ISebe loMthetho lilelona lisisiseko sedemokhrasi yabameli, elisebenza njenge-injini yokuqala yokwenza umthetho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. EUnited States, eli sebe lifakwe kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, elimisela iBhunga le-bidamaral Congress eliyilwe yiBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. Amandla neNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli. Amandla ayo neembopheleleko zawo zinkulu, zichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi besizwe ekuhlawuleni irhafumfonto yentlalo nezo rhwebo. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye nabemi abathembileyo, ukuqondwa ngokunzulu kweGegestivation Brantiveaties Brants akuyo kuphela, akuyondla labanganenxaxheba kwintsebenziso sobuso

Isiseko Sembali Sesebe Lomthetho

Isiphumo sokwenziwa kweBhunga loMgaqo-siseko savela kwingxoxo enzulu ngexesha leConvention yoMgaqo-siseko wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe. Abaquququzeli bafuna ukwakha indlu yowiso-mthetho eyayabelana ngezilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane, ngexa bethintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingalawula. IBhunga leNtlalo linikwe amandla adweliswe ngokulinganayo kwiSizwe ngasinye, eliquka iBhunga elinolawulo oluphezulu, elinolawulo olulinganayo, ngexesha iNdlwamzabala loMkhosi obekiweyo, lolawulo lwemali, imali, ezorhwebo, imali, ukubhengeza imfazwe, kunye nomkhosi. La mazwe aye aguqulelwe ngokuphandle ngolungeleyo nangendlela efanelekileyo, i-Clasclassians, ifuna ukutshintsha i-Rhulumente.

Isakhiwo Sengqungquthela: Izindlu Ezimbini, Iindima Ezahlukileyo

Imeko yeBhunga eliziinkokeli asiyonto nje eyenzekayo; isebenza kwiinjongo ezisebenzisekayo ekulawuleni. Indlu yendlu neNdlu yabameli isebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo, amagama, kunye nee-contifience, inyanzelisa umthetho ukuba udlule kwimihluzi emibini eyahlukeneyo phambi kokuba ibe ngumthetho. Esi sakhiwo sikhuthaza uphando, sinciphisa ubungozi besenzo sokungxama, kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonisa izilangazelelo zombini zombuso nokuthanda okuthandwayo.

IBhunga Leengqungquthela: Icandelo Eliphezulu

ICathenate iyilwe ngamalungu ali-100, amabini asuka kwilizwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngawaphi abemi. Abaphathi basebenza ngokutyibilikayo iminyaka emithandathu, ngekota enye yesithathu ukwenzela unyulo rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini. Eli gama lide kunye nogunyaziso lwesizwe ngokubanzi linika abaququzeli bobume obubanzi kunye nobuninzi boxinzelelo lwezopolitiko lwexesha elifutshane. Amandla angundoqo akhethekileyo kwiNtsimbi yeNtsimbi yeNtsimbi aquka:

  • I-Advice kunye neNkqutyana: Indlu yeNtsimbi ihlola kwaye iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kuquka onobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi bephondo, oomatiloshe, ii-arhente, kunye nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ii-mineine zifanelekile kwaye ziyavavanywa ngokungqongqo.
  • I-Ratiation: UMongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano namazwe asemzini, kodwa afuna ivoti yesithathu esibini kwiBhunga ukuze ibophelele. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka i-New START Treaty kunye neesivumelwano semozulu zezizwe ngezizwe.
  • [[NTL:0] Uvavanyo lokuququzelela: Xa iNdlu ibeka igosa lesizwe, iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanga iqhuba ukuchotshelwa. Uninzi lwesithathu lufuneka ukuvalela nokususa umlawuli. Iimvavanyo ezingacacanga ziquka ezo zooMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, kunye noDonald Trump.

Ukhokelo lweNtsimi yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso luquka uVimba onguMongameli onguMongameli weNdlu yeeNtsimi (obeka amavoti okonakalisa iqhina) kunye noMongameli olungisa ixesha elide, oyena mninzi olawula iqela. Inkokeli yeMajorty inegunya elibalulekileyo kumthetho wowiso-mthetho. IBhunga likwasebenzisa "oomatilosi" kunye "ooonobumba abangquzulwano," abavumela abaququzeli-mthetho abaquququzelelayo ukuba balibazise okanye bavike umthetho ngaphandle kokuba ivoti (ivoti yama-60) iphumele.

Indlu Yabameli: Indlu Yabantu

Indlu yabameli inamalungu ovotelo angama-455, ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi. Ummeli ngamnye ukhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emibini, ebangela amalungu athabathe inxaxheba kakhulu kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Indlu inamandla okusungula iindleko zemali (irhafu nenkcitho) kunye namagosa angoorhulumente angomnye. Ezinye iimbopheleleko eziphambili ziquka:

  • Inkcazo ecacileyo: Indlu iphengulula kwaye ivote kumanqaku okungakhuphi. Uninzi olulula lwanele ukukungaquki, ukuthumela le meko kwiBhunga lokuvavanya.
  • Ukungavumelani noMongameli kukhetho oluNxulumanisiweyo: Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti zeElectoral College, iNdlu ikhetha uMongameli, ngevoti nganye yenginya yesizwe evoti enye.
  • Iikomiti ezibanzi zeNdlu ziqhuba uhlolo lomthetho oluneenkcukacha. Iikomiti zendlu ziquka amacebo, Iindlela kunye noTyhuzu, uLawulo, kunye noTyelelo noHlaziyo loRhulumente.

