Ukwazisa: Iintsika Ezifihlakeleyo Zolawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

Xa abantu becinga ngorhulumente wasekuhlaleni, izixeko, iidolophu, kunye noludwe lwamazwe kudla ngokufika engqondweni. Kodwa umaleko omkhulu, osoloko ungabonakali, obonakala utshintsha ubomi bemihla ngemihla kwimimandla emalunga ne-United States: isithili esikhethekileyo. Ngokwe-Census Bureaual, kukho isithili esikhethekileyo esingaphezulu kwama-30 000 kwilizwe lonke, esibenza babe ngowona didi luninzi lorhulumente wasekuhlaleni. La maqumrhu anikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo kumgangatho obalulekileyo .

Imimandla ekhethekileyo yenzelwe ukugcwalisa iisithuba esikhethekileyo senkonzo. Isebenza ngokwayo, inegunya elisemthethweni elikhethekileyo, kwaye iyakuphendula kubemi abakhonzayo. Ukuqonda amandla neembopheleleko zabo kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kulawulo lukawonke-wonke, ekucwangcisweni kwebutho labantu, okanye ukufuna nje ukwazi ukuba ngubani ngokwenene ophethe ipaki okanye inkqubo yemigqomo yendle yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuchaza izithili ezizodwa

Isithili esikhethekileyo luhlobo lorhulumente wasekuhlaleni osungulwe phantsi komthetho wesizwe ukubonelela ngenkonzo ethile okanye iinkonzo kummandla ochaziweyo womhlaba. Ngokungafaniyo nezixeko okanye amaphondo, anika uludwe olubanzi lwemisebenzi (imicimbi, ikontraka, njl.njl.), isithili esikhethekileyo sijolise ingqalelo kwimisebenzi enxulumene nayo. Zineebhodi zazo ezilawulayo, uqingqo-mali, kunye negunya elisemthethweni lokunyusa ingeniso, ukungena kwizivumelwano, nokufumana impahla.

Imimandla ekhethekileyo idla ngokubizwa ngokuba “ngoorhulumente abangabonakaliyo” ngenxa yokuba abantu abaninzi abahlala apho ababuqondi ubukho babo, okanye bahlawula iirhafu ezikhethekileyo zesithili okanye iirhafu. Bangazimele (ngokunyulwa kweebhodi) okanye baxhomekeke (ngokulawulwa liqumrhu lorhulumente). Imida yabo ayifane ihambelane nesixeko okanye imida yengingqi, enokuthi ibangele ukungqubana okuntsonkothileyo.

Iintlobo zeMigangatho Ekhethekileyo

Iinguqu zezithili ezikhethekileyo zibonisa iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zoluntu. Ngeli xesha ezinye izithili zinikela inkonzo enye, ezinye zingadibanisa iinkonzo ezininzi phantsi kwento enye. Ngasezantsi zilolona didi luqhelekileyo.

Amanzi, Uhlazo, kunye neMigangatho

Ezi zezinye zezinye zeendawo ezixhaphakileyo. Zinika amanzi okusela, zinyanga amanzi amdaka, zilawula amanzi omlilo, yaye maxa wambi ziphatha inkunkuma eqinileyo. Imizekelo iquka imimandla kamasipala yezembane (ama-MID) eTexas okanye imimandla yokulondoloza amanzi kumazwe oqwayingileyo. Imida yazo idla ngokulandela amanzi akhutshiweyo kunemida kamasipala.

Ukhuseleko lomlilo kunye nezithili zeenkonzo zexesha likaxakeka

Imimandla emininzi yasemaphandleni nesokuhlala ixhomekeke kwimimandla ekhusela umlilo kunokuba ixhomekeke kumasebe omlilo asedolophini. Ezi mimandla zigcina izitishi zomlilo, izixhobo zokuthenga kunye nokuqesha abacimi-mlilo. Ezinye zikwabonelela ngeenkonzo zezonyango okanye zezongxamiseko.

