Ukuqonda isiseko somGaqo-siseko weBhunga

Indima yeKhompathimente kurhulumente olungelelanisiweyo isekelwe ku Article I yomGaqo-siseko wase-U., emisela isebe lewino-witrol njengesebe lokuqala nelinamandla kurhulumente worhulumente. AmaFramente abeka ngabom iKhonkqele kuqala kuba ekholelwa ukuba liza kuba lisebe elikufutshane nabantu nebala eliphambili lokumela uluntu. Ngokufaka onke amandla ewiswano kwiBhameral Congress, umGaqo-siseko wenza iqu ekwakhelithelela ngabom, ekufanele kulungelelanise izilangazelelo zawo zombini nangabantu ngabanye.

Esi sakhiwo sendlu edityanisiweyo esimabini (indlu yabameli neCathenal) yayikukulungelelaniswa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinci ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787. Indlu inika umelo olusekelwe kubemi, iqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo aninzi kakhulu anempembelelo enkulu. IBhunga, elinezicangca ezimbini kwilizwe ngalinye kungakhathaliseki ukuba lingakanani na, likhusela ulawulo oluncinci kwaye linyanze uvumelwano olubanzi kumthetho omkhulu. Zizonke, zibumba oko uJames Madison wakubiza ngokuthi "lucingo oluyimfuneko ngokuchasene nokuphazamisa kwegunya."

  • Indlu yabameli: amalungu okuvota asebenza iminyaka emibini; onke amatyala engeniso avela apha; asabela ngakumbi ekutshintsheni uluvo lukawonke-wonke.
  • Inkonzo:[ iziqu ezingamakhulu ee-senters ezisebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emithandathu; icebiso kunye nemvume kwizivumelwano kunye nokubekwa komongameli; zisebenza njengegumbi lokuzinzisa.

Umthetho wenkqubo ye-bidamaral oza kugqitha kwizixhobo ezimbini ezahlukileyo: indlu yabantu (Indlu) kunye nendlu yamazwe (iSanate). Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kwesebe lemithetho yecawa kukodwa kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendima yeBhunga ekulondolozeni urhulumente olungeleleneyo, njengoko ithintela ukungxama okanye imithetho eqwalaselwe kakubi ukuba ingenziwa.

Indima Yomthetho: Indlela Ingqungquthela Edala Ngayo Umthetho

Enyangweni, iKhonklathisi yenziwa yasemthethweni. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yenzelwe ukuba icace, icace, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ecetyisiweyo ihlolisiswe ngenyameko ngokweembono ezininzi.

Ukudrafta Nokwazisa Umthetho

Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingazisa ityala, kodwa uninzi lwabaninzi lubhaliswe ngoncedo oluvela kwi- ofisi yeSiluleko soMgaqo-siseko okanye abagcini-mathiriyeli bangaphandle. IiBhili zingasuka kwinkxalabo yesebe elilawulayo, iingcebiso zenzala, amaqela enzala, okanye uphengululo lwekomiti. Ngoxa iNdlu ifuna ukuba zonke iindleko zemali zivele kwigumbi layo (uMgaqo-siseko), iNtsimbi yeNtsimbi ingazilungisa xa ifumene kakhulu.

Xa kuvezwe, ityala linikwa inani kwaye libhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo okanye kwiikomiti. Le nkqubo yesalathisi inzima kuba iikomiti zisebenza njenge "amahashe" eKhongozeli, ziqhuba uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha zize zibe nokuchonga uwonke wonke. Zine iindidi ezinkulu zeekomiti: zimile [iiqela], [[FLT], ukhetho[[FLT]] [iiiindawo elungelelanisa iimbambano phakathi kwendlu neenguqulelo zomthetho).

Ingqwalaselo ephambili

Iikomiti zilapho umsebenzi wokwenene wowiso-mthetho wenzeka khona. Ngexesha lekomiti yohlolo , amalungu ahlola ulwimi lwemali, kuva ubungqina obuvela kwiingcali nabagcini-mali, kwaye acebisa iziphumo. Le nkqubo iyaziwa njengentlanganiso ye- yokuphawula. Isitulo sekomiti (kwiqela elikhulu) simisela ucwangciso, kodwa iqela elincinane linokunikela iimpempempeza neezicelo.

