezininzi kunye nenkokeli ezincinane zisebenza kunye ukucebisana nawo onke amalungu ukufumana ucwangciso. Le ndlela yokusebenzisana ibonisa isakhiwo seBhunga esincinane solawulo lwezintlu kunye neqela lamandla elibalulekileyo elibambe imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.

Inkokeli enkulu isebenza njengommeli oyintloko weqela labo kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ucwangciso lwemithetho, nangona amandla ayo elinganiselwe kakhulu kunalawo oMthethi weNdlu. Inkokeli encinane ngokufanayo imela iminqweno yeqela layo kwaye isebenzela ukuhambisela phambili imicimbi yayo yowiso-mthetho okanye ithintela amanyathelo amaninzi xa kuyimfuneko.

Amagosa eBhunga kunye nabasebenzi

Igosa eliyintloko lolawulo lweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi zeMali ngunobhala weNdlu yeeNtsimi, ogcina iirekhodi zikawonke-wonke, ohluza imivuzo, ojonga ukufunyanwa kwesikhululo kunye neziphiwo, kwaye ooomabhalane. Elinye igosa lingumphathi-mikhosi wasezihlalweni, ogcina ucwangco nokhuseleko kwizakhiwo zeBhunga.

La magosa, kunye namanye amalungu amaninzi abasebenzi, axhasa imisebenzi yeBhunga kwaye ancedise ukuqinisekisa ukuba igumbi lisebenza ngokunempumelelo. IBhunga leNtlanganiso likwasebenzisa umphathi wepalamente ocebisa umphathi wesebe ngemicimbi yemiba yendalo kwaye unceda ekuchazeni imithetho entsonkothileyo yegumbi.

Inkqubo yeKomiti yeNtlanganiso

Umsebenzi omninzi weBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi uyenzeka kwiikomiti, apho kuhlolisiswa ngokunenkcukacha komthetho, ukungamela abameli abaphetheyo, nokuqwalaselwa kwemimiselo ekhoyo. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela abaququzeleli ukuba baphuhlise ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo ethile kunye nehambo ecokisekileyo yokuhlolisiswa kwemibandela entsokothile.

Umsebenzi omkhulu weekomiti wenziwe ziikomiti ezili-16 ezimileyo, nganye yazo ilawula intsimi enjengezemali okanye ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe. Ezi komiti zimileyo ziziqu ezisisigxina eziqhubeka zisuka kwenye iBhunga ukuya kwenye, zinika ulwazi olusemgangathweni nokuqhubeka.

Ikomiti nganye emileyo iqwalasela ukumiselwa komongameli kwiiofisi ezinxulumene nolawulo lwayo. Umzekelo, iKomiti yoLawulo iqwalasela oorhulumente kwiinqanawa zokugweba, kwaye iKomiti yeeNdlela zoMasipala iqwalasela ii-arhente zezikhundla kwiSebe leSebe loRhulumente. Eli candelo lokusebenza livumela abaquququzeleli abaneengcali ezifanelekileyo ukuba baqhube uvavanyo olunenkcukacha zoo-mine.

Iikomiti ezikhoyo zikwajongela amasebe namasebe alawulayo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli ubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo linetyala kwaye lihlola iingxaki okanye ukuziphatha okubi.

Xa zisenza imisebenzi yazo, iikomiti ezimileyo zinamandla okubamba iindlebe namangqina angaphantsi kwetyala nobungqina. La mandla aphengululayo enza iikomiti ziqokelele inkcazelo, zinyanzelise ubungqina, ziqhube uvavanyo olucokisekileyo lwemiba ephantsi kwegunya lazo.

Amagunya Nezenzo Ezikhethekileyo ZeNtlanganiso

IBhunga Leentloko - mbuso lineempawu eziliqela ezalahlulayo kwiNdlu yabameli yaye liyinikela indima ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso - mthetho lwaseMerika.