ISikolo Nezithili Zemfundo

Ngeli xesha izikolo zidume kakhulu, ziluhlobo oluncinci lwesithili esikhethekileyo. Zilawula imfundo kawonke-wonke kwimimandla ekhoyo. Iingingqi zoluntu kunye namagunya oqeqesho lwemisebenzi aphantsi kwalo didi. Ezi mimandla zinerhafu enamandla kunye namagunya adityanisiweyo okuxhasa izakhiwo neenkqubo.

Izithili zezothutho

La maqumrhu alawula iindlela, iibhulorho, ezothutho lukawonke-wonke, amazibuko eenqwelo-moya kunye neenqwelo-moya. Imizekelo iquka abaphathi bezothutho (njengendawo yeBay Rapid Transit) kunye nesithili sasekuhlaleni esigcina iindlela ezingalungiswanga. Ezinye zinamandla okufaka irhafu yepetroli okanye irhafu yerhafu kwimisebenzi yezothutho.

IMiphaka, Ukuzonwabisa, Nezithili zeNkcubeko

Imimandla yezoshishino ilawula iindawo ezivulekileyo, iindawo zokudlala, iindawo zemidlalo, namaziko asekuhlaleni.

Impilo Nezibhedlele

Kumazwe amaninzi, izibhedlele zilungiselelwe ukuxhasa impilo yabantu abasweleyo, zisetyenziswa kwizibhedlele, zinikwa unyango olufanelekileyo, yaye zikho nezibhedlele ezilungiselelwe ukuxhasa nokulawula izibhedlele ezinokusondela.

Imimandla yolondolozo lwendalo

Imimandla egcina amanzi nezokulondoloza isoli, isithili sokunkcenkceshela, nezikhukula ezilawula umkhukula zinceda ekulawuleni izinto zemvelo, ekuthinteleni ukukhukuliseka kwendalo, nasekunciphiseni iingozi zeempuphuma.

Amandla Afumaneka Kwimimandla Ekhethekileyo

Imimandla ekhethekileyo ifumana igunya layo kurhulumente onika imimiselo kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Nangona amandla ehluka ngokubanzi, oku kulandelayo yeyona ibalulekileyo neqhelekileyo.

Irhafu negunya lengeniso

Inkoliso yeengingqi ezikhethekileyo zinganyanzela iirhafu zempahla, iinkcitho ezikhethekileyo, iirhafu zomsebenzisi, okanye iirhafu zentengiso kwimida yazo. Kwezinye iimeko, irhafu ilawulwa ngumthetho okanye yimvume karhulumente okanye umvoti. Ukwenziwa kwama-218 kweKhalifoniya kufuna imvume yomvoti kwirhafu emininzi entsha enxulumene nempahla emiselwe yisithilitha esikhethekileyo. Oku kulawulwa kwemali kuvumela amaphondo ukuba axhase iinkonzo ngaphandle kokukhuphisana nesixeko okanye uqingqo-mali lwephondo.

Umanyano

Ukuxhasa iprojekthi enkulu yekomkhulu . "njengesakhiwo sokulungisa amanzi amdaka, isikolo esitsha, okanye isitishi somlilo" izithili ezikhethekileyo zingakhupha amaqhina jikelele okanye amaqhina emali. Amaqhina embopheleleko jikelele axhaswa ngamandla emali ebhatala esithili kwaye ngokufuthi afuna imvume yomvoti. Amaqhina engeniso ahlawulwa kwingeniso yeprojekthi (umz., iindleko zamanzi). Oku kukwazi ukuboleka ixesha elide kubalulekile kwisiseko sesiseko sezakhiwo ezisebenza kaninzi kamashumi eminyaka.

Amandla Alawulayo Nawamapolisa

Imimandla emininzi ekhethekileyo inegunya lokwamkela nokunyanzelisa imimiselo. Imimandla yamanzi ingamisela imiqathango yokunkcenkceshela ngexesha lembalela; iziqithi zokukhupha iingcongconi zingangena kwimpahla yabucala ukulawula iindawo zokuzala; imimandla yomlilo inokunyanzelisa ikhowudi yomlilo kunye nemithetho yokugcina izinto eziyingozi. La magunya aqhele ukuphelela kumsebenzi ongundoqo wesithili kwaye amele angangqubani nombuso okanye imithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Ukufumana izinto nommandla ongundoqo

Izithili ezikhethekileyo zingafumana umhlaba wezakhiwo ezifana neetanki zamanzi, izityalo zonyango, ipaki, okanye iipaseji zokuthutha. Ezininzi zinamandla okuthenga indawo ephakamileyo ukwenzela imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, phantsi kwemfuneko yesihlanu yokuHlolwa koMphetho-gwebo. Noko ke, eli gunya lisoloko lilawulwa kakhulu kwaye lifuna imvume kwibhodi yesithili emva kokuchongwa kwabantu.

