Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya eeJaji

Ukwakhiwa korhulumente waseMerika kuxhomekeke kukwahlulwa kwangamagunya ngabom, umgaqo obekwe kumGaqo-siseko ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya nakweliphi isebe elinye. Ijaji, emiselwe phantsi kweGatya III, yenzelwe njengesebe elibuthathaka kakhulu. Ukungangenisi sipakethe okanye ikrele kumele kukhuselwe ukutolika umthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba amanye amasebe ahlala ekwimida yomgaqo-siseko. Le ndima yokwakha ivele kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, kodwa umsebenzi wayo ongundoqo uhleli: ukusebenza njengomphathi-mali ongakhethi bucala okhusela umthetho kwaye ukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye norhulumente.

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya, njengoko icaciswe nguMontesquieu kwaye kamva ngabalawuli bomGaqo-siseko, bahlulahlula iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente zibe ziingqungquthela ezintathu ezingafaniyo. Isebe lemithetho limisa imithetho, isebe elilawulayo liyayizalisekisa, kwaye isebe elilawulayo liyayichaza. Esi siseko asikokulawula nje kuphela; sisixokelelwano sobugqhinga bobuveleli bomntu ngamnye. Isebe ngalinye linondlela yokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye, kwaye inkundla isebenza njengesixhobo sokulawula esipheleleyo seguagrafisi yemida yemithetho. I-judiary ̱ igunya lokubetha imithetho nezenzo zolawulo ezingqubanayo ezingqubana nomGatho-&812; esaziyo njengohlaluno lwezomthetho i-&82; kunye nesona sixhobo sokulinganisa esinamandla kwesi senzo somgaqo-mthetho.

Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezilungelelanisa ngayo amandla eenkundla, kuqala umntu kufuneka aqonde ukuba ijaji ayisebenzi kwi-crediary. Izigqibo zayo zibunjwe ngemfanoko, ngokuqiqa okusemthethweni, kunye nezibakala zetyala ngalinye. Kodwa impembelelo yezi zigqibo ivakala kuyo yonke imeko yezobupolitika. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ivakalisa umthetho ongavumelaniyo nomthetho, ithumela uphawu olucacileyo kwiBhunga ukuba amandla ayo akaphelelanga. Xa inyanzela ukuba kwenziwe isenzo esilawulayo, ikhumbuza umongameli ukuba akukho mntu ongaphezulu komthetho. Oku kusebenza phakathi kwamasebe akuthethi ukuba alungele ukuyila kodwa kuyinto ekhuthazayo ukulondololonga ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ijudicaary ’ indima njenge-check ibaluleke kakhulu kwixesha lokwandisa amandla olawulo kunye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu. Njengoko urhulumente wephondo ekhula ngobukhulu nangobuntlola, kuye kwacelwa iinkundla ukuba zicombulule iimpikiswano phakathi kwamasebe. Ukusuka kwimiqathango yemimiselo yokumisela ukuxambulisana nelungelo eliphezulu, imisebenzi yejaji-jaji ibaluleke kakhulu kukhuphiswano oluqhubekayo lwamandla. Ngaphandle kolwahlulo oluqinileyo noluzimeleyo, ulwahlulo lwamagunya luza kuba luncinane ngaphezu kwenjongo elindelekileyo.

Imfundiso Yempinda Yejaji: Itshebe Elineengqiniba Nolungelelwano

Uhlolo lwezomthetho luyinkqubo apho iinkundla zihlola ubugqeba bomthetho-siseko kunye nezenzo zegunya. Eli gunya alinikwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa lamiselwa kwityala eliphawulayo le- Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Kweso sigqibo, iJaji enguMasti uJohn Marshall yaqinisekisa ukuba i-#8220; igxininisa iphondo nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho unjalo. ” lo mgaqo uye waba ngumqondiso ocacileyo womgaqo-mGaqo-siseko waseMelika, obangela ukuba ungabi namsebenzi ochasene nomGaqo-siseko nokuwisa umthetho owesayo, nokuwisa imithetho yezolawulo, egqith umongameli i-&817; igunya.