IFilibuster Nesinyithi

INdlu yeQela inembali ende yokusebenzisa igama elisetyenziswa ngumntwana oyinkwenkwe, elithiwa emva koo-1850 eUnited States(ukulibazisa ingxoxo okanye umthetho weblock. I-monicbuster ivumela abaququzeleli ukuba bandise ingxoxo ngokungenasiphelo, ngokunempumelelo ithintele ukuvota engomthetho ngaphandle kokuba i-odolomenti ebalaseleyo iyavumelana nokuphelisa ingxoxo.

Amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi aquka ukukwazi ukuthintela umthetho nge-filbuster, enokuthi ifune ukuba kubekho amavoti aphezulu angama-60 ukuze kupheliswe ingxoxo. Esi sixhobo sokulinganisa intetho sinika amandla abalulekileyo kwiqela elincinane nakumalungu endlu yocingo, ifuna ukuba uninzi lwamaninzi lwakhe umnqophiso obanzi womthetho ophikisanayo.

Inkqubo yokuphelisa i-finbuster yaziwa ngokuba kukukhutshwa. Ngelixesha umqobo okhethekileyo wokuvota utshintshile kwixesha elidlulileyo, umthetho wangoku udla ngokufuna amavoti angama-60 ukuvuselela amahlwili kwimicimbi emininzi. Ukunyusa amahlwili kwimibuzo emininzi kufuna ukuvota kwesithathu sesithathu sendlu yendlu yendlu kodwa ukukhutshwa kwehlwili kungabheniswa kuvingcelo olulula.

I-filbuster inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo zowiso-mthetho njengoko ivumela abambalwa abaququzeleli bomthetho ukuba bandise ingxoxo kunye nokuvota okuthintelayo ematyala, kufuna ngokunempumelelo ukuphumelela ukurhoxa kweevoti ezingama-60. Oku kunokukhokelela ekubopheleleni igrid kwiBhunga, kukwenza kube nzima ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu nokuphembelela indlela ephumelelayo yokumiswa kwemithetho.

Imithetho yeBhunga

IBhunga lilawulwa ngumGaqo-siseko, iseti yemithetho emileyo, imizekelo emiselwe kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nemithetho ekhethekileyo yenkqubo eyamkelwa ngomthetho wohlobo oluthile lomthetho. Le mithetho imisela indlela amatyala nezigqibo ezishukunyiselwa ngayo ekungeneni komjelo, isakhiwo sekomiti yeBhunga, indlela ingxoxo eqhubeka ngayo kumgangatho wegumbi, nendlela amalungu avota ngayo.

Ngokungafaniyo nendlu, ethatha imithetho emitsha ekuqaleni kweBhunga ngalinye, imithetho yeBhunga iyaqhubeka ukusuka kwenye iBhunga ukuya kwenye. Oku kuqhubekeka kuqinisa uphawu lweBhunga njenge "umzimba ozingisayo" kwaye kunegalelo ekugxininiseni kwegumbi kwisithethe kunye nemizekelo.

Imithetho yeBhunga isoloko inika ingxoxo evulekileyo kwaye inika iziqu ngazinye amathuba angakumbi okuphembelela umthetho kunokuba imithetho yeNdlu inike abameli. Oku kuvula amehlo kungakhokelela kucwangciso olucokisekileyo kodwa kunokwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukudlulisa umthetho ngokukhawuleza.

Amandla awongezelelekileyo omGaqo-siseko

Inqaku I, icandelo 5, lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. linikela ukuba "Indlu nganye [yengqungquthela] imisele imithetho yayo, yohlwaye amalungu ayo ngenxa yokungalungelelani kwayo, kwaye, ngokuvumelana kwee-3-3, ikhuphe ilungu." Eli gunya lokuzilawula livumela iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtloko ukuba igcine ingqeqesho nemigangatho phakathi kwamalungu ayo.

I-Censure luhlobo loqeqesho olusetyenziswa yiBhunga elichasene namalungu alo (ngamanye amaxesha kubhekiswa kulo njengesohlwayo okanye ukugxeka). Amazwi asesikweni okungamkholisi, ukukhalimela akumsusi umnikazi eofisini. Oku kunika inkqubo yokuba iNdlu yeeNgwebo ivakalise ukungavumelani nehambo yelungu ngaphandle kwenyathelo eligqithisileyo lokugxothwa.

