Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zisebenza njengezona ziphambili ekuqulunqeni umthetho eUnited States, zisebenza ngemigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla bezigidi zamaMelika. Ngoxa iBhunga lisoloko lilawula imixholo yeentloko-ntloko yesizwe, lizakhiwo zephondo ukusuka kwiSacramento ukuya kuTallahas ejonge apho izigqibo ezininzi ezilandelayo ezilandelayo eziphathelele imfundo, ulawulo lwezempilo, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nomthetho wemeko yendalo zenziwe khona. UMthetho-siseko ugcina onke amandla anganikwanga gunya kurhulumente wesizwe kumazwe, unika izinyuso solawulo esibanzi somgaqo-mthetho wokwakha inkqubo kawonke phakathi kwemidabini yawo. Eli nqaku lihlola imigaqo yesakhiwo, inkqubo yezomthetho, kunye nempembelelo yezomthetho wolawulo lwesizwe, kusetyenziswa imizekelo yokwenene yehlabathi ukusuka kulo lonke ilizwe ukufuzisela ulawulo lwamazwe eMelikan.

IMithetho yeSizwe

Ukungalandeli Kwehlabathi Nokunganyaniseki: Iimodeli Ezimbini

Amashumi amane anesine amazwe angamashumi amahlanu asebenza phantsi kwenkqubo ye-bamaral, okuthetha ukuba izindlu zawo zowiso-mthetho zahlulwe zahluka-hlulwa zibe ngamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo: indlu esezantsi (ebizwa ngokuba yiNdlu yabameli, iNdibano, okanye iNdlu yeeNdlu zabathunywa) kunye nendlu ephezulu (iNsungulo yeNtsimi). Okukuphela komahluko yiNebraska, eyamkela indlu yowiso-mthetho engekho kwicala lamalungu ekwakhenisiweyo ngo193737. I-Legastislature, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yiUnicameral, iquka ama-49, ii-senator anyuliweyo ngaphandle kovavanyo olungaqhelekanga lweqela lomthetho, uvavanyo oluye lwaxhaswa nguSenator George Norris njengendlela yokwandisa ukubonakala nokuhlisa igriki.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ze-Badameral zifuna ukuba irekhoda idlulise omagumbi omabini afanayo phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kwirhuluneli ukuze ityikitye. Esi sakhiwo, esifana neKhonkxa yorhulumente, sinika inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kwangaphakathi. Indlu esezantsi idla ngokuba nkulu ekungeneni (isuka kuma-40 e-Alaska ukuya kuma-400 eNew Hampshire) kwaye isebenza amabinzana amafutshane, iqinisekisa ukuba ihlala iqhelaniswa nokutshintsha uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Indlu ephezulu idla ngokuba ncinane, namalungu asebenza ngokuzinziswano olude, yongeza uzinzo kunye noluvo olungakumbi lokungagosombululi kwinkqubo yokulawula.

Icandelo- Ixesha v. Imithetho yexesha eGqityiweyo: IPlagion Spectrum

Ifekta ebalulekileyo kwindlela esebenza ngayo izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kukuba zihlulwe njengezifundo, iinguqu, okanye izindlu zowiso-mthetho zoluntu. zomsebenzi womsebenzi wendlu yowiso-mthetho , njengaleyo eseCalifornia, eNew York, nasePennsylvania, idibana nonyaka wonke, inezisebenzi ezinkulu, kwaye ihlawula imiqathango evumela abasebenzi ukuba basebenze ngaphandle komsebenzi. [iiindlu zowiso-ndlu zowiso-mthetho], njengaleyo i-Wyhoming, iNewpre, neVrent, idibana nje neentlanganiso ezithe rhoqo (ngokufuthi nje iinyanga ezimbalwa ngonyaka), i-okanye nenkcelo encinane, i-okgconftiweyo encinane okanye i-odkssss arced progensss (iences) eninzi kakhulu kwemiqatha yemiqatha yemeko ye-Rograntinethi yelizwe, ixhomekeke kuMbutho ye-og.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka KwiBhili Ukuya Kumthetho

Ngelixa izicwangciso zohluka ngokwemeko, uhambo olusisiseko lwetyala ngendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente lulandela indlela emiswe kakuhle. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho karhulumente ebunjwe ngayo.