Ingqwalasela yezomthetho inceda imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Okokuqala, iqinisekisa ukuba lonke inyathelo likarhulumente livisisane noMgaqo-siseko ̬ umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Okwesibini, inika ilungiselelo lokuba abantu ngabanye namaqela bacel ’ umngeni urhulumente. Okwesithathu, iyila isiqu seqhinga elikhokela umthetho wexesha elizayo kunye nenyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu. INkundla ePhakamileyo i’ izigqibo zohlalutyo olugweba luye lwamatyala phantse yonke imimandla yobomi baseMelika, ukusuka kumalungelo abantu ukuya kumgangatho wesizwe ukuya kukhuseleko loluntu.

Enye yeenkalo ezibalulekileyo zohlolo lomthetho yindima yayo ekucombululeni iimbambano phakathi kwamasebe. Xa iNgqungquthela idlulisela umthetho umongameli akholelwa ukuba uphazamisana nawo onke amandla olawulo, iinkundla zingacelwa ukuba zigqibe le meko. Ngokufanayo, xa umongameli ethatha inyathelo elithi iCongress ijonge ukuba uphamba, ijaji ingangena. Lo msebenzi awupheleliswanga kumatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo; iinkundla ezisezantsi zisoloko zihlola izenzo zombutho kunye nemithetho karhulumente yokuthobela umGaqo-siseko.

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwayo, uhlolo logwebo luyaqhubeka, kodwa indima yalo esisiseko ekulinganiseni amandla ayiphikisani. IGatya-mthetho ngokwalo, apho iinkundla zigunyazisa ngokunempumelelo ukusuka kwibhedi. Abameli baphikisa ngokuthi kubalulekile ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane nokuthintela ubundlobongela bobundlobongela. Ingxoxo ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wohlalutyo lwezahlulelo iyaqhubeka, kodwa indima yayo esisiseko ekulinganiseni amandla ayinakuphikwa. UmGaqo-siseko, kwiGatya III, unika isiseko salo gunya, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iqinisekisa umsebenzi wayo wokutolika umGaqo-siseko.

Ubuncwane bangaphandle ekuhlolweni kwetyala buquka umbhalo womGaqo-siseko we-U.S. kunye Marbury v. Madison isigqibo kwi-Oyez.

Indlela Iinkundla Eziwahlola Ngayo Amandla Omthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linegunya lokwenza imithetho, kodwa elo gunya alingomda. Iinkundla zisebenza njengenkuselo nxamnye neNkomfa engaphaya kwamandla ayo adwelisweyo okanye ukwaphula amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Uhlolo-hlolo lomthetho luqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihambelana nomGaqo-siseko, kuquka iBhili yamaLungelo nemida yokwakha efana nolawulo kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya.

Igunya Lengqungquthela Norhwebo LukaClaus

Enye indawo apho iinkundla zisoloko zihlola amandla owiso-mthetho nguMbutho wezorhwebo uClaus, onika iNkundla igunya lokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yatolika eli binzana ngokubanzi, kodwa ikwayibeke imida. United States v. Lopez [1995], iNkundla yawisa phantsi iMimandla eSikolo Esikhululekileyo sikaGun, ibambe ukuba iNgqungquthela iye yawa ngaphezu kwamandla ayo entengiso ngokulawula imisebenzi yayo engenanto engundoqo kwintengiselwano yezomthetho. Esi sigqibo saphawula ukubuyiselwa okubalulekileyo kwegunya lomthetho ekuchazeni imida yesizwe.