Igunya Elisebenzisanayo

Izithili ezikhethekileyo zingangena kwizivumelwano neefemu zabucala, abanye oorhulumente, okanye imibutho engafumani ngeniso yokunikela iinkonzo, ukuncedisana nobuncwane, okanye ukulawula amaziko. Oku kuvumela isithili ukuba singakwazi ukutshintsha, njengokufumana indawo yogcino-paki okanye ukudibana nomphathi-mikhosi wephondo ukuze kuxhaswe umthetho.

Iimbopheleleko ze-Core zamaLungu akhethekileyo

Ngomandla amakhulu kuza uxanduva olubalulekileyo. Isithili esikhethekileyo kufuneka sisebenze phakathi kwemigaqo esemthethweni kwaye sihlangabezane nolindelo lukawonke-wonke lwempumelelo, ukubonakala, nokuziphendulela.

Ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo kunye nomsebenzi

Umsebenzi oyintloko waso nasiphina isithili esikhethekileyo kukunikela iinkonzo esenziwe ukunikezela ngo-(ongenakuthintelwa, ngokukhuselekileyo, kunye nexabiso elisebenzayo. Nokuba kuqinisekisa ukuba kukho amanzi acocekileyo acocekileyo okanye kusabela kumlilo wendlu ngexesha elamkelekileyo, isithili kufuneka simisele imigangatho yokwenza kunye neziphumo zomlinganiselo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nomgangatho osisiseko wenkonzo kungakhokelela kumsindo kawonke-wonke, kwisenzo esisemthethweni, okanye kwanakudityaniswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Ulawulo lwezemali nolawulo lwabaphathi

Izithili ezikhethekileyo kufuneka zilungiselele uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le, zinamathele kwimigaqo yezemali eyamkelekileyo jikelele, zinikeze uphicotho-zincwadi lwemali kumasebe olawulo. Isebe elifanelekileyo lemali libaluleke ngakumbi xa isithili sibophelele ityala okanye silawula imali eninzi. Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali (njengeBell embi, ihlazo laseKhalifoniya elibandakanya ukuhlawulwa kakhulu kwamagosa esixeko, nangona kungeso isithili esikhethekileyo. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna iphondo ukuba abe neekomiti ezizimeleyo zophicotha-zincwadi kunye nokukhutshelwa kwemali yesisa-mali esiphezulu.

Ukuthobela uRhulumente noMthetho weSizwe

Izithili ezikhethekileyo ezisebenza phantsi kwemimiselo. Izithili ezisingqongileyo kufuneka zivumelane noMthetho we-Cec Water kunye noMthetho we-Emore; izithili zothutho zilandela iSebe leSebe loKhuseleko loThutho; izibhedlele kufuneka zidibane ne-HIPAA imiqathango yangasese. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela imigaqo yezonyango. Ukungathotyelwa kungaphumela ekuhlawuleni, ekulahlekelweni yimali, okanye ekuphulukaneni netyala elisemthethweni. Ukuqhubeka notshintsho lomthetho kungumngeni ozinzi, ingakumbi kwimimandla emincinane enabasebenzi abalinganiselwe.

Ubandakanyeko loLuntu nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ngenxa yokuba izithili ezikhethekileyo zidla ngokungabonwa kakhulu kunezixeko okanye iingingqi, ukuganana ngokungxamisekileyo kubalulekile. Izithili kufuneka zibe neentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke (ziveliswe yimithetho yentlanganiso evulekileyo), zipapashe imimiselo nemizuzu, zinike amathuba okuphendula uwonke-wonke. Ezinye isithili zinika amathuba okuposa imisinga yevidiyo ephilayo kwaye zigcine iiwebhsayithi ezisetyenziswa ngumsebenzisi ezineziqinisekiso zemali, ugcino-lwazi lokusebenza, kunye nolwazi lonxibelelwano lweqela. Izithili ezimiselwe ziibhodi zisenokufuna ukusebenza nzima ukuze zakhe intembeko, ekubeni abahlali bengenakuvota amalungu ebhodini.