USithethi seNdlu ligosa eliphetheyo, elinyulwe liqela elininzi. USithethi sesibini kumgca wolandelelwano lomongameli, emva koMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli. IMajorian kunye neZirhumela eziManei, kunye neWips, zilawula ubuchule beqela kunye namavoti. Ngenxa yokuba imiqathango yendlu ifutshane, abameli basoloko bejolise ingqalelo kwiimfuno ezikhawulezileyo zobumongameli kunye nemiba yesizwe.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yeSebe loMgaqo-siseko

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iNgqungquthela yenza eminye imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo egcina ukulungelelana kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukuba uya kuphendula. Umsebenzi ngamnye udityaniswe ngokunzulu nemigaqo yedemokhrasi emela abameli.

Ukwenza Umthetho: Umsebenzi Osembindini

Umsebenzi oyintloko weBhunga ngukwenza imithetho. Umthetho ubandakanya uphando, iingxoxo, nokulalanisa. Amalungu axhomekeke kubungqina obungoonontlalo-ntle, ugcino-lwazi olusuka kuMgaqo-nkqubo weNtlalo-ntle (Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu), ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume (Umthetho we-Deocratic Air Act), nomgaqo wezoqoqosho (Umthetho we-Dodd-Frank). Umthetho ubandakanya uphando, iingxoxo, kunye nokulala.

Umelo: Ilizwi Labantu

Ilungu ngalinye leBhunga limele ulawulo oluthile lwengingqi okanye isithili sobuzwe. Umelo lubandakanya ukudibanisa iimbono, iimfuno, kunye nezilangazelelo zee-astyre kwingxoxo-nkqubo. Amalungu edolophu aba neeholo zedolophu, agcine ii-ofisi zesithili, afumane iileta ezizimeleyo, kwaye avote kumthetho ngendlela ebonisa ukuthanda konyulo lwabo. Noko ke, ukumela akusoloko kuthe ngqo: amalungu kufuneka alungelelanise izilangazelelo zasekuhlaleni nentlalo-ntle yoluntu, yaye ngamanye amaxesha avote ngokuchasene noninzi lwesithili sabo ukuba bakholelwa ukuba luluncedo olukhulu. Olu xinzelo luluphawu lommeli wolawulo-demokhrasi.

Ukugada: Ukukhangela isigqeba

Iinkqubo zokulawula ukulawulwa kwesebe elilawulayo zimisela ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka kwaye abahlawuli berhafu basetyenziswa ngobulumko.

  • [[UMTL:0] IiKomiti zokuvakala: zingabiza onobhala beKhabhinethi, iintloko zolawulo, namanye amagosa ukungqina izenzo zabo.
  • IBhunga loMbutho lingaqalisa uphando olucwangcisiweyo kwimicimbi yenkxalabo yesizwe, ukusuka kwingxaki yokungabikho kwengqiqo ukuya ekusileleni kobulumko. Imizekelo iquka uphando lwaseWatergate, ukuva kwe-Benghazi, kunye neKomiti ye-6 kaJanuwari.
  • I-ofisi yoManga yoLawulo (GAO): IGO lisebe elizimeleyo elihlola iinkqubo zesebe kwaye lipapashe iingxelo ngempumelelo nempumelelo.

Ngaphandle kolawulo olomeleleyo, isebe eliphetheyo lingasebenza lingenatyala linik ’ ityala elincinane. Amandla esipaji, ukukwazi ukulawula imali, ngokunjalo-njalo linika iiKhomishini zokunyanzelisa oko kufunyanisiweyo.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye neengcebiso

IKhomishini iphethe "amandla emali," ithetha ukuba ilawula yonke imali echithwa ngurhulumente kunye nerhafu. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali iqala ngesicelo soMongameli soqingqo-mali, kodwa iKhomishini kufuneka idlulise isigqibo sayo soqingqo-mali kunye neendleko zoluvo-mali. IHouse Ways and Ashmate Metter Committen Committee isingatha ingeniso (irhafu), ngelixa iikomiti zezomthetho zemali zinikela imali kumaqumrhu athile kunye neenkqubo ezithile. Iingxelo ezifana neNtlalo-ntle neMedicareas zigunyaziswa ngumthetho yaye zixhaswa ngemali ngemali, kodwa izibonelelo zemali zinokuyitshintsha loo mithetho. Izigqibo zemali zinezigqibo ezinzulu zemali zoqoqosho, ezorhwebo norhwebo lwasekuhlaleni, kunye neetyala loluntu.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Kwingcamango Ukuya Kumthetho

Uhambo lwetyala kwiKhonkxamenti lunzima kwaye lulula. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba ezinye izicelo ziphumelele nezinye zingaphumeleli. Amanyathelo alandelayo, nangona kusenzeka iinguqu:

