Ukwazisa

Iikomiti zisebenza ngomthetho kwidemokhrasi yale mihla. Ngoxa iingxoxo zomgangatho kunye neevoti zokugqibela zifumana ingqalelo kawonke-wonke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokwenza umthetho iyenzeka ngamaqela amancinane, akhethekileyo aziwa njengeekomiti. La maqumrhu ajongene nomthetho ocetyiswayo ngeenkcukacha, ukuqokelela ubungqina obungoononkcubeko, kwaye enza iingcebiso zokuqala ezibalulekileyo ezisoloko zigqiba isiphelo somthetho. Ngaphandle kweekomiti, umthamo wemibango enzima ejongene nalo naliphi na iqela lemithetho-wiso-mthetho, ephumela kwimithetho engenziwangachanekanga kakuhle okanye kwimiqathango yemithetho. Ukuqonda isakhiwo, amandla, kunye nomsebenzi wekomiti ecwangcoonqabileyo kubalulekile kuye nabani ofuna ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yoluntu emelwa ngayo.

Ziyintoni Iikomiti?

IiKomiti ngamaqela asemthethweni endlu yowiso-mthetho, adla ngokubunjwa ngamalungu egumbi elinye (njengendlu okanye iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso) okanye, kwimeko yeekomiti ezidibeneyo, ukusuka kuzo zombini iigumbi. Injongo yazo eyintloko kukulawula ummandla othile wenkqubo(agrigal), ukuqulunqa, ukuqulunqwa, amandla, okanye ulwalamano lwangaphandle olusuka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, kwaye luye lwamkelwa yimithetho-siseko soluntu ehlabathini lonke ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo.

IiKomiti zisebenza njengomgca wokuqala wokuhlola imithetho ecetyiweyo. Xa kuveliswa isindululo, sibhekiswa kwikomiti elawula umbandela wayo. Ikomiti ngoko igqiba ngendlela yokusingatha ityala: lingaba nokuvalwa, izifundo zogunyaziso, licebise ukupheliswa kwetyala, okanye livumele eli tyala life ngokungenzi nto. Eli gunya lokugcina amasango linye yezona nkalo zinempembelelo kumsebenzi weekomiti.

Iindidi zeeKomiti

Asizizo zonke iikomiti ezidalwe ngomlinganiselo olinganayo. IiMithetho imisela iintlobo eziliqela zokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo.

Iikomiti Ezimileyo

Ezi ziikomiti ezisisigxina ezimiselwe yimithetho yecandelo. Zikho ukusuka kwiBhunga elinye ukuya kwelilandelayo kwaye zinegunya elisisigxina kummandla womgaqo-nkqubo. Imizekelo kwiKhomishini yase-United States iquka iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlela nangendlela, iKomiti yeNdlu yeMali, neKomiti yeNdlu YezeMali neyorhwebo. Ikomiti emileyo isebenza ngokusemthethweni: ziqhuba intlutha yemali kunye nolawulo oluthe rhoqo lwamasebe aphethe amagunya aphetheyo.

Ikomitana

Iikomiti ezinkulu ezimileyo zisoloko zidala amatyala ancinci okusingatha iinkalo ezimxinwa zolawulo lwazo. Ngokomzekelo, iKomiti yokuLawula iNdlu yeNdlu ineekomiti ezingaphantsi zokhuseleko, ezolimo, ezothutho, nezinye iindawo. Ikomiti ezingaphantsi zivumela ukwenziwa komsebenzi okhethekileyo ngakumbi kwaye ziyakwazi ukugcina amatyala, ziphawule amatyala, zinike ingxelo yoncomo lwazo kwikomiti epheleleyo.

Khetha okanye uthathe uluhlu lweekomiti

Ezi ziikomiti zexeshana zenzelwe ukuphanda ngomba othile okanye ukwenza umsebenzi othile ngaphandle kwenkqubo yekomiti emileyo eqhelekileyo. Ziye ziphele emva kokuzalisekisa ugunyaziso lwazo. Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka iKomiti Yokhetho lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, engowona komiti ekhethayo esisigxina, kwaye iikomiti ezikhethekileyo zenzelwe ukuphanda ngamahlazo okanye iintlekele. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, khetha iikomiti zisoloko zisisigxina kwaye ziphumeza imisebenzi efanayo neyokuma kweekomiti.

IiKomiti ezidityanisiweyo

Eqanjwe ngamalungu akwiziqendu zombini, iikomiti ezimanyeneyo zigxininisa kwimiba efuna intsebenziswano ye-bagonal, njengerhafu (IKomiti egadileyo kwiThala leeMpatho) okanye iThala leeNcwadi leBhunga. Iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo azinagunya lowiso-mthetho.

IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Nangona zingelulo uhlobo olusisigxina, iikomiti zenkomfa zibalulekile ukuze kuhlaziywe umahluko phakathi kwendlela yendlu nendlu yendlu yendlu. Xa igumbi ngalinye lidlulisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo lomthetho omnye, ikomiti yenkomfa eyenziwe ngamalungu aphuma kuzo zombini iigumbi idibana ukuze kuxoxwene. Ingxelo yenkomfa ephumele ikufuneka ivunywe ngamagumbi omabini ngaphambi kokuba inikwe umongameli. Le nkqubo inguwo yokugqibela womthetho omkhulu idla ngokugqitywa.

INkqubo yoMgaqo-siseko neeKomiti

Uhambo lwetyala lokuhamba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho lubunjwe kakhulu yinkqubo yeekomiti. Emva kokuba liqalisile, igosa eliphetheyo libhekisa ityala kwikomiti emile kakuhle esekelwe kumbandela obalulekileyo. Ikomiti ngoko igqiba ukuba ithathe inyathelo kusini na.

IKomiti ePhicothayo

Iindlebe zezoluntu apho iikomiti ziqokelela khona inkcazelo. AmaNgqina asenokuquka oonobhala bobukhankasi, amagosa eesebe, iingcali zemfundo, abameli bamashishini, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo. Ukuva kusebenza iinjongo ezininzi: bafundisa amalungu ngenkcazelo-nkqubo, badala ingxelo kawonke-wonke, kwaye bavumele abagcini-matyala banikele iingxoxo zabo. Iikomiti zisenokusebenzisa ii-subpoenas ukunyanzela ubungqina okanye ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu, amandla okwenza ukuva kube sisixhobo sobuveleli esimangalisayo.

Ukunyusa ixabiso

Ngexesha lentlanganiso yophawulo, amalungu ekomiti ahlola umgca wemali ngomgca kunye novoti ekulungisweni komthetho. Oku kulapho iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zinokwenzeka. Amalungu anganika khona iinguqu zokongeza, ukucima, okanye ilungiselelo lokulungisa. Isitulo sekomiti sisoloko silawula ulandelelwano lwevoti, kwaye izinto eziphambili zeqela leqela lemibutho zidla ngokuphumelela, nangona izivumelwano ze-bipartis ziqhelekile kwiityala ezincinci eziphikisanayo. Ekugqibeleni kwetyala le-ccostant, ikomiti ivoti yokuba ingachaza ukuba ngaba ubhali kwigumbi elipheleleyo kusini esipheleleyo. Uvoti olungileyo uthumela isibhengezo kumgangatho ngengxelo yekomiti echaza iinguquko kunye nengqiqo.

Ukujongana nokunika ingxelo

Xa isibham sixeliwe, sibekwa kwikhalenda yowiso-mthetho. IKomiti yeMimiselo kwiNdlu isoloko imisela iimeko zengxoxo yomgangatho . "ezinjengemida yexesha kwaye yiyiphi inkqubo evunyelwayo enika le komiti impembelelo enkulu."ECaten, ityala lidla ngokufikelela kumgangatho ngesivumelwano sovumelwano okanye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, intshukumo yokuqhubeka. Iikomiti ziyakwazi ukudlula phantsi komgangatho xa ithe isitatimende sakhiwe “njengomthetho ofihlakeleyo” okanye ukuba iphethwe phantsi kwemithetho (iphakamisa ivoti ezimbini).

Amandla neempembelelo zamaKomiti

IiKomiti azingoovimba nje; ziphethe amandla amakhulu abumba iziphumo zomthetho.

Ugcino lwamasango

Amandla okugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afumana ukuviwa okanye ukuchongwa mhlawumbi abaluleke kakhulu. Ngokusuka nje angavumi ukucwangcisa isenzo, isitulo sekomiti singabulala ityala ngaphandle kokuvota okurekhodiweyo. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango wenza iikomiti zibe yibhotile yebhotile yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwaye kungenxa yokokuba amaqela anomdla achitha imali eninzi ekufuneni amalungu ekomiti ukuqhuba imvume, ingakumbi isitulo kunye nelungu eliphezulu.

Inyathi kunye nolawulo

IiKomiti zingakhupha iikomiti ezincinci ukunyanzela amaxwebhu nobungqina. Eli gunya lisetyenziswa kokubini ukufumana ingqiniso kunye nophando kwisebe eliphetheyo elingekho mthethweni. Ukukwazi ukuphatha iindlebe eziphezulu ze-profile kungenza uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nenkqubo yokunyanzelisa utshintsho ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. Umzekelo, uphando lwekomiti kwingxaki yemali yowama-2008 lwazisa ngqo ukuphunyezwa koMthetho weDodd-Frank.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Negunya Lokuphawula

Ngexesha lokunyusa ixabiso, iikomiti zinendawo ebanzi yokubhala kwakhona amatyala. Umthetho ongena kuphawulo ungafana kancinci nohlobo oluphumayo. Izihlalo eziqinileyo zingatyhala ngolwimi lwazo olukhethwayo, ngelixa amalungu amancinane enokuthi anikele ulungiso ukugxininisa imiba okanye ukunyanzela iivoti ezinzima ngokwezobupolitika. Ikomiti ephumayo idla ngokuba sisiseko sengxoxo yomgangatho.