IiKomiti zingakhetha i-pane umngxuma womthetho (wuwuchaze okanye ungawubulali), ngokunempumelelo, ubulala. Eli gunya linika iikomiti igunya elikhulu lokugcina amasango kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba kuphela iindleko ezinenkxaso eyaneleyo kwaye zifanele ukuqhubela phambili kumgangatho. Umthetho weposi womthetho wophawu onjengomthetho womoya ococekileyo [ u-Gracte Moyer kunye noMthetho woK'umsebenzi woKhangelo olunika amandla ogqithisileyo, oweminyaka emininzi phambi kokuba kulandele umnyaka.

Ezinye zeekomiti ezinamandla ziquka iNdlela yeNdlu kunye neNdlela (irhafu), iMali yeNdlu yeeNdlu (izezonyango, uKhuseleko loNtlalo-ntle), iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeMpatho (ukunikezela), kunye neekomiti zeJadi (ophethe, iikomiti zowiso-mthetho). Ulawulo lwazo lubumba imibandela yesizwe.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Emva kokuba ikomiti inikele ingxelo yetyala, iya kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nokulungisa. Imithetho iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwendlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi.

  • Indlu: Ingxoxo ilawulwa ngokunamandla yiKomiti , emisela imida yexesha kwaye ithintele ii-amenments. Inkoliso yemali ithathwa phantsi "komthetho ovaliweyo" othintela ukulungiswa komgangatho. Le mpumelelo ivumela iNdlu ukuba iqhubekeke ngokugqithiseleyo zemali veki nganye.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ingxoxo igqithiselwe ukuphelisa [ ingathi ayinasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba intshukumo yexesha elide [ [ukuphinda uvote 60] [ukukhupha amavota)] igqithiselwa ukuphelisa [[[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] izikhonkwane . Ii-ntellister [iindlela]. I-eanter ezibamba umgangatho we-engileyo, ifaka naliphi inani lemibakhwe (abakhweli bamawaka). Le sithethe sikhusela iimbono ezincinane kodwa sinothoba kumthetho wokukhazimfa. Ukusetyenziswa kweqela lamanani eencwadi kunyuke kakhulu kukhulu kakhulu kunyaka odlulileyo, ukwenza 60-votma yenze iinkbathotho zente ezingundoqo zenteklawulo ezininzi.

Xa iphela impikiswano, amavoti egumbi kwityala lemali. Uninzi olulula (218 kwindlu, 51 kwindlu yezindlu) ludlulisa uxwebhu. Kodwa, ukuba iNdlu kunye nendlu yecata idlulise iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yokudibana kufuneka ixolelanise umahluko. Ingxelo yokugqibela yengqungquthela mayidlule ngokuchaneyo njengoko kubhaliwe. Kuphela emva koko irejista ithunyelwe kumongameli ukwenzela utyikityo okanye iveto.

Indima KaMongameli NoVeto Zingalawuleki

Umongameli angasayina incwadi yomthetho, ewubuyisela (uwubuyisela kwi Congress ngokuphikisa), okanye awuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kokutyikitya ([[FLT: 0] ipecteto ukuba iKhompathiko i-Congress i-aremonens). Ingqungquthela iyakwazi ukukhupha i-veto ngevoti ezimbini-zintathu emagumbini ombini, inzima kodwa inzima kumandla omphathi. Imizekelo yempumelelo iquka uLawulo lwe-Imposiso [[FLT:]] Imposiso yemfazwe [ (110])) kunye ne Lungce Aons Spers of moortiorces ctives [Foct:5].[5] (20]

Iingqinipho nokulungelelana: Ingqungquthela Ibeka Amanye Amasebe Enoxanduva

Ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho, iKhomishini ibonakalisa ukuvelela nokuphendula kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo kurhulumente olungeleleneyo. Ezi zixhobo ziqinisekisa ukuba amasebe alawulayo nagwebayo ahlala emele aphendule abameli abanyuliweyo babantu.

