Urhulumente waseUnited States usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, esasaza igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho. Esi siseko, sifakwe kumGaqo-siseko, silungiselelwe ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekufumaneni amandla angathintelwayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba idemokhrasi elungeleleneyo nesebenzayo. Isebe ngalinye lidlala indima ekhethekileyo nebalulekileyo kwindlela yokulawula imithetho.

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Ukwenziwa Komthetho

Isebe lemithetho, elaziwa ngokuba yiBhunga, linembopheleleko ephambili yokwenza imithetho. Liqumrhu eliyilwe yiBhatelene neNdlu yabameli, ngalinye elinemisebenzi namandla akhethekileyo alungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe kunye nabemi. IBhunga alipheleli nje kwiidrafti lize lidlulisele umthetho kodwa likwavelela isebe elilawula inkcitho yorhulumente, lilawula inkcitho karhulumente, kwaye limele ilizwi labantu.

Izakhiwo Namandla eBhunga

Indlu yeQela inee-arhente eziyi-100, ezimbini ezivela kwilizwe ngalinye, zisebenza amabinzana aneminyaka emithandathu. Olu melo lulinganayo luqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinane anelizwi elilungeleleneyo ekuququzeleni umthetho karhulumente. Umongameli weBhunga uquka ukuvuma okanye ukungavumela izivumelwano (ngeevoti ezimbini-mitha ezintathu), ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa komongameli njengamalungu eKhabhithi kunye nabagwebi besizwe, kunye nokusebenza njengejaji abacholi-mbhisi kwiityala eziqulu-mali zikarhulumente. Umongameli ongumSebe uqhawula amavoti kwiBhunga.

Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama- 435, anyulwe rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini esekelwe kubemi borhulumente. Eli gumbi lisondele kunyulo, namalungu amele isithili esithile. Indlu inegunya elipheleleyo lokusungula iindleko zemali (irhafu kunye nokuchitha) kunye namagosa angomnye, kuquka uMongameli. Indlu ikwanyulwa nguMongameli ukuba iElectoral College iphumeza isininzi.

Ukuze isibhengezo sibe ngumthetho, kufuneka sidlule zombini izisele ngendlela efanayo. Oku kufuna incoko, ulalaniso, kwaye ngokufuthi izihlandlo ezininzi zokulungisa. Le nkqubo yenze ngabom ukuqinisekisa uphando olucokisekileyo kunye nokuvumelana okubanzi.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho Ibhalwe Ngokweenkcukacha

Uhambo lwemali ukusuka kwicebo ukuya kummiselo lunzima, lubandakanya amaqondo amaninzi avavanya ukuba luhle kwaye luxhasa:

  • Imposiso nokwazisa:[ Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingasenza ityala, ngokufuthi linegalelo elivela kumaqela enzala, iingcali, okanye iziqu. Lo mthetho uveliswa nakweliphi na igumbi (ngaphandle kwemali yengeniso, eqala kwindlu).
  • [[NTL:0] Isenzo seCommittee: Lo mqathango ubhekiswa kwikomiti ekhethekileyo ```````''''''''''''''''''' Imithetho ibhekiswa kwikomiti ekhethekileyo.' NjengeKomiti yenjongo-Proceties' okanye iKomiti yezicelo." apho ifumana ukuva, ukuvota, kunye nokuvota. Iikomiti zingabulala umthetho ngokungenzi nto (ukulungisa) okanye ngokuwulungisa.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ingxoxo yeNkqutyana nokuHlolwa kweMimiselo: Ukuba ikomiti iyavumelana, irejista ihamba ukuya kwigumbi elipheleleyo lengxoxo. Imithetho kwindlu nendlu yendlu iyahluka; iNdlu isebenza phantsi kwemida yexesha elingqongqo (iKomiti yemithetho), ngoxa iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ivumela ingxoxo engenasiphelo, enokukhokelela kwi-i-Prinionbusters. Abaququzeleli bangasebenzisa ii-facierbusters ukulibazisa ukuvota, ifuna ivoti ye-jampyutha (60 ii-amaqum) ukuphelisa ingxoxo.
  • I- Ukukhupha: Uninzi olulula kwigumbi ngalinye (218 kwindlu, 51 kwikhaya lendlu, kodwa 60 ukuba i-filbuster iyadlala) idlulisa ityala. Ukuba iinguqulelo zahlukile, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu kuzo zombini ezi zindlu ixolelanisa umahluko. Ingxelo yokugqibela yenkomfa mayivunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi.
  • Isenzo esinePresidenti: Lo mthetho uthunyelwa kuMongameli, oneentsuku ezilishumi (ezizicanda iiCawa) ukuyityikitya umthetho, okanye ayiyeke ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino. Iveto ingangakhutshwa ngevoti ezimbini-isithathu kuzo zombini izindlu, isenza umthetho wemali phezu kwayo nje into echasene nomongameli.

Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ayidluliswanga ngokungxama kwaye ibonisa umahluko omkhulu weembono. Kwinkcukacha ezininzi kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, tyelela .Gov, uvimba osemthethweni wolwazi lwemithetho-mthetho.

Isebe ElinoLawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Umthetho

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, lisebenza ngokunyanzelisa nokumisela imithetho karhulumente. Eli sebe liquka uMongameli oPhathiswayo, iKhabhinethi, kunye namasebe amaninzi alawulayo kunye namasebe amaninzi alawulayo azalisekisa iinkqubo zenkqubo zemihla yonke kunye nokulawula imisebenzi yorhulumente. Indima yoMongameli ingaphezulu ngaphaya komthetho wokunyanzelisa inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle, ukuyalela umkhosi, nokukhupha imiyalelo yegunyaziso.

UMongameli NeKhabhinethi

uMongameli usebenza njengomphathi oyintloko, nomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko "wokunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo." UMongameli umisela iintloko zamasebe alawulayo (umz., uRhulumente, uKhuselo, uTrente), obumba iKhabhinethi, iqumrhu labalawuli elincedayo ekumeni nasekuphumezeni inkqubo. UMongameli uxhasa uMongameli kunye noomphathi weNdluko, kodwa ngokwenyani unendima kwimicimbi yemithetho kunye nezabelo ezikhethekileyo.

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yimiyalelo evela kuMongameli olawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Zinegunya lomthetho kodwa kufuneka zibekwe phantsi kwimimiselo ekhoyo okanye kumGaqo-siseko. Imiyalelo yegunya linokucetyiswa enkundleni okanye ibekwe phantsi yiBhunga ngomthetho. Umzekelo, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa uMyalelo oLawulwe Ngolawulo 9066 ukuya kudibanisa amaMelika aseJapan ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, inyathelo kamva ligxekwa kwaye libhekiswa ngokucazululwa.

Ingxamiseko Nendlela Enyanzeliswa Ngayo

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuxhomekeke kumanyano olukhulu lwamaziko karhulumente, ngalinye elinemithetho ekhethekileyo.

  • Isebe leJaji (DOJ): Ikhokelwa nguNjengele weAttorney, iDOJ igweba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe, imele i-U.S. kwimicimbi esemthethweni, kwaye ijonge iFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). IDOJ inyanzela imithetho yamalungelo abantu, imimiselo elwa nomthetho wengingqi, kunye nemimiselo yemeko-bume.
  • Indawe yoKhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS): Emva kwe 9/11, iDHS iphatha ukhuseleko lomda, ukugcinwa kolawulo lokufuduka, impendulo yentlekele (FEMA), kunye nekhompyutha (CISA). Lisebe lesithathu leKhabhinethi.
  • I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Umbutho wokuqala wophando, iFBI ihlasela ubugrogrisi, ikhompyutha, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, kunye netyala lelanga elimhlophe. Isebenza phantsi kwe-DOJ kodwa igcina inkululeko ethile yokusebenza.

Amanye amasebe, anjenge-EPA Evenvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) kunye neKhomishini yezentengiso kunye neKhomishini (SEC), imimiselo yokukhupha ephethe amandla omthetho. Eli gunya lolawulo linikwa yiKhonkqele, livumela abameli ukuba bagcwalise iinkcukacha zemimiselo ebanzi. Ukujonga ngokusuka ezantsi kwisakhiwo sesebe eliphetheyo, bona iNdlu yeWhite.gov.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika uMthetho

Isebe eligwebayo linembopheleleko yokutolika imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo nangomGaqo-siseko. Iqanjwe yinkqubo yenkundla yezoburhulumente, neNkundla ePhakamileyo encomekayo, eli sebe licombulula iimpikiswano, limisela imizekelo esemthethweni, lize likhusele amalungelo omntu ngamnye kumaqhankqalazi karhulumente. Iinkundla aziyenzi imithetho kodwa ukucaciswa kwazo kungayibumba ngendlela enzulu indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo.