  1. [[NTL:0] Ukungenisa nokwazisa: Ummisi-mthetho, maxa wambi ngoncedo lwabasebenzi abangathathi-nxaxheba okanye i-Gaudislative Reception Bureau, idrafti yemali. Ngoko ityala licaciswe kwigumbi elifanelekileyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, naliphi na ilungu lingazisa irejista, kodwa ixesha kunye nemithetho ilinganisela inani letyala elinye lingayifaka ifayile intlanganiso nganye.
  2. [[NTLT: 0] Impinda yeCommittee: Emva kwentshayelelo, ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti enye okanye ezininzi ezisebenza kummandla onxulumene nombandela (umz., iKomiti yemfundo, iSebe lezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu). Eli lelona nqanaba libalulekileyo. Iikomiti zibamba iindlebe zikawonke-wonke, zithatha ubungqina kwiingcali nakubemi, kwaye zisenokuyilungisa ityala ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuba ikomiti iyasilela ukusebenza kwimali, iyafa ngokufezekileyo – inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba “kukuchola."
  3. [[NTLA:0] Isenzo sobunjani: Ukuba ikomiti iwuvumela lo mthetho, ishenxa kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukwenzela ingxoxo kunye nevoti. Abenzi bomthetho banganika ezinye iinguquko kumgangatho. Ukudlula kudla ngokufuna uninzi olulula, nangona eminye imicimbi ingafuna i-mastical ephezulu.
  4. Ulwazelelelo lwecandelo: Ngoko irejista ihamba iye kwenye indlu, apho ihamba kwikomiti efanayo kunye nenkqubo yomgangatho. Ukuba igumbi lesibini ligqithisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo, ikomiti yamalungu engqungquthela kuzo zombini izindlu kufuneka ixobisane nomahluko.
  5. Isenzo sikaGovernor: Xa omabini amagumbi egqitha umthetho ofanayo, ithunyelwa kwirhuluneli, esenokuwusayina umthetho, okanye kwamanye amazwe, iwuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayikho kwintlanganiso. Kuwo onke amaphondo ngaphandle koMntla Carolina, irhuluneli inamandla omgca-veto ukwenzela iindleko zophazamiso, ivumela umphathi ukuba abethe izinto ezithile ezisetyenzisiweyo ngexesha lokuncoma okuseleyo.

Umgca wexesha uyahluka kakhulu: amanye amazwe, njengoTexas, adibana rhoqo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini (ngeminyaka engaqhelekanga, kangangeentsuku eziyi 140), ngelinye ixesha, njengeMassachusetts, adibana minyaka le engenawo umhla wommiselo. Olu mahluko wokwakhiwa ungachaphazela isantya nomthamo wokwenza umthetho.

IMithetho yeSizwe njengeMibutho yeNkxaso yeDemokhrasi

UJaji Louis Brandeis uchaza amatyala adumileyo ngokuthi “ziindlela zolawulo-mpukane,” ingcamango ehlala ibalulekile namhlanje. Xa enye indlu yowiso-mthetho ilungiselela indlela entsha yokufikelela kwingxaki kawonke-wonke, amanye amazwe angaqwalasela, alungelelanise, asebenzise inkqubo – okanye ayigatyi ngokusekelwe kubungqina. Olu vavanyo olunesidima luvumela inkqubo yokuqalisa ngaphandle komngcipheko wesizwe.

Umgaqo - siseko Wemekobume: EKhalifoniya Ikhokela, Abanye Bayalandela

Akukho mbuso ungcono uwubonisa kakuhle lo msebenzi kuno California. IRhulumente yase California imisele eminye yeyona mithetho yemo efuna intsingiselo yendalo kulo lonke ilizwe, isoloko imisela imigangatho ye-de cocoto yelizwe lonke. California Global Hotuting Solutions Act ka 2006 (AB 32) udweliso lwenkqubo olubanzi lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu yigesi ukuya kumyinge ka-20202020. Yayiyinkqubo yokuqala ye-cape-trade kwiU.S kwaye ukususela oko ilandelwe ngu-[FLT:] IGevice Ezandleko ne-Repuction Act [F] [5]

Impembelelo yeKhalifoniya idlulela ngaphaya kwemida yayo. Ngenxa yokuba intengiso yeli lizwe inkulu kangaka, abenzi bezithuthi kunye nabasebenzi bezixhobo zombane bakhetha ukuthobela imilinganiselo engqongqo yegesi yeKhalifoniya kulo lonke ilizwe. Le nto, maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba “isiphumo seKhaliyonia,” iye yakhokelela ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho – ngokuphawulekayo eNew York, Washington, naseMassachusetts – ukumisela imimiselo efanayo yemekobume, ibangela ukuba urhulumente wengingqi anyanzele ukuba umgangatho wesizwe uqine kwimilinganiselo yesizwe.