Ngokufanayo, yenze iUnited States v. Morrison [2000], iNkundla yachitha ilungiselelo lobuGqirha obuChasana noMasipala, ilawula ukuba iBhunga alinakusebenzisa uChwebo Clausle ukulawula ulwaphulo-mthetho olungelulo lwezoqoqosho. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba ijaji izimisele ukunyanzela imida yesakhiwo kwigunya lemithetho, kwanaxa umba wetyala uthandwa okanye ubalulekile. Ngokwenjenjalo, iinkundla zigcina ulungelelwaniso phakathi kolawulo lorhulumente norhulumente kwaye zithintele iBhunga ukuba lingabi nguwo onamandla amakhulu.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Abantu Kwinyathelo Lokuzithethelela

Iinkundla zihlola amandla owiso-mthetho xa imithetho iphazamisa amalungelo asisiseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo ̱ izigqibo ku Roe v. Wade [17]) i-1973] ingasebenzi imithetho karhulumente ethintela ukuqhomfa, ifumana ukuba uMgaqo-siseko ukhusela umfazi i’ unelungelo lokuhlala wedwa. Kutshanje, uLowell v. Hodges (2020), iNkuthintela ukuva okuthintelwa kokuphuma komtshato, ufumana ukuba umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ilungelo lokutshata njengenkululeko engundoqo. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa ukuba iinkundla ziyakwazi ukuqhuba ukuqhuba umgaqo-mthetho womthetho xa zingqungquthelana nomthetho.

Noko ke, iinkundla ’ indima ayikokuthatha indawo yomgwebo wemithetho ngokukhethwa kwemithetho. Kunoko, kukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihlonela umGaqo-siseko ’ umbhalo nemigaqo. Xa iNgqungquthela idlulisa umthetho ongekho semthethweni ngokucacileyo, ijaji inegunya kunye nembopheleleko yokuwubetha. Eli gunya liyimfuneko ekulondolozeni umthetho nokuthintela ulawulo olungqongqo lwesininzi.

Imida Esisiseko Yamandla Engqungquthela

Ngaphaya kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye, iinkundla zinyanzelisa imida yokwakha efana nokwahlula amagunya kunye nolawulo. Umzekelo, S v. Chadha [19983], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha phantsi iwiso-mthetho-veto, ilawula ukuba iBhunga alinakubeka ilungelo lokubhukuqa izenzo zolawulo kwisigqibo esinye sendlu yolawulo. Inkundla yabambelela kwelokuba nawuphi na umsebenzi wamandla ewiso-wiso-wiso-mthetho kufuneka wanelise iBhameralism kunye neemfuno zeCandelo I. Esi sigqibo saqinisa ukwahlukana kwamandla ngokuthintela iBhunga elingoomphathiswa.

Ngokufanayo, Printz v. United States (1997), iNkundla yawanciphisa amalungiselelo eBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act eyayifuna ukuba urhulumente kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni aqhube uhlolo olungasemva. INkundla yagqiba ukuba iBhunga ayinakuyalela amagosa asemthethweni ukuba aqhube iinkqubo zolawulo lwasemthethweni, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela umgaqo wolawulo oluphindiweyo. La matyala abonisa indlela i-judicatary esebenza ngayo njengomthathi-nxaxheba kwimpikiswano phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe.

Indlela Iinkundla Eziwajonga Ngayo Amandla Alawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo, ingakumbi umongameli, liye lafumana igunya elibalulekileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umongameli kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo asebenza kwimida esemthethweni nengokomGaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle kokungamela kwezomthetho, umphathi ophetheyo ungayigqitha igunya lakhe, athobe ingcebiso, ahlazise inkululeko yabantu, aze asongele inkululeko yabo.

Amatyala alawulayo alinganisela igunya elilawulayo

Omnye wemizekelo edumileyo yokuthintelwa kwemithetho elawulayo kukungavumelani kwe-United States v. Nixon [19974]. Ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, uMongameli Nixon wazibanga enelungelo lokuvala iiteyipu ezirekhodiweyo namaxwebhu aceliwe ngumtshutshisi okhethekileyo. INkundla Ephakamileyo yalandula ngamxhelo mnye ukuba umongameli akanalo ilungelo elipheleleyo, ilungelo elingenakuthengwa lokuvala ubungqina ekuphengululweni kwezaphuli-mthetho. Isigqibo esigunyaziswa nguNixon sikhokelela ekuphumeleni kwetyala lakhe. Eli tyala laqinisekisa ngokuqinileyo ukuba umongameli uphantsi komgaqo okhethekileyo kwaye akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho.