Ukulungiselela neSixhaso seXesha elide

Izithili ezikhethekileyo kufuneka zicebe ngekamva. Izithili zamanzi kufuneka zilindele ukwanda kwabemi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu; iziqithi zopaki kufuneka zigcine izibonelelo ezaluphalayo; iziqithi zothutho kufuneka zixelwe kwangaphambili kwaye zifumane iziphumo zemali. Iiplani zokuphucula izakhiwo zolawulo lwempahla, kunye nezicwangciso ezicwangcisiweyo zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo. Izithili ezityeshelayo ukuceba ixesha elide zisoloko zijongene neengxaki zequbuliso elikhawulezileyo --njengendawo enkulu yophayiphu okanye izakhiwo zepaki ezonakalisiweyo ezifuna ukulungiswa kongxamiseko olubiza imali.

Ulungiso noLawulo: Indlela Ezibakho Ngayo Izithili Ezikhethekileyo

Ukwenza isithili esikhethekileyo kubandakanya isicelo esivela kubahlali okanye kubemi baloo ndawo icetyiweyo, esilandelwa kukuchotshelwa nokuvunywa kwasesidlangalaleni kwiphondo okanye kwiphondo. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ngumthetho karhulumente, osenokufuna unyulo lomvoti okanye uhlolo lokumiselwa kwequmrhu likarhulumente (njengeKhalifoniya). Amanye amazwe avumela isithili ukuba senziwe ngesenzo esilula sowiso-mthetho ukwenzela iinjongo ezithile, njengokuyila igunya lengingqi lezothutho.

Ulawulo ludla ngokunikwa iqumrhu elinyuliweyo labaphathi, kodwa ezinye izithili zisebenzisa iibhodi ezimiselweyo (umz., amalungu ebhunga lesixeko asenokusebenza njengebhodi yamanzi). Amalungu ebhodi asebenza ngokutyibilikayo kwaye asoloko efumana iinkxalabo ezincinane. Iimbopheleleko zawo ziquka ukumisela inkqubo, ukuxhasa uqingqo-mali, ukumisela iindleko, nokuqesha umphathi jikelele okanye umalathisi-gosa-go ekuqhubeni imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Imimandla emikhulu isenokuqesha uninzi okanye amakhulu abasebenzi; imimandla emincinane inokuba nomqeshwa omnye kuphela okanye ixhomekeke kwizindlu.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Okujongene Neziqithi Ezikhethekileyo

Phezu kwayo nje indima yazo ebalulekileyo, imimandla ekhethekileyo isoloko inempikiswano.

UkuNciphisa ukuNciphisa

Imimandla emininzi ekhethekileyo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla, echaphazeleka kakhulu kukuthengwa kwemali yefama. Ngexesha lokuTshasa okuKhulu, isithili ezininzi zabona iingeniso zincipha njengoko imfuneko yeenkonzo inyuka. Amanye amazwe athintela ukwanda kwerhafu yempahla (umz., iPhondo leKhalifoniya 13), enyanzelisa isithili ukuba sivote irhafu egunyazisiweyo okanye intlawulo lwemali eninzi, nto leyo enokuba nzima kwezobupolitika. Imimandla yephondo enegunya lokuhlawula irhafuthelo iqhele ukuzinza, kodwa amanye azama ukugcina iinkonzo ezisisiseko.

Ukungabikho kolwazi noXotho

Ngenxa yokuba izithili ezikhethekileyo zibhabha phantsi kwerada, umvoti ojikayo kwibhodi unyulo lusoloko lusezantsi. Uhlolisiso lonyaka ka-2018 lufumanise ukuba umvoti oqhelekileyo kunyulo olukhethekileyo wayengaphantsi kwe-10%. Oku kubophelela okuphantsi kungavumela amaqela amancinci enzalanisayo ngezantsi. afana nabaphuhlisi, abasebenzisi bamanzi, okanye iinkampani zolwakhiwo-manzi, . Ukubona ngaphaya kwezigqibo. Oku kukwakungekho zingxelo ezichaphazelekayo kwi-intanethi.