Ukulawula kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

IBhunga linembopheleleko yomgaqo-siseko yokulawula ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho nenkcubeko yamaqumrhu aphetheyo.

  • [ Iikomiti ezivayo kunye nophando: iiKomiti zingangameli, amaxwebhu, kunye nobungqindi. Uphando oluphezulu lwepropati-. Lufana ne [ ```````````'''''''', i-Iran- intetho- i-, kunye nekomiti ye- January 6th [[FLT:]] .demonststting indlela uphatho olunokubhenca ngayo ukuziphatha okubi nokuqhuba iinguqulo.
  • I-ofisi yoManga yoLawulo (GAO): iBhunga eliphanda iinkqubo zophicotho-zincwadi lwengalo zorhulumente, ukukhupha iingxelo ngempumelelo, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuthobela.
  • I-ofisi yoHlahlo-mali ePhambili (CBO): Inikela uqikelelo lwexabiso elingangeni kwicala lomthetho ocetyiswayo, unceda abenzi bomthetho baqonde iimpembelelo zemali.
  • Ngokubanzi abahloli: Abameli abaninzi banamasebe angaphakathi ajongene nengxelo kwiBhunga, ukomeleza okuqhubekayo.

Ngaphandle kolawulo olomeleleyo, isebe eliphetheyo lingasebenzisa kakubi ukuqhinga kwalo okanye lizityeshele iinjongo zalo zowiso-mthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ixhasa amandla abanzi ophando lweNgqungquthela, njengoko kuboniswe ku [[FLT: 0]] McGrain v. Daughty[ (197]) kunye [FLT] Awatkins v. United States [1957]]).

Amandla Okuthenga

Ulawulo lweKhomishini yemali nerhafu karhulumente yenye yamandla ayo omeleleyo omGaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba kungabikho mali ithatyathwayo kwiNgxowa-mali ngaphandle kokwenziwa komthetho. Lo "Mmandla esingxowa" uvumela iBhunga leSikhwakhwa semali ukuba lilungise izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe ngokuxhasa okanye ngokweenkqubo ezihlazisayo.

Inkqubo yonyaka [[Nkqutyana:0] yokukhupha izicelo ngumjikelo oluntsonkothileyo obandakanya amatyala angohlukeneyo emali ayi-12. IiKomiti zendlu kunye neNdlu yoHlalo loHlahlo zimisela imigangatho yokusebenzisa jikelele, ngelixa iiKomiti ze-Approgries zinikezela ngemali kumasebe athile. Ukuba iBhunga aliphumeleli ukudlulisa iindleko zezicelo, urhulumente uvala/umphumela obalulekileyo onyanzela ukuba kuxoxwe.

Ingqungquthela ikwalawula [[FLT: 0] umgangatho ngamandla eNdlu ukusungula amatyala erhafu. [[FLT:] Tax] Ukusika noMthendeleko wemisebenzi ka 2017 kunye noMthetho woKhupho loRevukelo [FLT] [2] ka 2022 ubonisa indlela inkqubo yokulawula ngokuthe ngqo echaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha kwezoqoqosho kunye neziphumo zentlalo.

Isivumelwano neSiqinisekiso (Isahlulo)

Imbopheleleko yeNdlu yeeNkundla yeNtlanganiso [[Nt.0] kunye nemvume inika ityala elibalulekileyo kumadinga omongameli kunye nezivumelwano. Umongameli ubeka ityala loonobhala bekhatheminali, iijaji zephondo (kuquka amajaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo), oomatiloshe, namagosa aphezulu, kodwa iNdlu yeNtlanganiso kufuneka ibaqinisekise ngevoti enkulu.