Enye imeko enzima yi Ubeko oluphezulu lwephepha & lamp; Tube Co. Sawyer (1952). Ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, uMongameli Truman wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo wokubamba izigamlo zentsimbi ukuze athintele isibetho esisongela ukuveliswa kwemfazwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba umongameli ungenalogunya lemithetho-siseko wokuthatha isenzo esinjalo ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho. UJackson ̱ uququlunqe uluvo lwabangela uluvo lolwakhiwo lwesazulu olusekelwe ekubeni umongameli usebenzise ugunyaziso lombutho, ukungekho kwesenzo sombutho, okanye ukungavumelani kweBhunga, okanye ukuchasana nomthetho-Kongameli &817; iza kuhlala lunelo lwemiqatha namhlanje.

Ingqwalasela kwiNkxaso yesiGqeba

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iinkundla ziye zaqhubeka zihlola izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu. Umzekelo, Ziglar v. Abbasi (2017), iNkundla yalinganisela amandla abantu okufaka ityala kumagosa aphezulu anxulumene nezono ezinxulumene nezono zezifundo zasemva kwe9/11 zogcino-mthetho. Ngoxa iNkundla ayizange ixhase izenzo eziphantsi, yanyanzela ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango. Ngokuphikisanayo, kwi-[FLTY:2] iSebe lokhuseleko lwe Homeland v. Regets zeYunivesithi yaseKhalifoni[[FLT] [20]), ityala phantsi kwesenzo solawulo lwe-Trump &517; iinzame zokuphinda zizame ukubuyisela iSenzo sobugqi (FTLTYC]) udwendo oluqhelekileyo, ukufumana ingcelo olunikiweyo phantsi kweSivume.

Kwakhona ijaji ihlola imiyalelo yezolawulo kunye nemimiselo yemibutho yokuthobela umGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho. Iinkundla zisoloko zifumana ucelomngeni kwimiyalelo yabalawuli ekufudukeni, kwinkqubo yokusingqongileyo, nakukhuseleko lwesizwe, nto leyo esebenza njengendlela yokuhlola abanokuqhathwa. Ngoxa iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zinikezela ngobuchule bolawulo kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe nokhuseleko lwesizwe, azithandabuzi ukungenelela xa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko esengozini okanye xa izenzo zegunya eliphezulu zingaphaya kwegunya lazo lomthetho.

Indima yeengxakeko ezizimeleyo nolawulo lwezaphuli-mthetho

Amaqumrhu azimeleyo, anjengeKhomishini yeFederal Trade kunye neKhomishini yeSizwe ne-Exchange, asebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo. IiNkundla zihlola izigqibo zolawulo oluphezulu ukuze ziqinisekise ukuba ziyavumelana nemithetho enika amandla kunye nomGaqo-siseko. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithethe ngesakhiwo samasebe azimeleyo, ilawula ukuba ezinye iintsilelo zokususwa kwamandla omongameli zisenokuba azinagunya-liququzeli. Umzekelo, [[FLLLLC]] SA LA LALC v. UMTHENGELE WEEMALI NGO NGOMALIFUR [[FLT:] 2020], iNkukholelwa ukuba ukususwa kwemeko eyodwa ezimeleyo yeCFP, ngokususwa kuphela kwesizathu, ukuvukela amagunya. Esi sigqibo sokulawula isikhululo.

Ngala matyala, ijaji igcina uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo. Iinkundla aziphelisi tyala ngalinye lesigqibo segunya elilawulayo, kodwa ziqinisekisa ukuba umongameli kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente asebenza kwisiseko esimiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko kunye neBhunga. Oku kuvelela kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano lwamandla nokukhusela ukuphenduliswa kwedemokhrasi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngamandla aphezulu, bona iCornell Law School’ inkcazo yokwahlula amagunya.