Utshintsho Lwemfundo: ITexas Noshishino Lwemali Yesikolo

ETexas, indlu yowiso-mthetho iye yaxabana kangangamashumi eminyaka nomba wemali yesikolo. Ukuthembela kwesizwe kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni kwabangela ukwahluka okukhulu phakathi kwesithili sezityebi namahlwempu. Ekuphenduleni, i-Texas Legislature yamisela uthotho lwemithetho phantsi kwenkqubo eyaziwa njenge “Robin Hood,” efuna amaphondo esizwe esineemali zemali eninzi ukwabelana ngengeniso kunye nemimandla ehlwempuzekileyo. Le mithetho yendlu yowiso-mthetho yakwayayamashishini yayidlulisa Indlu ye-Bill 3 (2010]), ulungiso lwezentengo oluthe kraliyo, ulwano lwemali ekhutshwayo intlawulo lwemali yezigidi zemali, ihlise irhafuthe yalente, kwaye ithumela oovimba abaphantsi abafumana imali abambalwa kunye nabafundi abafunda isiNgesi. Lo mthetho wabonisa indlela yokusebenzisa ngayo inkqubo yemfundo yemfundo.

Amanye amaphondo aye aphawula indlela yokungena kweTexas kwaye alandela utshintsho lwawo. Umzekelo, iKansas Legislature yakhupha ulwando olubalulekileyo lwemali yesikolo ngo-2017 emva kokuba inkundla ephakamileyo yephondo ifumanise ukuba inkqubo ekhoyo ayiyinyani, kwaye i-Washington State Legislature idlulise i-bipartis Students mpumelelo Act ka-2017 ibone ukuba imfundo esisiseko ifunwa sisigqibo sikaMcClice sesizwe.

Uwiso - mthetho Lwemipu: Utshintsho Lwasemva LweParkland EFlorida

Ukudubula okuninzi kudla ngokuvuselela inkqubo yomthetho karhulumente, kunye nokudubula ngo-2018 eMarjory Stonen Douglas High School eParkland, Florida, kwakungekokwahlukileyo. I-Florida Legislature, ngokwembali iqwalaselwe njengamalungelo e-proftware yemipu, igqithe i- uMarjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act [[FLLL:1] kumthetho obomvu] ekuvoti-. Umthetho waphakamisa ubudala obuncinci ukuthenga umpu ukusuka kwi-18 ukuya kwi 21, wabeka iphulo-mfo, wakhupha ixesha eliziqekelelweyo, wavala imithi yemiqhaphu, waza uvula “umthetho wesiglaving Public Seaty Act [[Fricly Leaty] [[Flag]'sly Leat] kumthetho obomvu) ovumela ukuba ususe iibhamfoshobo zoorhorhobo eziyingozi kwabanye abaziweyo okanye abanye abaxhobileyo, kwane

Lo mthetho wasebenza njengomzekelo kwamanye amazwe. Emva kokukhokela kweFlorida, ubuncinane ezinye izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezilishumi elinesihlanu, kuquka eziseVermont, Maryland, naseWashington, zimisele imithetho ebomvu yeflegi. Umzekelo weFlorida ubonisa indlela indlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente enokuthi iphendule ngayo xa iinguqu zenkqubo encinci, nendlela olo tshintsho olunokungena ngayo kwinkqubo karhulumente.