Inkqubo yenkundla yoManyano

Ijaji yorhulumente iquka imigangatho emithathu engundoqo:

  • IiNkundla zezephondo: iinkundla zamatyala ezingama- 94 kulo lonke ilizwe eziva amatyala karhulumente kuqala, kuquka imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, uluntu, kunye nokuwa kwemali. ABagwebi bajonge iityala, amatyala, kunye nezenzo zolawulo.
  • IiNkundla zesiphatho zeNkundla zeNtlanganiso: iinkundla ezihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Isigqibo sazo sibophelelekile kwisiphaluka sazo somhlaba kodwa sinokubhenela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • Inkundla ephezulu: Inkundla ephakamileyo, enezigwebo ezisithoba ezimiselwe ubomi. Iva iqhezu elincinane lezicelo (malunga nekhulu eli-7000 izicelo ngonyaka) kwaye ibhekisa kakhulu kumatyala abandakanya imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko okanye imilo phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi.

Iinkundla zomanyano ziva nje amatyala abandakanya umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente, izivumelwano, okanye iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe okanye abemi bemimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Ukubukezwa Kwezogwebo Namatyala Ophawu

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lugunyaziso lweenkundla lokuhlola ukuba imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ziyawuchasa umGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lamiselwa ngumqondiso wetyala (1803 . UMbhobhoshophu , apho iJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall yaqinisekisa ukuba "yiphondo lesebe lesebe eligwebayo ukuchaza oko umthetho." Lo mgaqo uvumela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba itshitshise uwiso-mthetho okanye izenzo zegunya ezingqubana nomGaqo-siseko, iyenze ibe nguvavanyo olunamandla kwamanye amasebe.

Amatyala alandelayo anyusiwe uhlolo lwetyala. Umzekelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yavakalisa ucalucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ukubhukuqa imithetho yesizwe. Roe v. [[FLT[FLT:]] [1977]] [7777]]) yaseka umgaqo-siseko wasekunene kokuqhomfa, kamva wabhukuqwa ngu Dobths v. Jackson's Health Organization of Health[FLT:] [5] [202], ibonisa indlela ucalucalucalulo lwenkundla. Ngembali ephezulu, ukutyelela [FLT]

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Ukuqinisekisa ukuphenduleka

Inkqubo yovavanyo nolungelelwaniso yenzelwe ukwenzela ukuba isebe ngalinye likwazi ukumisela umda amandla amanye, lithintele nawuphi na ekubeni abe yinkosi. Lo mdlalo unamandla kwaye udla ngokuthanda ukuxambulisana, kodwa ugcina ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Uhlolo olungundoqo luquka:

  • Ingqikelelo-mali kwicandelo eliphetheyo: iKhomishini ilawula ukuxhasa ngemali kwaye ingala ukuvuma ukubekwa komongameli. Ingawugqitha umveleli we-veto ngevoti ezimbini kwizindlu zombini. Indlu idibanisa izivumelwano (ngee-3 ezimbini) kwaye iNdlu zendlu ingakwazi ukususa umongameli, umongameli, okanye amanye amagosa ngenxa “yomdla, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye iingozi eziphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangalunganga."
  • Iziphumo Zokukhangela koMthetho: UMongameli angarhoxa amatyala emali edluliswa yiBhunga (nangona kunokwenzeka). UMongameli ukwanamandla okubiza iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo kunye nempembelelo yomthetho ngokunikezela kunye nedilesi ye-Rhulumente ye-Union.
  • [[FULT:0] Iikhankanyo ze Jodicial Zombini: Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga okanye izenzo zequmrhu eliphetheyo elingekho semthethweni. Abagwebi bomanyano basebenza ubomi babo bonke, beyikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, nangona imiselwe ngumongameli kwaye iqinisekiswe yiBhunga.
  • IiNgqungquthela ezidityanisiweyo: Umphathi-mandla angamisela abagwebi, kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala iyabaqinisekisa, oku kudala ityala kwijaji. IBhunga likwanokucebisa iinguqu ezingokomgaqo-siseko ukuthatha indawo yemimiselo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye iNdlu ingangaba bagwebi abaquzeleli. UMongameli uyakwazi ukuxolela urhulumente, ukumisela umda ukufikelela kwejajiditha.

Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lisebenza ngokwalo. Umzekelo, emva kokuba iNkundla Ephakamileyo iwise umthetho ongekho mgaqweni, iNkomfa ingaphinda ibhale umthetho ukuze iphendule imicimbi yomgaqo-siseko, okanye uMongameli anikele umyalelo wegunya ukunyanzelisa ukutyhilwa kweNkundla. Le ngxoxo ihlala ikhuthaza ukusabela nokuziphendulela.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo Yokuhlola Nokulungelelana Okusebenzayo

Izimo zeli hlabathi zokwenene zibonisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi ngqikelelo. Ngo-2017, uMongameli uDonald Trump wakhupha uLungelelwano loMlawuli oPhezulu 13769 (uluthintelo lokufuduka oluvaliweyo”, olwathintela ukufuduka kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi. Iinkundla zomanyano zakhupha imiqathango evala umyalelo, icaphula ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko wokumiswa kuka-Clausease kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yaxhasa uhlobo oluhlaziyiweyo lomyalelo ngo-2018181818, ibonakalisa uhlolo logwebo kumandla olawulo.

Omnye umzekelo kukungagunyaziswa kukaMongameli uBill Clinton ngowe-1998. Indlu yavotela ukumhlomela ukuququzelela nokuthintela okusesikweni, kodwa iNdlu yeNtlanga yakhulula yena. Le nkqubo yabonisa uvavanyo lwesebe lowiso-mthetho kumphathi ophezulu, nangona kufuneka ukuba abantu abaninzi abalishumi elinesithathu kwiBhunga lokuqinisekisa ukuba bamisele umvalo ophezulu.

Ngo-2020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwi Isebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya lokugqibela. Le meko ibalaselisa indlela iinkundla ezinokuthi zinyanzelise ngayo umthetho ngokuchasene neqhawe lomphathi xa zisenza amatyala angabi namdla.

Isizathu Sokuba Le nkqubo Ibaluleke

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunye nokuxilongwa kunye nolungelelwano kusekelwe kulawulo lwase-U.S. Bathintela ubundlobongela ngokusebenzisa igunya, bakhuthaze ukucinga ngokufuna abadlali abaninzi ukuba bavumelane, kwaye bakhusele amalungelo abo ngokuvumela iinkundla ukuba zingenelele nxamnye nezininzi zabaphangi. Abahlali bangenelwa kwinkqubo apho imithetho yenziwe ngabameli abanyuliweyo, benyanzelwa ngumlawuli onegunya oziphendulelayo, kwaye batolikwa ngabagwebi abazimelayo phantsi komGaqo-siseko.

Ukuqonda ezi ndima asiyomfundo nje. Kunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka kurhulumente, bagcine amagosa ebeke ityala, yaye babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Umzekelo, ukwazi ukuba amatyala emali kufuneka avele kwiNdlu ikhuthaza abemi ukuba baqhagamshelane nabameli babo ngerhafu. Ukwazi ukuba amadinga amele aqwalaselwe ukuchongwa kwemithetho yerhafu.

Ukuphinda ufunde kumasebe amathathu kunye nemisebenzi yawo, USA.gov inika ububanzi [[FLT: 0] ububanzi kumasebe karhulumente.

Ngokushwankathela, isebe lowiso-mthetho lenza imithetho ngabom kwinkqubo ebandakanya zombini izindlu zeBhunga kunye noMongameli. Isebe eliphetheyo liqinisekisa le mithetho ngesixhobo esikhulu solawulo esikhokelwa nguMongameli. Isebe lezomthetho lichaza imithetho lize lihlole ukufaneleka kwalo komGaqo-siseko. Ngokuhlola kunye nangokulinganisela, lidala ulwakhiwo olunamandla alungelelanisiweyo, likhusela inkululeko, lize lilungelelanise ukutshintsha kwamaxesha xa lisebenzisa umthetho.