Ingcamango Yesingqi Esizimeleyo

Ijaji ezimeleyo yilinchpin yendlela esebenzayo nelungeleleneyo. Ukuzimela geqe kuthetha ukuba abagwebi bagqibe amatyala asekelwe kumthetho nakulwazi, angenangcinezelo yezopolitiko, ikhethe lobuqu, okanye uloyiko lokuziphindezela. Olu zimelelo lukhuselwa ngobomi kubagwebi besizwe (phantsi kweGatya III), ukhuseleko, nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngaphandle kwezi zikhuseli, iinkundla azinakusebenza njengongathathi cala phakathi kwamasebe okanye njengelungu lamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ijaji ezimeleyo ikhuthaza ukukholoswa ngurhulumente. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba iinkundla azikhethi, banokuvuma izigqibo zabo, kwanaxa ezo zigqibo zingathandwayo. Oku kusesikweni kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukuzinza kwezentlalo nomthetho. Ngokuchasene noko, xa inkululeko yokulawula ivavanywa, ukuthenjelwa kwabantu ngokubanzi kuyaphelelwa, yaye yonke inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iyancipha.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhetha Ngokhethe

Kubalulekile ukuba iinkundla ziphumeze indima yazo engokomGaqo-siseko. Abagwebi kufuneka bachaze umthetho njengoko ubhaliwe, hayi njengoko bona okanye uwonke ungayinqwenela. Oku kufuna ukhuthazo olusuka kwezobupolitika eziguquliweyo nakwimbono kawonke-wonke. UAlexander Hamilton, ebhala ku- uNxulumaniso lwaMazwelom. [78, waphikisa ukuba i-judiary imele ibe namandla okuvakalisa imithetho engalawulwayo kwaye eli gunya lifuna ukuzimela. Wathi ngodumo i-judiary yi-“ isebe eliyingozi i̵ kuba ayinalo impembelelo kwikrele okanye isipaji, kodwa igunya layo lixhomekeke ekusebenziseni kwayo ulawulo ngaphandle kolawulo.

Ukukhusela Inkululeko Yezahlulelo

UmGaqo-siseko unikela ukhuseleko oluninzi lwenkululeko egwebayo. Abagwebi boManyano babamba iiofisi zabo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, okuthetha ubomi ngokunempumelelo, ngaphandle kokuba bacelwe phantsi kwaye basuswe yiBhunga. Oku kubakhusela ekugxothweni ngenxa yezigqibo ezingathandwayo. Ngaphezu koko, imivuzo yabo ayinakuncitshiswa ngexesha lokulawula kwabo, ithintela iBhunga ekusebenziseni inkxaso yemali ukuze liphembelele imithetho. Le miqathango yesakhiwo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bangenza izigqibo ezisekelwe ngokupheleleyo ekufanelekeni okusemthethweni.

Imithetho yephondo ikwanezikhuseli, nangona zahluka. Amanye amaphondo akhethiweyo, anokudala uxinzeleleko phakathi kokuzimela geqe nokuziphendulela. Kodwa, imigaqo yezobugcisa, imithetho yokuziphatha, kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lokuphinda lugcinwe lungakhethi. I-American Bar Association ̱ Ikhowudi yeNkqubo yokuLawula i-Impatho yejaji [ inika abagwebi imigaqo yokuphepha ukungalawuleki nokuzimela.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Kwigunya Leejaji Nenkululeko

Phezu kwazo nje izikhuselo zomGaqo-siseko, ukuzimela geqe kujoliswe kwizisongelo ezizingisileyo. Ukuhlaselwa kweenkundla zezobupolitika, ukuzama ukuqokelela imigaqo yezomthetho, kunye nemigudu yokumisela igunya lomthetho kusenokuwathoba amagunya amagunya ejaji ̱ amandla okuhlola amanye amasebe. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amadabi alwa ngokuchaseneyo amatyala aye aqina, yaye omabini azama ukubumba iinkundla ngokwembono yengqondo yawo. Ngoxa ukutyunjwa nokuqinisekiswa kungumgaqo wezopolitiko, ukuthelelwa kukuba xa abagwebi behleli, bagqiba amatyala ngaphandle kokucalula.