Amanyathelo Okunyamekela Impilo: Ukufikelela Kwendlela Yokwandisa INew York

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yephondo laseNew York ibiyinkokeli kwinkqubo yonyango oluqhubekayo. Umthetho we-New York Health Act , oye waziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiNdibano, ucebisa inkqubo yempilo enye enokuthi ithathe indawo ye-inshorensi yobuqu ngecebo lendalo elixhaswayo. Ngelixesha ityala lingakadluliswa yiBhunga, indlu yowiso-mthetho iphumelele ekugubuleni ii-mali ngokwendlela ezithile. Ngo-20181818, i-New York idlulise imithetho efuna abafaki-mthetho yokugubulisa iinkonzo zezempilo, kuquka ukuthintela nokukhupha ukuphuma kwemijelo nokukhupha isisu, ngaphandle kwexabiso elipheleleyo. Ngo-201919, i-socali idlulise [[FLD] [FLGenegatection Active [F]

INew York ithathe inyathelo lokuthetha ngengxaki ye-opioid. Indlu yowiso-mthetho iphumele imithetho elinganisela amaxwebhu okuqala e-opioid kwientsuku ezisixhenxe kwaye ifuna abameli ukukhangela inkqubo yokuhlola umthetho karhulumente ngokubanzi. La manyathelo akhankanyiwe njengooqheliso olulungileyo yi-Gaverators Association kwaye aphembele imithetho efanayo kumazwe anjenge-Ohio, Massachusetts, neKentucky. Amava aseNew York abonisa indlela imigaqo-siseko sowiso-mthetho enokuthi asebenzise ngayo amandla awo phezu komgaqo we-inshorensilensi nakusebenza kwezempilo ukubumba iziphumo zoluntu.

Ukwenza Umthetho Wabemi: Indima Yamaqhawe

Kumaphondo amaninzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho iyabelana ngokungqalileyo nabantu ngenkqubo yokuqalisa nokuthatha inyathelo lokulawula. Amashumi amabini anesine amazwe avumela abemi ukuba bamisele baze bamisele imithetho ngesicelo nangevoti. Le nkqubo isenokuyishenxisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho okanye igqithe irhuluneli. Umzekelo, ngo-201818, abavoti eFlorida – phezu kwako nje ukungaphumeleli kowiso-mthetho ukudlulisela uMphetho-jikelo 4, ozibuyisele amalungelo okuvota ngaphezu ko-1.4 lezigidi zezigidi zabantu abagqibe izigwebo zabo. Ngokufanayo, iMissouri Legislature iye yabona igunya layo licelw'ucelwa ngumdlanganiso wezo wezamayeza kunye nonyuko oluncinane.

Ulwalamano phakathi kweendlu zowiso-mthetho kunye neenyathelo zobumi lungakubangela kube nzima ukudlulisa izicelo zabemi. Nangona abavoti benqabile. Oku kugxininisa uxinzelelo lwesiseko somthetho ekumiselweni: ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwedemokhrasi emele i-demokhrasi kunye nedemokhrasi engqalileyo.

Indima eBanzi eliBanzi

Ngasemva komthetho ngamnye odluliselwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente kukho iqela labasebenzi abanobuchule – abasebenzi bezomthetho abanolwazi, abahlalutyi bemithetho, oomabhalane beekomiti, kunye nabahlalutyi abasebenzayo – abasebenzayo babumba imveliso yomthetho. Ii-ofisi zophando ezingaphakamisi kwiphondo elifana neKhalifoniya, iWisconsin, neColorado zijongwa ngokubanzi njengezinika umgangatho ophezulu, uhlalutyo olunceda abenzi bemithetho benze izigqibo zolwazi. Kumazwe anezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezingaqeqeshwanga kakhulu, abenzi bomthetho basoloko bexhomekeke kwiqela le-caucus, abasebenzi besebe abasebenza ngesebe abaphezulu, abanolwazi olunokunceda ukulungiselela izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo.

Ukongezelela, imithetho yowiso-mthetho – enjengemfuno zokuzimela (nokuba ukubuyiselwa kufuneka kunxulumene nombandela wetyala), imithetho yokufunda, nemiqobo yamahrid – ingasetyenziswa ukuqhubela phambili okanye ukuphazamisa umthetho. Ngokomzekelo, kwiNdlu yeTexas, “ikomiti yecawa” kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeMali yeTexas inamandla okugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afikelela kumgangatho wengxoxo, inika impembelelo enkulu kwisitulo sayo phezu kwemimiselo yemithetho-mthetho.

IMithetho yeSizwe neMigaqo-siseko

Kwixesha le-gridlock karhulumente, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziye zaya zisiba nengqiniseko engakumbi ekulungiseni inkqubo yezopolitiko kwimibandela eyayicingelwa ukuba ingummandla okhethekileyo karhulumente wesizwe. Oku kuyabonakala kwimimandla enjengeze-data (i-Consumerfic Comficial Act ka-2018), ubundilele be-net (imimandla enjenge-Oregon neWashington yamisela eyayo imigaqo yayo yokuzikhusela emva kwe-FC repealed), kunye nokufuduka (amazwe amaninzi adlulisa imithetho elawula ukuthunyelwa kweminyanzelo).