Indima yeBhunga ekujongweni nasekulungelelaniseni

IBhunga leNtlanganiso linendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yamaMerika yokuhlola nokulinganisela, lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amasebe aphetheyo nagwebayo ngoxa likwalungelelanisa iNdlu yePpopulist yabameli engakumbi.

La mandla anendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela okulungiselelwe ukumisela igunya elilawulayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ziyahlolwa kwaye zivunywe kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho elahlukileyo. Ngokufuna iNdlu yeeNgwevu ukugunyaziswa komantlukwano nezivumelwano eziphambili, umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakusebenza ngaphandle kokuphinda enze okufanelekileyo kule mimandla ibalulekileyo.

Ubuchule besebe ngalinye bokusabela kwizenzo zamasebe amanye bubuxokelelwano lokuhlola nolwamkelo. Isebe ngalinye likarhulumente lingatshintsha izenzo zamasebe amanye: umongameli angawuguqula umthetho owenziwe yiBhunga. IBhunga, ngokulandelayo, lingalawula ivetoes zomongameli kunye nevoti ezimbini-isithathu (ekuhambelaneni neNdlu) kwaye lingazichasa ii-mineine kunye nezivumelwano zomongameli.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso linendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika, liphikisa iNdlu yabameli kunye nesebe eliphetheyo. Ngoxa le ndlu isoloko ibonakalisa iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke ezikhawulezileyo, iNdlu yeeNgwevu inika imbono ethe kratya, yexesha elide ngomthetho nolawulo.

Ukwahluka Phakathi Kwendlu Yendlu Nendlu Yabameli

Ngoxa omabini amagumbi eBhunga asebenzisana ngegunya lowiso - mthetho, ahluke ngendlela ephawulekayo echaphazela indlela asebenza ngayo nendlela asebenza ngayo kurhulumente waseMerika.

Ubungakanani kunye nomelo

Ngeli xesha kukho izihlalo ezilishumi elinamashumi alithoba kwiBhunga (iingingqi ezimbini ezivela kwiphondo ngalinye), kukho izihlalo ezingama-435 kwiNdlu yabameli (ummeli omnye kwisithili ngasinye sombutho, kunye nenani lesithili sombutho kwiphondo ngalinye elinqunyulwe ngabantu). Lo mahluko ungundoqo kubungakanani kunye nomelo udala amandla ahlukileyo kwigumbi ngalinye.

Abaququzeleli bamela onke amazwe abo, kodwa amalungu eNdlu amela izithili ngazinye. Inani lesithili kwiphondo ngalinye linqunyulwa ngabemi belizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaququzeleli bamele izikhundla ezinkulu nezingafaniyo kunamalungu endlu, anokuphembelela inkqubo yabo ephambili kunye nezibalo zezobupolitika.

I-senetor iphatha amandla angaphezulu kunelungu ngalinye eliqhelekileyo lendlu kuba imela lonke urhulumente okanye esinye isithili kwingingqi. Le mithetho ibanzi, idityaniswe nobukhulu obuncinci beBhunga, isoloko inika iziqu ezizii-sentenethi nganye ukubonakala okungakumbi nempembelelo kunelungu ngalinye lendlu.

Amagama e-Ofisi noKhetho

Abaququzeleli banyulwa ngokwegama leminyaka emithandathu, kodwa abameli bendlu banamagama aneminyaka emibini kuphela phambi kokuba bafune unyulo kwakhona. Lo mahluko kwigama lobude unentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwindlela amalungu egumbi ngalinye ajonga ngayo imisebenzi yabo.