Uqinisekiso luvumela ii-senates ukuba zihlolisise iimfaneleko zomnitha, utyekelo lwengqondo, kunye neerekhodi zendlela yokuziphatha. Isiqinisekiso esiphezulu sakutshanje, njengeso sogwebo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo Ketanji Brown Jackson kunye [[FLT:] ne [FLT] Brett Kavalugh[, ibalase indlela le nkqubo ephembelela ngayo isikhokelo sejajidiary kamashumi eminyaka. Ngokufanayo, izivumelwano zifuna ivoti yesithathu se-votiliti ye-vti ye-partican emandla oomandulo ukuba akhe inkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe njenge [FLT] STY [FFFF5] STLT]

Amandla Okufikelela

IBhunga libamba ekuphela kwamandla okususa amagosa karhulumente − kuquka umongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye nabagwebi . Ngokungagunyaziswa. Indlu iqalisa ukuphenduliswa ngevoti elula yabaninzi, kwaye iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iqubisana. ivoti yesibini sesithathu sendlu yendlu yendlu yecawa iyafuneka ukuze ivume kwaye isuswe.

Koomongameli abathathu kuphela abathe baphenjelelwa (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump), kwaye akukho namnye ogwetyweyo. Noko ke, ukunyanzeliswa kusebenza njengesithintelo esinamandla ekuxhathiseni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. IFULT] Féderal Judicary ibone abagwebi abali-15 begwetyiwe kwaye abasibhozo beboshelwe. Le nkqubo igxininisa indima yeBhunga njengonolawulo olupheleleyo lomgaqo-siseko.

Ukumela Abantu

Umelo nguwona gazi weBhunga. Amalungu anyulwa ukuze avakalise inkxalabo, iimfuno, kunye namaxabiso abo, kwaye olu nxulumano lwengca luqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kulawulo.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Ilungu ngalinye leKhompathimente ligcina isithili okanye iofisi karhulumente encediswa ngabameli abasebenzisa ulawulo lwesebe. Imibandela eqhelekileyo iquka iingenelo zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle, iingenelo zamava, amatyala okufuduka, imali-mali encinci yezoshishino, kunye neMedicas REas REam. Eyaziwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wesicatshulwano [[[FLT:]], le nkonzo yakha ukuthembana nokunika intsalela engqalileyo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo.

Umsebenzi womthetho awuyonto intle, kodwa ubalulekile. Amalungu asingatha amatyala ngokunempumelelo afumana ukunyaniseka nenkxaso enqamlezayo. [[FT: 0] I-Curenolial Management Foundation inikela ingxelo yokuba iingxelo zokusebenza ngetyala zifikelela kuma-40% omsebenzi we-ofisi yendlu eqhelekileyo.

Ukuxhasa Izinto Ezithandwayo

Amalungu asebenza njengoonozakuzakuzaku kwisithili okanye kumaphondo awo, ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, iiprojekthi zezentlalo, kunye nezibonelelo zorhulumente. Oku kusoloko kubizwa ngokuba yipork-barrel yezobupolitika[ okanye iphawu lokuphawula [[[FLT:]]] [_iiiiindawo zorhwebo zavalwa ngo-2011] kwaye inxenye yabuyiselwa kwakhona ngo-2021. Kwanangaphandle kwee-i-i-i-i-iphekloko, amalungu asebenzisa impembelelo yawo ukuxhasa iimfuno zasekuhlaleni, njengesiseko somkhosi, iiyunivesithi zophando, okanye izindululo zothutho.

Abameli beekomiti ezisingatha ezothutho, ezolimo, okanye ezomeleleyo banokungenelwa ngokukhethekileyo ngabo basebenza kunye nazo. Ngokomzekelo, ummeli weNdlu yeeNdlu yaseAlaska angafumana inkxaso yemali yophando lweArctic, ngoxa ilungu leNdlu yentsimi elisentsimini lisenokulungisa amalungiselelo emali ayingenelo kubalimi basekuhlaleni.