Le ntsingiselo iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nolungelelwano olufanelekileyo lwamandla kwinkqubo karhulumente. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisabela ngakumbi kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni kwaye zisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuphambana kwegunya. Abahlalutyi bathi ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho karhulumente edibeneyo kubangela imithwalo edibeneyo yezoshishino kwaye icutha imigangatho yesizwe efana neyabantu. Ngokungakhathaliyo, kucacile ukuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho zidlala indima ebalulekileyo eqhubekayo ekulungiseni umthetho waseMelika. Inkundla ephakamileyo yase-U.S. ithe yakhuthaza le ngxaki kwizigqibo ezifana .[A[FLT] [20]], eyathiza umthetho wokwaphula umthetho osemthethweni wokuvala imidlalo, ngaloo ndlela ikhupha igalelo lomthetho.

Iingxaki Zomthetho KaRhulumente

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe azinazo iingxaki zazo. I-parterisan gerymanniting, apho imida yesithili itsalelwa ukungenelela iqela elinye, ingabangela intsebenziswano enkulu kwaye inciphise ukuphendula kokhetho. Iintlanganiso ezininzi zemithetho yowiso-mthetho zilawulwa ngamanqam oqingqo-mali, ezinemithetho-mthetho enyanzelekile ukwenza iziphumo ezibuhlungu okanye ukunyusa irhafu kwindawo ezisingqongileyo ezikumgangatho ophakamileyo. Impembelelo yeminikelo yephulo nokukhuthaza inkxalabo eqhubekayo, ngokukodwa kumazwe anemithetho ebuthathaka. Ngaphezu koko, ukwanda kolwazi ngemithetho yowiso-mthetho – ngemivuzo ephezulu nemivuzo enzima – itsalelwe ukugxekwa kuba abaenzi bemithetho abanxibelelanelo-thsi.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zihlala zisemalungwini edemokhrasi yaseMerika. Zinika awona mmandla usondeleyo wokufikelela kubemi ekuphembeleleni ukuvelisa umthetho, kwaye zinikela indawo yokuphuhlisa inkqubo urhulumente wesizwe angenakuyifanelana nayo. Njengoko imizekelo evela eKhalifoniya, eTexas, eFlorida, eNew York ibonisa, imithetho edluliswa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho inegalelo lokwenene, elinokuchaphazeleka kwimekobume, kwimfundo, kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, nakwimpilo yabantu.

Isiphelo

Indima yezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ekulungiseni imithetho inamandla njengangoko kubalulekile. Ukusukela ekuqulunqeni kwemithetho kwigumbi lekomiti elikude ukuya kutyikityo lwerhuluneli, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iguqula iimfuno zikawonke-wonke zibe yimithetho esemthethweni elawula yonke into ukusuka kubukhulu beklasi ukuya kubungakanani bekharbon. Ukuhamba-hamba kwendlela yokuhamba ngaphaya kwemimandla engamashumi amahlanu – ukusuka kwimali yesikolo saseTexas ukuya kukhokelo lwemo yezulu yeFlorida ukuya kwimithetho ebomvu yeflegi e-Florida – igxininisa amandla olawulo lolawulo-lawulo-mthetho oluhloniphekileyo. Kumntu nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo eUnited States, ukuqwalasela imigaqo-mthetho-mthetho ayibonisi nje; kubalulekile. Le mibutho, idla ngokungahoywa kwintetho yesizwe, apho imithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho yaseMelika ibhalwa khona ngexesha elizayo.

ukuqhubekeka kofundo lwemimiselo yemithetho-siseko yesizwe, tyelela iNgqungquthela yesizwe yemithetho yeSizwe . Ukulandela iindleko ezithile zemali zikarhulumente kunye neekhalenda zowiso-mthetho, kujongana [ . Uhlalutyo oluthelekelelwayo lwemithetho yemeko-bume yeKhalifoni lufumaneka ukusuka kwi-Arhente ye- ye-Calinia yeSikhuseli se-Myuselo se-Mpwe [[FLT]:6]].