La magama amade eBhunga avumela ii-senate ukuba zithathe imbono ende yexesha elide yemiba yezomthetho kwaye zingenza izigqibo ezisenokungathandwa kwixesha elifutshane kodwa eziluncedo kwixesha elide. Amalungu endlu, ajongene nonyulo rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini, anokusabela ngakumbi kwimicimbi ekhawulezileyo kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Iimfaneleko ZeOfisi

Amalungu endlu kufuneka abe neminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ubudala nabemi iminyaka esixhenxe. Abahlali baneminyaka engamashumi amathathu ubuncinane ubudala yaye bahlala kuwo iminyaka elithoba. Le minyaka iphezulu kunye nemfuno yobumi kubaqulunqi ibonakalisa injongo yabaseki yokuba iNdlu yeNtlanganiso iza kuba yisiqu esineenkcubeko ezingakumbi esibunjwe ngabantu abanamava angakumbi.

Amandla aPhelelekayo

Igumbi ngalinye linamagunya athile angaxhomekekanga kwelinye elingahlanganiyo. Icandelo I, ICandelo 7 loMgaqo-siseko lichaza ukuba amatyala acetyelwe ukunyusa ingeniso kufuneka avele kwiNdlu. Oku kungumahluko omkhulu phakathi kwendlu neBhunga. Eli gunya libonakalisa indima yendlu njengegumbi elikufutshane nabantu, ekumele ekugqibeleni bathwale umthwalo werhafu.

Kwelinye icala, iCathene linamandla okuvumelana nezivumelwano zamanye amazwe kunye neemvume zequmrhu elinobugqeba kunye nezomthetho, kuquka ukutyunjwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. La magunya eNtlanganiso akhethekileyo anika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yamanye amazwe kunye nokuqanjwa kwamasebe aphetheyo nagweba.

Kwimeko zokungaqeshwa (umz., uAndrew Johnson ngo1868 noBill Clinton ngo-1998), iNdlu imisela ukuba izityholo zingaziswa kumphathi-mikhosi, kwaye inkoliso ivote ivume okanye ingavumi ukuqokelelwa kwetyala (inkqubo yokubhalisa). Ukuba iyavunywa, iBhunga leNtsimbi ngoko lisebenza njengequmrhu lophando/localulo lokugqiba ukuba ngaba ifanele na igosa elibekwe libekwe liseofisini lakhe.

Umahluko

Ngokuphindwe kane ubulungu, indlu ilandela iinkqubo ezisondeleyo kwaye iingxubusho zemida. Ingxoxo iphantse ingabi namda kwiNdlu yeeNtsimi kwaye onke amalungu anethuba lokuthatha inxaxheba kakhulu. Lo mahluko kwingxoxo ichaza indlela igumbi ngalinye elisebenza ngayo.

Indlu, kunye namalungu ayo amakhulu, ifuna iinkqubo ezilungeleleneyo ukuze isebenze kakuhle. Umlinganiselo omncinci weBhunga leNtlanganiso kunye nesithethe sengxoxo ethathelwe indawo zivumela ukuqwalaselwa okucokisekileyo kwemibandela kodwa zisenokukhokelela kwisenzo esicothayo somthetho.

Impembelelo yeBhunga loLawulo lwaseMelika

Isakhiwo esingaqhelekanga seCantenal kunye namandla aneziphumo ezinzulu kwindlela iUnited States elawulwa ngayo nendlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo kumgangatho worhulumente.

Ukumela Izilangazelelo zikaRhulumente

Isakhiwo seBhunga siqinisekisa ukuba umelo olulinganayo kwiphondo ngalinye, ulungelelaniso lomelo lwabemi kwiNdlu. Le ndlela ikhusela imfuno yomgangatho karhulumente kwimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, kuquka uqoqosho, ukhuseleko, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yentlalo. Amazwe amancinci anelizwi elifanayo kwiNdlu yeeNtsimikazi njengamazwe amakhulu, eqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo zawo azinakoyiswa ngokupheleleyo ngamazwana amaninzi.

Lo melo lulinganayo lwaba luhlengahlengiso olubalulekileyo olwabangela ukuba umGaqo-siseko ubenako, uthetha ngeenkxalabo zamazwana amancinane ukuba aza kulawulwa ngamazwana amakhulu kwinkqubo esekelwe kubemi kuphela. Iyaqhubeka ibumba imicimbi yezobupolitika yaseMelika namhlanje, njengokuba abaququzeleli bevela kumazwe angaphili kakhulu benokuba nempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yesizwe.

Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko

Isakhiwo seBhunga leNtsimbi nemithetho ikhuthaza uphando kunye nokwakhiwa kwesivumelwano esibanzi. Imfuneko yokuvota kwemiqathango ephezulu kwimicimbi ethile, i-finbuster, kunye nesithethe sengxoxo ebanzi enyanzelisayo zonke izinxulumanisi eziqhubela ekulalaneni nokuxolelwano kunomthetho omkhulu olula.

Ngale mbopheleleko, iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwa kakuhle kwaye amalungelo awo omabini amazwe kunye nabantu akhuselwe phakathi kwesiseko esibanzi sedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Lo msebenzi wokukhululeka usebenza njengesiqhoboshi kwinyathelo lephanyazo kwaye unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zenkqubo ezinkulu zinenkxaso ebanzi.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Imbopheleleko yolongamo lweNdlu yeeNtsimbi zinceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba urhulumente urhulumente urhulumente uphela. Ngolwazi lwekomiti, uphando, kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekiswa, abaququzeleli bahlolisisa izenzo zabameli abalawulayo baze baphendule amagosa karhulumente ngokusebenza kwawo.

IBhunga lijongene nokuqhuba iimvavanyo zokungaceli amagosa karhulumente, kuquka umongameli, ngaloo ndlela edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ityala phakathi korhulumente. Olu hlolisiso lupheleleyo kwihambo engafanelekanga luqinisekisa ukuba kwanamagosa aphezulu anokubekwa ityala ngesenzo esinzulu.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

IBhunga lijongene neengxaki ezininzi neengxoxo kule mihla, njengoko ukutshintsha kwempembelelo yezobupolitika nokukhuthaza uluntu ukuba lulindele izinto, kuvavanya izenzo neenkqubo zesithethe zeli qumrhu.

Name

Ukwanda kokuhlaliswa kwecalo-calo kuchaphazele indlela esebenza ngayo iNdlu yeQela, ikwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwakha i-bipartisan ukuvumelana ukuba imithetho nezithethe zegumbi zikhuthaza. Ukuqinisekisa amadabi angaphezulu koosomashishini betyala kunye nokumiselwa kwesebe eliphetheyo kuye kwaba nengxabano engakumbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwe-monicbuster kuye kwabakho rhoqo kwaye kwanokusetyenziswa kwe-dekhstanti.

Oku kuthatyathwa-hlula kungakhokelela kwi-grid lock, apho umthetho obalulekileyo uvala kuba akukho namnye umbutho onokuhlanganisa amavoti angama-60 afunekayo ukoyisa umntwana. Abanye abajongi baphikisa ngelithi le rhintyela lithintela inyathelo eliyimfuneko ekucinezeleni imicimbi yesizwe, ngexa abanye bephikisa ngelithi iyawukhusela umthetho oqwalaselweyo okanye oqwalaselwe kakubi.

Impikiswano Ngamatyala Emithetho

Imithetho yeBhunga, ingakumbi i-finbuster, ibingumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi i-monibster sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokukhusela amalungelo amancinane nokukhuthaza uphando, ngexa ezinye ziphikisa ngelithi ivumela iqaqobana lithintele ukuthanda kwenkoliso kwaye ithintele isenzo esiyimfuneko kwimibandela ebalulekileyo.

Iinguqu kwimithetho yeQela, ingakumbi malunga ne-finbuster, zenzeke kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Umnyango wokunyusa amahlwili kuthoba uthotywe kubuninzi obulula, ukwenza kube lula ukuqinisekisa abamiselwe ngumongameli kodwa kwakhona ukunciphisa amandla eqela elincinane okunqanda ukunqanda ukuqukunjelwa.