Impembelelo Yoqingqo-mali

IiKomiti ezilawula ukuqulunqwa kwemali nerhafu. IiKomiti zeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu zigqiba ukuba yimali engakanani efunyanwa yinkqubo nganye karhulumente. Izivumelwano zabo ezingaphantsi zibambe izikrweqe zemali kubameli abathile, zibanika igunya elikhethekileyo lokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo.

Isiseko soLawulo nokhokelo lweKomiti

Ukulungelelaniswa kwangaphakathi kweekomiti kubonisa amandla anamandla egumbi elikhulu.

Isitulo nelungu elijikelezayo

Isitulo sekomiti sidla ngokuba lilungu eliphezulu leqela elininzi. Abahlali balawula ucwangciso, bagqiba ucwangciso lokuva, abaqeshi, kunye nabalawuli abaqeshwa. Bangakhetha ukuqhubela phambili okanye ukubulala amatyala njengoko bebona kufanelekile, ngokomgangatho wempembelelo yeqela. Ilungu elikwilungu eliphambili leqela elincinane kwaye lisebenza njengenkqenkqeza phambili okanye njengemchasi-mphisi-nyeni. Ndawonye, la manani mabini asoloko egqiba ukuba ikomiti isebenza kuhlobo lwe-bipartarian okanye i-partarian.

Umkhosi weKomiti

Abasebenzi abangoochwepheshe baxhasa umsebenzi weekomiti, ukuqhuba uphando, ukuyila umthetho, ukulungiselela imibuzo yokuva, nokulawula iinkqubo. Abasebenzi abaphezulu basebenzela isitulo, abasebenzi abambalwa belungu eliphezulu. Ukuba luncedo kwekomiti kungayichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo impumelelo kunye nobuchule bamatyala enziwa yiyo.

Ulwalamano lweQela

Umlinganiselo woninzi kumalungu amancinane kwikomiti nganye umiselwe zinkokeli zeqela ekuqaleni kweBhunga elitsha. Uninzi lweqela lusoloko lunolwabelo olukhulu, kodwa umlinganiselo udla ngokwahlulwa kwiqela legumbi lonke. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ikomiti ivote ngokuqhelekileyo ibonisa ukuthanda koninzi, nangona iqonga elincinane ligcina iqonga ukuze liphembelele iziphumo.

Ukubaluleka Okubalulekileyo KweeKomiti

Ngaphandle kweendima zazo ezisemthethweni, iikomiti zisebenza kwimisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo yamaqela ezobupolitika namalungu ngamanye.

Ucwangciso lwe Agenda

IiKomiti zemidlalo eziphambili apho kumiswa izicwangciso zenkqubo. Ngokukhetha ukuba zeziphi izimvo eziza kuphandwa neziziphi iindleko zokubeka imilinganiselo, iikomiti zibonisa zonke iigumbi kunye noluntu ngokubanzi izinto ezibalulekileyo. Iinkokeli zeqela zisoloko zixhomekeke kwizihlalo zeekomiti ukuhambisela phambili ezona zibalulekileyo kwiqela elikhulu lemithetho.

Ukwakha Ngobuchule

Amalungu akhonza kwikomiti kangangeminyaka emininzi aba ziingcali ezinika ingcebiso. Obu buchule buwanika impembelelo ecacileyo xa amatyala ekomiti yawo efikelela emazantsi, njengoko amanye amalungu ethobela umgwebo wawo. Kwakhona luwanceda ukuba atsale inkxaso yephulo evela kumaqela anomdla asebenza kuloo mmandla wezo nkqubo.

Ukuhambela Phambili Komsebenzi

Izihlalo zekomiti ziphakathi kwezona zinamandla kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, yaye iindawo zabo zinokuba ziibhodi eziphezulu, njengenkokeli okanye isithethi.