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kunyuko lwezindululo zenkundla ezithi, njengemiqathango yegama yamatyala aPhakamileyo, ulwandiso lweNkundla, okanye imiqathango elawulayo. Ezinye zezi zicelo zijoliswe ekunciphiseni iNkundla i̱ amandla okanye ukuziphindezela ngokuchasene nezigqibo ezithile. Ngoxa iBhunga linegunya lomgaqo-siseko kwisakhiwo senkundla, ezo nguqu zingasongela ulawulo lwejajidicatal ̱ ukuzimela ngokwalo ukuba zisetyenziswe ngokulandelelana. Umgaqo omiselwe ixesha elide wokuzibamba ngokuzingisa unceda ekukhuseleni ekungeneni kwezo zinto.

Ukuhlasela abagwebi nezigqibo zenkundla kukwabeka ubungozi. Xa iinkokeli zezobupolitika zigweba abagwebi njenge “ abasebenzi abasebenzayo ̵ okanye zisongela ukungazikhathaleli izigwebo zenkundla, ziphelisa intlonelo ngomthetho. Ijaji ixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe nakuluntu ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zayo; ukuba ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kuxhomekeke ekuzigqibeleni okanye ekukhetheni, inkqubo yokuhlola nokuzimela iyawohloka. Ukugcina inkululeko yenkundla kufuna ukuzinikela komthetho phakathi kwawo onke amasebe nabemi ukuba bahlonele inkundla, kwanaxa bengenamdla.

Olunye ucelomngeni kukwanda kokwenziwa kokhetho lokugweba. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa abagwebi besizwe iye yahlala ingumvandedwa kakhulu, yaye abaphulaphuli basoloko bejongene nokulibaziseka okugqithisileyo nokuvingcelwa ngokuphikisanayo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwizithuba ezichaphazela inkqubo yeenkundla ’ amandla okusebenza ngokunempumelelo. Ngoxa inkqubo yokutyunjwa ixhomekeke kwezobupolitika ngokugqibeleleyo, ukurhoxa okubangelwa yipropati kungachaphazela ukuqonda kwabantu ngokubanzi kwejaji njengesikombutho esingakhethiyo. Imigudu yokuphelisa inkqubo, njengakwizikomishini yokukhetha i- bipartisan, ihlala iphikiswane.

Ukongezelela, unyuko lwegunya elilawulayo elilawulayo elifuna ukulinganisa ulawulo lobulungisa. Ngamanye amaxesha abalawuli benza ngaphandle kogunyaziso olucacileyo lwemithetho, bexhomekeke kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe ukuba zikulungele ukuthobela ezi zenzo okanye zinyanzelise imida yemithetho-siseko. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwenkxalabo yokhuseleko lwesizwe nenkululeko yabemi lusoloko lufika phambi kweenkundla, lufuna ukulungelelanisa. Umzekelo, kumthetho ophezulu we- Bush[FLT][2001] (2008), iNkuqinisekisa ukuba ababambekileyo baseGuantana banelungelo lokuba bafumane i-havingx benovene , bengafuni ukulinganisela ngokufanelekileyo.

Icudiso Kwinkqubo Yamandla Ahlukeneyo

Iinkundla aziqhubeki ngokwahlukileyo; ziyinxalenye yenkqubo exhomekeke kwilungu elinye. Amasebe aphetheyo kunye nemithetho akwahlola ijaji. Ingqungquthela ingaliguqula inani labagwebi, itshintshe ulawulo lwezinkundla zesizwe, imisele izivumelwano zokuphelisa izigqibo zomthetho. Umongameli umisela iijaji kwaye anyanzelise imiyalelo yenkundla. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lilawulayo. Ingcungela yenkqubo ilele kule ngxaki inamandla: isebe ngalinye linozisusa nendlela yokuxhathisa ezinye.