Umelo nolawulo-melo

Umelo olulinganayo lweCanten, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abantu, luye lwadala impikiswano ngomelo lwedemokhrasi. Abahlalutyi babonisa ukuba abameli abamela iqaqobana labemi baseMelika bangavala umthetho oxhaswe ngabaphathi-mikhosi abamela uninzi lwamaMelika. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi esi sakhiwo sikhusela uburhulumente kwaye sikhusela urhulumente omkhulu ekulawuleni abancinane.

Ezi mpikiswano zibonisa ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo kulawulo - melo lwaseMerika phakathi kolawulo - melo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane, phakathi komanyano lwesizwe nololawulo lorhulumente, naphakathi kokuphumelela nokucombulula ulawulo.

Inkqubo yoMthetho kwiBhunga

Ukuqonda indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo ngeNdlu yeeNtsimbi kunceda kukhanyele indima yegumbi kurhulumente waseMerika kunye nocelomngeni lokumisela umthetho karhulumente.

Ulwazelelelo lweNtlalo-ntle

Umthetho ungaziswa yiyo nayiphi na i-seneta, enokuba ngumxhasi wetyala. IiBhili zibhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo esekelwe kumbandela ongombandela wazo. Iqonga lekomiti libalulekile, njengokuba kulapho uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha nokubuyiselwa komthetho kusenzeka khona.

IiKomiti zinamatyala okuqokelela inkcazelo nokuphulaphula kwiingcaphephe, abagcini-mali, namaqela anomdla. Zingawalungisa amatyala, ziwahlanganise namanye umthetho, okanye zikhethe ukungathathi nxaxheba kuwo. Ityala elingafumani mvume yekomiti lifa lingazange lifike kwindlu yeBhunga.

Ukujongana Nomgangatho Nengxoxo

Xa isiko lithe laxelwa ngaphandle kwekomiti, lingacwangciswa ukuba liqwalaselwe. Isithethe seNdlu yeeNtsimbi sengxoxo engenasiphelo sithetha ukuba abaququzeleli bangathetha ngokude ngomthetho, banikele ulungiso kunye nokunyusa inkxalabo.

Le nkqubo ivulekileyo ivumela ukuvavanywa ngokucokisekileyo komthetho kodwa ikwanokusetyenziselwa ukulibazisa okanye ukuvala amatyala ngenkqubo yolwakhiwo. Uvumelana nokulungelelanisa kusoloko kuyimfuneko ukuqhubela phambili umthetho, ingakumbi kwimibandela edidanayo.

Ukukhanyisa nokudlula

Umthetho omninzi ufuna uninzi olulula ukudlulisa iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu. Noko ke, ukuphumelela komntwana kufuna amavoti angama-60 ukuze ahlaselwe, okubangela umqobo ophezulu womthetho ophikisayo. Eminye imibandela, efana nokuqulunqa kwesivumelwano nokuqiniseka ekuvavanyweni okungagqibekiyo, ifuna ii-3-3 eziphezulu.

Emva kokudlulisa iNdlu yeeNtsimbi, umthetho kufuneka udlulise iNdlu yabameli ngendlela efanayo phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli. Ukuba la magumbi mabini agqithisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zemali, kufuneka axolelanise ukungqubana, ngokufuthi ngekomiti yengqungquthela, phambi kwenyathelo lokugqibela.

Indima yeBhunga kumgaqo-nkqubo wasemzini

INdlu yeeNtlanganiso inendima ebalulekileyo ekulolongeni inkqubo yamanye amazwe aseMerika ngesivumelwano sayo esinamandla okuhluza abantu negunya layo lokuqinisekisa ukumiselwa kweentetho.

Imfuneko yokuvota okuzii-3 ezimbini kwizivumelwano zorhuqo inika iKhalate isixhathiso esiqinileyo kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Oomongameli kufuneka baqwalasele uluvo lweNdlu yeeNkulumbuso xa becebisana ngezivumelwano kunye nomsebenzi wokwakha inkxaso ye-bipartis yomthetho wangaphandle. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuguquleni izivumelwano kwizivumelwano ukuphendula inkxalabo yeQela okanye, kwezinye iimeko, ukwaliwa kwezivumelwano ezingenankxaso eyaneleyo.

IKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlela zoXotho lwaMazwe angaphandle isebenza njengesikhokelo sokuhlola imiba yezomgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe nokuqwalasela izivumelwano kunye nokuchophela izivumelwano. Ukuchongwa kwekomiti kunika abaququzeleli amathuba okubuza amagosa olawulo ngemiqathango yamanye amazwe nokulungisa ingxoxo kawonke-wonke kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ngokuqinisekisa igunya layo kuonozakuzaku kunye namanye amagosa olawulo, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi emela i-United States naleyo ikhokela amaziko angundoqo enkqubo yamazwe angaphandle. Eli gunya livumela abameli ukuba baqinisekise ukuba imicimbi yolwaluko izaliswa ngabantu abafanelekayo abanolwazi oluphambili kwimithetho yeBhunga lamazwe angaphandle.

Ulawulo lweBhunga elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Ngaphandle koxanduva lwayo lowiso-mthetho nokuqinisekiswa, iBhunga leNtlanganiso linendima ebalulekileyo yokuvelela, ukuqwalasela ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho yesebe eliphetheyo nokusetyenziswa kwemali efanelekileyo.

Iikomiti zeBhunga zisoloko zisingatha iikomiti zolawulo ukuze zihlole indlela abasemagunyeni abaphetheyo abawenza ngayo umsebenzi wabo, enoba bayawuthobela umthetho, nendlela abayisebenzisa ngayo imali yokuhlawula irhafu. Ezi zikhalazo zinokutyhila iingxaki, ukulahlwa, okanye ukuziphatha okubi kwaye zinokukhokelela ekuguquleni imithetho okanye ekuguquleni imibutho.

Amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuqinisekisa okanye ukugatya oomongameli anika elinye iqhinga lobuveleli. Ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa, abaququzeleli bangabuza ngeemfaneleko zabo, iimbono zabo kwimibandela yezomthetho, nendlela abaya kufikelela ngayo kwiimbopheleleko zabo. Le nkqubo ivumela iNdlu yeeNtsimi zolawulo oluphezulu ukuba iphembelele ulwalathiso lwamaqumrhu alawulayo ize iqinisekise ukuba abantu abafanelekayo bamiselwe kwizikhundla eziphambili.

Amagunya eNdlu yeeNtsimi ePhando, kuquka ukukwazi ukunikela amangqina angaphantsi kwe-poena kunye namaxwebhu, kuyenza ikwazi ukuqhuba uvavanyo olucokisekileyo lwemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. Uphando olukhulu lungaguqula uluntu olubalulekileyo luze lukhokelele kwiinguqu eziphawulekayo zenkqubo okanye utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Indlu Yoogxa Bambi

Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo iBhunga leNtsimbi kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda urhulumente waseMelika nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Isakhiwo esikhethekileyo seNdlu yeNdlu yeNtsimi yeSizwe siyenza ibe lulungiselelo olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente waseMerika, olulungisa inkqubo ephumele kwiziphumo kwaye lusebenza njengovavanyo kumandla olawulo.

Kubemi, ukuqonda iNdlu yeeNtsimbi kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba kumiselwe ezinye iinkqubo ngoxa abanye bema, isizathu sokuba amadabi okuqinisekisa anokuba neengxabano, nendlela abameli babo abamela ngayo izilangazelelo zabo eWashington. Kwakhona kubalaselisa ukubaluleka konyulo lweNdlu yeeNtsimbi kunye nempembelelo abaququzeleli ngabanye abanayo kwinkqubo yesizwe.

Indima yeBhunga kwisixokelelwano sokuhlola nokulungelelana ibonisa ukuzimisela koMseki ukuthintela ukuqwalasela amandla nokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezingundoqo ziqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo. Ngelixesha iinkqubo zeBhunga zinokubaphazamisa abo bafuna isenzo esikhawulezayo kwimibandela ecinezelayo, bakwakhusela kwizigqibo zengxakeko kwaye baqinisekise ukuba iimbono ezincinci ziqwalaselwe.