Uhlolisiso Lwempembelelo Yekomiti

ISebe libonise ukuba

Umongo we-ACA ngumzekelo owenziwa kwincwadi efundisayo wendlela iikomiti ezibumba ngayo umthetho wesigqeba. Lo mthetho waqulunqwa kwiKomiti yeMali yeNdlu yeCandelo kunye neKomiti yeNdlu yeMali kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeMisebenzi yeNdlu yeNtshona, phakathi kwezinye. Ukuva nokuchongwa okukhulu kwavelisa amakhulu eenkqubo yokulungisa. Unyaka obalulekileyo wenzeka kwiKomiti yeNdlu yeeMali yezemali, apho uCheagerman Max Baucus wachitha iinyanga ethetha neqela lamalungu ekwabethiwa, elaziwa “iGang of 6,” ukukhusela ukuchanabeka okuthi ekugqibeleni kwaba ngumzinzi womthetho. Inkqubo ye-Intengiso ye-inshorensive, i-Intelling, i-AScrensitive, kunye neyama, enza imveliso yokugqibela yezopolitiko ephambili, ngaphandle komsebenzi, i-A, i-A i-A i-a, inokuba i-oyiselela ukuxhasa ngokwaneleyo.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform (2010)

Ukuphendula kwingxaki yemali yowama-2008, iikomiti zombini zasungula uphando. IKomiti yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ePhakamileyo kwiiNgqundla zophando eyayigqunywe ngokubanzi ekwakubhenqwe kuyo ukuvakala okubhencwa kokungalungisi kweebhanki ezinkulu. Oku kufunyenweyo kwawazisa ngqo amalungiselelo eDodd-Frank Act, njengoMthetho weVolckerer nokhuseleko olukhuthazisiweyo lwabathengi. IKomiti yeMali yeMali yeNdl, phantsi kweKhomishini yezemali, phantsi kweyayo ngoko iBarney Frank, yaqhuba ukuvakala nokukrwela, yavelisa isibhengezo somthetho wemali etsala ngaphezulu. Ikomiti yakwazi ukubiza abalawuli nokufuna amaxwebhu enziweyo.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Lo mthetho ubalulekileyo wajamelana nenkcaso eqatha evela kumazantsi e-Democrates. Lo mthetho waqwalaselwa okokuqala yiKomiti yeNdlu Yendlu, eyongeza izicwangciso ezingundoqo zeSihlomelo VII ekucalulweni ngemisebenzi. Emva kokudlula kwendlu, yafudukela kwiNdlu yeNdlu, apho iKomiti yezorhwebo yayibukeza. Inkqubo yekomiti yavumela ulwandiso olucokisekileyo lomthetho kwaye yanceda ekwakheni inkxaso ye-bipartarian. I-dictionureurectionurectioneeeovotive i-diciecebuster-jong yazelelwa yisiseko sekomiti.

Iikomiti ngokwembono

Inkqubo yeekomiti kwiKhomishini yase-U.S. inamandla ngokukhethekileyo xa ithelekiswa neenkqubo ezininzi zepalamente. Ngokomzekelo, kwiNdlu yamaBritane ekhethekileyo ikho ngokuyintloko ukwenzela ulawulo kwaye ayinawo amandla okuthintela umthetho. Lo nto ithetha ukuba igunya lixhomekeke kuninzi lwamaqela phantsi kwenkqubo yesabhokhwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iikomiti ze-U.S. zinamandla okugcina amasango anamandla anokubulala amatyala ngokuchasene neminqweno yokhokelo lweqela. Oku kwenza ukuba inkqubo ye-U.S. i-od ilungelelayerractive identi yomntu ngamnye kwaye ivule impembelelo yelungu ngalinye. Noko ke, yenza ukuba kubekho amanqaku amaninzi anokuthintela inyathelo lomthetho.

Amanye amazwe, anjengeJamani, asebenzisa inkqubo edityanisiweyo apho amalungu ekomiti alungelelaniswa ngokusondeleleneyo namaqela. Iikomiti zeBoundestag zaseJamani zinempembelelo enkulu kodwa zisebenza phantsi kwengqeqesho eqinileyo yeqela. Ukuqonda oku kungafani kothelekiso kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba imveliso yemithetho yahluka-hlukene kulawulo-melo.

Isiphelo

IiKomiti aziyiyo impembelelo esusela kwimimiselo ukuya kwisigaba sokugqibela esiqwalaselweyo . Ziyintliziyo yokucamngca ngemithetho. Ngokuzimisela, ngokuzibamba, ngokuphatha iindlebe, ngokunyusa, nangokuphatha amagunya okuphatha, iikomiti zikhupha ubuninzi obukhulu benkcazelo kumthetho onokwenziwa. Impembelelo yazo isuka kucwangciso lwezicwangciso ukuya kutsho kwinxalenye yokugqibela, kwaye iimpembelelo zazo zangaphakathi , abasebenzi, umlinganiselo weqela, umlinganiselo wempembelelo yayo. Kubenzi bemithetho, abameli, nabemi, abaqonda inkqubo yekomiti inikela iwindow ecacileyo kwindlela ekwenziwa ngayo ngokwenene ngayo imithetho. Njengoko imingeni yokulawula isiya kuba nzima ngakumbi, indima yekomiti iya kuba yeyona iphambili ekulawuleni ngempumelelo.