Ukwahlulwa kombhalo

Kummandla omnye wemetro, uninzi lwezithili ezikhethekileyo ezihambanayo lungabakho, nganye inesiseko sayo serhafu, indawo yenkonzo, kunye nebhodi. Oku kwahlulwa kungakhokelela kwi-ifficiencie, ukungabikho komsebenzi, kwaye ubunzima bokudibanisa imigudu yengingqi (njengokulawula okunyibilikisiweyo okanye ukudibanisa abantu abathuthiweyo). Abanye abaguquli bakhuthaza ukuhlanganisa amaphondo amancinane kwimibutho emikhulu, ephumelelayo, kodwa abemi basoloko bengavumi ukuphulukana nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Umthwalo Wolawulo

Izithili ezikhethekileyo kufuneka zivumelane noluhlu olukhulayo lwemfuno zikarhulumente neyorhulumente. Ukuchaphazeleka kokusingqongileyo, imithetho yokusebenza, izenzo zokuvula iintlanganiso, kunye nemithetho yokufumana izithuba zimbalwa. Isithili esincinane esineendawo ezincinane ezinokuthwaliswa ngamaphepha amaphepha kunye neendleko zokuthobela. Amanye amazwe anikela iinkqubo zoncedo lobugcisa, kodwa isithili sininzi sisazama ukuzigcina ngaphandle kokunyusa iindleko.

Uphando Lwasewonke Wonke Neempazamo

Iintsomi zeprofile ephezulu kwisithili ezimbalwa zingcolise uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Imizekelo iquka ingxaki yonyaka ka-2014 eFlint, eMichigan, apho umphathi wexesha likaxakeka omiselwe ngurhulumente (umzekelo isithili esikhethekileyo) ekhokelela ekungcoleni kwetyhefu(okanye imbuyiselo egqithisileyo yegunya eliphezulu kwimimandla ethile yaseKhalifoniya. Ukungaphumeleli okunjalo kugxininisa imfuneko yokuba uphakele, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nokubandakanyeka kuluntu.

Isiphelo: Urhulumente Ungumntu Ongenakuthenjwa Kodwa Ongakhangelwayo

Izithili ezikhethekileyo ziluncedo kwimfuno ezahlukeneyo nezobuchule zoluntu. Zinikela ubuchule obuqwalaselweyo, inkxaso-mali enikezelweyo, kunye nobhetyebhetye osoloko urhulumente jikelele engenakukwazi ukungqinelana nalo. Kodwa imingeni yabo engaqondakaliyo kunye nolawulo ifuna ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Nokuba uhlala kwidolophu ebanzi ye-Mud, kwisithilitha somlilo wasemaphandleni, okanye kwigunya lohambo lwasedolophini, izigqibo ezenziwa ziibhodi ezikhethekileyo zesithili ezichaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla

Kubafundisi-nkqubo kawonke-wonke, abafundi, kunye nabemi abatshayelelwayo, ukuqonda izithili ezikhethekileyo akuyonto nje yemfundo. Linyathelo elisebenzayo ekuboneni ngaphaya, ukuphendula, nokulawula okunempumelelo kwasekuhlaleni. Njengoko abantu beqhubeka bekhula kwaye bejamelana neengxaki ezintsha . "Iimeko zokwaluphala, izibonelelo-mali, kunye noxinzelelo lombane] neziphendu ezikhethekileyo zesithili eziza kuhlala zisekho izixhobo eziyimfuneko kwibhokisi yezixhobo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Undoqongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba basebenza ngokukhanya okufanayo, okusesikweni, nokusabela okulindelekileyo kuzo zonke izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa U.S. ugcino-lwazi lweBreau kwisithili ezikhethekileyo, i- yeSithili esikhethekileyo sohlanga [ ubuncwane, kunye ne- UC Berkeley Center yoMthetho, i-Energy & iMeko- archings kumazwe aselwandle .