Ukukhutshwa nokukhutshwa

Qalisa iminyaka eli-10, ubalo-manani lubangela unikezelo lwezihlalo zendlu phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kutshintsho lwabemi. Amazwe aphinda atsale imida yengingqi yengingqi, inkqubo enokusetyenziswa ukulungiselela uncedo lwentlalo ([[FLT:]]GRAGERGEling[[FL:3]]).

I-Gerrymandering iphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngokumela okulungileyo. Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuzithethelela ukunciphisa ikhethe, ngelixesha ezinye zivumela iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho ukuba zidwelise iimaphu ezixhasa iqela elininzi. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba ukuba i-gerrymaning ngu "impikiswano yezobupolitika" engamelelwamkeli uhlolo lwezahlulelo (RUCO v. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo, 2019), ishiyela utshintsho kwiBhunga kunye nakumazwe.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Olujamelene Nembutho Elungeleleneyo

Ngoxa inkqubo yomgaqo - siseko isasebenza kakuhle, izihlandlo eziliqela eziqhelekileyo ezikhoyo zivavanya amandla eNkomfa okusebenza njengesebe elilungeleleneyo.

Ukwenza ukukhanya kunye nokuvala i-Grid

Ukwehla kwezithuba ngokwecandelo kuye kwanyuka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngo1990, kunye nezigqibo eziphakathi kunye ezinqamlezileyo-catio-vvoti. Le ntambo yegrid iye yakhokelela ekuthotyweni kwemithetho yemiqathango rhoqo, unyuso ku ukuyenyuka kovavanyo lwezigqibo oluqhubekekayo, kunye nokucima urhulumente. Bipartis Change Imithetho yotshintsho (2002,5]] kwaye ulwando lwakutshanje lubonisa ukuba ukulala kuyenzeka, kodwa kudinga umgudu ongaqhelekanga. [[FLT]]

Ukuvela Kwamandla Alawulayo

Abalawuli abasuka kuwo omabini amaqela baye bandisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwemiyalelo yokubulala. Kwimpendulo, iBhunga limise imithetho efana noMthetho weNkqutyana yeNkcubeko yeQumrhu. [[FLT:]] [FLT]]]

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Amanani ezixhobo enza ukuba ulwazi lowiso-mthetho lufikeleleke ngakumbi. Ikhonvor.gov ibonelela ngexesha lokwenene lokufumana ugcino-lwazi, kunye C-SPAN[ iziphumo zobuphantsi. Noko ke, isantya sonxibelelwano lwale mihla sikhuthaza ukwenza umthetho ngokukhawuleza, ukwenza ukhuthuzo kunye nokukhupha uluvo lwe-partive transform.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Ehlala Ihleli Yongqungquthela Enamandla

Indima yeKhonkxamente kurhulumente olungelelanisiweyo ayiyonto nje engokwembali kuphela ."iyindlela yokuphila, yokuziphendulela yonke imihla ngedemokhrasi. Ngomsebenzi wayo wowiso-mthetho, amandla okuvelela, ukulawula, nokumela iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lilawulayo kwaye ukuthanda kwabantu kubumba inkqubo yesizwe. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isebenza kuphela xa iNgqungquthela isebenzisa igunya layo lomgaqo-siseko.

Ukuqonda indima yeBhunga kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo kubameli babo baze babaphe ityala. Njengoko isebe elikufutshane nabantu, iKhomishini ihlala ibalulekile ekuchaseni iingxaki ezinzima zelizwe, ukusukela ekunyamekeleni impilo-ntle nasekufudukeni kwimozulu nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Urhulumente olungeleleneyo uxhomekeke kwiBhunga elinolwazi, elizimeleyo, nelisabelayo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa i .Gov i-portal yolwazi lwemithetho ye-witrogin, i-'FLT'i-website yeNdlu yeNdlu ye-, kunye ne [ yeSigqeba seSicwangciso solawulo . uMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[ unika ubuncwane obuninzi ekuhlulekeni kwamandla, kunye [[FLT:] ne-CURGORGOM mali yohlalo [[FLT:]]]