Ijudicaary ’ amandla ekugqibeleni axhomekeke ekugunyazisweni kwayo nasekuzimiseleni kwamanye amasebe ukuthobela imithetho yayo. Xa iNkundla igqiba ityala, ixhomekeke kumphathi olawulayo ukunyanzelisa imiyalelo yayo kunye neBhunga ukuhlonela iinkcazelo zayo. Umzekelo, emva [[FLT:] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954], ukuphunyezwa kwesikolo kufuna inyathelo elizinzileyo nelokugweba. Inkundla ayinakunyanzelisa izigqibo zayo; ixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukuphumeza kwayo. Oku kuqinisa ukubaluleka kwentsebenziswano nokuhlonela amasebe.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ijaji iye yasebenza kakhulu ekupheliseni iimbambano phakathi kwamasebe ezobupolitika, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nezonyango, ukufuduka, kunye namalungelo okuvota. La matyala asoloko ebandakanya imibuzo entsonkothileyo engokomGaqo-siseko kwaye afuna ukuba iinkundla zilungelelanise izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo. Ngoxa abanye begxeka le ngcamango njengendlela yokuhlasela, abanye bayijonga njengendlela efunekayo yokukhusela xa amasebe ezobupolitika ebotshelelwe okanye engazimisele ukuthatha inyathelo.

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe alumi ngamaxesha; lutshintsha ixesha lidlulayo ekuphenduleni inkqubela yezopolitiko, yentlalo, kunye neyomthetho. Iinkundla zinceda ekulawuleni le ndale ngokulungiselela i-projekthi yokucombulula iimbambano zomGaqo-siseko. Ngezigqibo zazo, zichaza imida yegunya lemithetho kunye negunya elilawulayo, zikhusele amalungelo omntu ngamnye, zize zixhase isakhiwo sikarhulumente esimiselwe ngabalawuli. Njengoko ilizwe lijamelana neengxaki ezintsha, ukusuka kutshintsho lwezobugcisa ukuya kwizisongelo zehlabathi lonke, i-judiciary ̱ indima ekulawuleni igunya iya kuhlala ibalulekile.

Kumbono owongezelelekileyo kukwahlulwa kwamagunya, amaPhepha adwelisweyo, ingakumbi iPeyinti. 47 kunye noNo. 78, inika uluvo lwesiseko kwiFrames ̱ iinjongo.

Isiphumo: Ukulondoloza ukulungelelana komGaqo-siseko

Indima yeenkundla ekulungelelaniseni amandla phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente ibalulekile kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo yomgaqo-siseko. Ngokuhlolisisa okusesikweni, ijaji ihlola imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho kunye neyolawulo, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe ligqitha igunya lalo lomGaqo-siseko. Ngokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nokumisela imida yesakhiwo, iinkundla zixhasa umthetho zigcine umgangatho obuthathaka owenziwe ngabalawuli bezakhelo. Icandelo elizimeleyo lilelonalelona lembombo lale nkqubo; ngaphandle kwalo, ukuhlola kunye nomlinganiselo wommiselo kungayi kuba ligotyiki.

Njengoko ibutho liguquka, iingxaki ezintsha ziya kuvavanya ulawulo lwe-judiary ̱ ukunyamezela. Iingcinezelo zezobupolitika, iintlanga zocalucalulo, kunye nokutshintshwa kobugcisa ziya kuqhubeka zifuna ulawulo lobuchule bobulungisa. Iinkundla kufuneka zihlale ziqinile ekuzibopheleleni kwazo kokungakhethi bulungisa, zitolike umGaqo-siseko ngokwemibhalo nemigaqo yawo. Ngokwenjenjalo, ziya kulondoloza ukwahlulwa kwamagunya zize zilondoloze inkululeko echaza ulawulo lwamaMerika. Umlinganiselo wamandla asingomthwalo wejajithanga lodwa; uxhomekeke ekuphathweni kwawo onke amasebe namaMerika. Kodwa iinkundla zimele zisebenze njengalowo umlawuli opheleleyo, ziqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala engomnye wemithetho, kungekhona yabantu.