Njengoko idemokhrasi yaseMerika iqhubeka iguquka, iNdlu yeNtlanganiso ihlala ibalulekile, iqhelanisa nocelomngeni olutsha ngeli xesha igcina imisebenzi yayo engundoqo yokumela, ukucinga, kunye nolawulo. Ukuqonda eli lungiselelo nendlela elisebenza ngayo kungundoqo ekuqondeni urhulumente waseMelika nasekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yethu yedemokhrasi.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi NgeBhunga

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngeBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanga nendlela elisebenza ngayo, zininzi izinto ezikhoyo. I-website esemthethweni enika ulwazi malunga nabaququzeleli bangoku, imisebenzi yekomiti, imicimbi yowiso-mthetho, ishishini lezenkcubeko, kunye neenkqubo zeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Inxuwa linikezela ngofikelelo kwiinkqubo zekomiti, imicimbi yomgangatho, kunye namaphepha embali.

I-Conrer [.gov webhsayithi, elondolozwe yi-Library of Congress, inika ulwazi olubanzi malunga nomthetho, iingxelo zeekomiti, nomsebenzi wombutho. Abasebenzisi bangafumana iindleko, bafunde iingxelo zeekomiti, bafumane ubutyebi benkcazelo malunga nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

USA.gov amasebe ephepha likarhulumente anika iingcaciso ezifikelelekayo zendlela iNdlu yeNtsimbi ehambelana ngayo nesakhiwo esibanzi sikarhulumente waseMelika nendlela edibana ngayo namanye amasebe.

Iikomishini yemfundo, iinkampu, kunye nemibutho yeendaba ikwanikela ubuncwane obuxabisekileyo bokuqonda iNdlu yeeNdlu. inikela ingxubusho ephilayo yemigaqo yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ivumela abemi ukuba bajonge urhulumente wabo.

Isiphelo

IBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi laseUnited States limi njengelungiselelo elikhethekileyo nelinamandla kurhulumente waseMerika. Ukumela kwalo amazwe alinganayo, amagunya amade kumalungu, kunye namagunya ahlulayo ayenza yahluke ngokusisiseko kwiNdlu yabameli kwaye inike indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukusuka ekuqinisekiseni amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo ukuya ekuqiniseni izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, ukusuka ekuqhubeni iimvavanyo zokungavumelani nokudlulisa umthetho, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iqhelisela amagunya achaphazela ngokunzulu indima yobomi neMelika ehlabathini. Izithethe zayo ezizizo nemithetho yesithethe ikhuthaza ukuqwalaselwa ngenyameko kwemiba entso kunye nokusekwa kwesivumelwano esibanzi, kwananjengokuba ngamanye amaxesha anokukhokelela kwiqhina eliqinileyo nonxunguphazelo.

Ukuqonda iBhunga leNtsimbi (iBhunga), amagunya, iinkqubo, nendima kurhulumente waseMerika, kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela elawulwa ngayo i-United States. Njengenye yamalungiselelo angundoqo adalwa ngumGaqo-siseko, iNdlu yeNdlu iyaqhubeka ibumba idemokhrasi yaseMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokudalwa kwayo, iqhelanisa nocelomngeni olutsha ngoxa igcina imisebenzi yayo engundoqo yokumela, ucalucamngca, kunye nolawulo.

Enoba ungumfundi karhulumente, ummi othembisiweyo, okanye uthile ofuna ukuqonda indlela idemokhrasi yaseMerika esebenza ngayo, ulwazi ngeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso nendima yayo kurhulumente wethu kunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngenkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMelika nendlela ezinokwenziwa ngayo izigqibo ezichaphazela izigidi zabantu. IBhunga lisengundoqo wedemokhrasi yaseMelika, linemigaqo ye-othoralistism, ukuququzelela, kunye namandla alungeleleneyo abaBaseki befuna ukuseka kwi-Riphabliki yethu yeBhishopu.