  1. Imposiso kunye noTshintsho: Isivumelwano sibhaliswa lilungu leBhunga, ngokufuthi ngoncedo oluvela kwisiluleko sowiso-mthetho, amaqela enzala, okanye amasebe aphetheyo. Siziswa kwindlu okanye kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso (ngaphandle kweendleko zemali, ezimele ziqale kwindlu). Imali inikwa inani kwaye ibhekiselwe kwikomiti efanelekileyo.
  2. Isenzo seCommittee: Iikomiti "ii-afree" zeKhomishini. Isivumelwano sabelwe ikomiti encinci yezokuva nokunyusa. Iingcali, abagcini-mathiriyeli, kunye namagosa esebe ayangqina. Ikomiti encinci ingawuphelisa uxwebhu kwaye ivote nokuba ingawuthumela kusini na kwikomiti epheleleyo. Ikomiti epheleleyo ngoko ihlola ityala, ingadibanisa ukurhoxiswa, kwaye ivote ukuli ukulinika ingxelo kwigumbi elipheleleyo (okanye isenokuthi "lipheliswe" kwikomiti).
  3. [[NKQUBO:0] Indlu okanye iNdlu yeNtlanganiso: Xa ixekiwe, ityala liya kwimigangatho ukuze kuqhutywe impikiswano. Kwindlu, ingxoxo idla ngokulinganiselwa ngexesha nangemithetho emiselwe yiKomiti yemithetho. KwiBhunga, ingxoxo inokuba nesiphelo ngaphandle kokuba intshukumo yokuhamba yelihlwili igcinwe kwaye idluliswe (60 iivoti). Izinyuso zinganikelwa. Emva kokuba kuxutyushwa, ityala liyavolwa.
  4. IKomiti yeNkomfa: Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela idlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti yengqungquthela(iqokelelwe yamalungu avela kuzo zombini iigumbi/i-(i-PNT) idibanisa ulalaniso. Ingxelo yokugqibela yenkomfa iyathunyelwa kuzo zombini iigumbi ukuze ivunywe ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa.
  5. Isenzo somthetho: Isibeko sokugqibela sithunyelwa kuMongameli, oneentsuku ezilishumi (ezisusiweyo iiCawa) ukuba enze into. UMongameli angasayina ityala kumthetho, iveto (ukuyibuyisela kwiBhunga ngokuphikisa), okanye ayiyivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba akukho sityikityo sithatyathwayo. Ukuba iBhunga lithelela ii-hinters ngethuba losuku olulishumi, ingxowa yento (ayibi ngumthetho).
  6. ukungananzwa kweVeto: Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iKhonkethi ingawulawula umphetho ngesibini sesithathu sovoti emagumbini omabini. Oku kunqabile; ekubeni uGeorge Washington, kuphela malunga ne 4% yevetoes ebengavalwanga. Ukunganconywa kubandakanya iSigqibo semfazwe seMkhosi (1973) kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-Chubem ka-1866 (kunoMongameli Andrew Johnson's's.

Inkqubo yonke ingathatha iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka. Amatyala amaninzi afa endleleni. Enyanisweni, ngaphantsi kwe 5% yamatyala aqalisweyo aba ngumthetho. Oku kusebenza kwangabom kungumyili: kuthintela uninzi oluncinane ekumiseleni iinguqu ezikhawulezileyo, ezicatshuliweyo.

Iindlela Zokukhangela Nokulungelelana: Ukusikel ’ Amandla

Isebe loMthetho linamandla kwaye linyanzelwa. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lilawulayo. Ngaphaya kwamandla nokungakhuthazi, kuninzi olunye unxulumano olubalulekileyo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuqinisekisa: UMongameli akanako ukugcwalisa izikhundla ezingundoqo ngaphandle kwemvume yeNdlu yeQela. Oku kuhlola kuthintela ukuphamba kwegunya eliphetheyo kwaye kukhuthaza uphando.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Impinda yeJodicial: INkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engekho sigqeba. Ngeli xesha le ntlanganiso isuka kwisebe lejaji, iBhunga linokuphendula ngokuphengulula umGaqo-siseko (ufumana imvume yesithathu kwimiqathango yomibini nakwemithathu yamazwe) okanye ngokudlulisela umthetho omtsha othetha ngemicimbi yeNkundla.
  • Isigqibo semfazwe soMkhosi (1903): Lo mthetho ufuna uMongameli ukwazisa iKhomishini kwisithuba seyure ezingama-48 zokusebenzisa imikhosi yezixhobo kwaye ulinganisela ukunikezelwa kwemikhosi kwiintsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini igunyazise enye intshukumo. Oku kuthintela amandla omphathi-mikhosi olwa ngaphandle kokuba ekugqibeleni.
  • [[NTLA] Uqingqo-mali olukwiNkqutyana kunye noMthetho woLawulo oluPhawulayo (19974): Lo mthetho uthintela uMongameli ukuba angakwamkeli ukuchitha imali efanelekileyo yeBhunga (ukusetyenziswa) ngaphandle kwemvume yengqungquthela, ukuqinisa amandla engxowa-mali.

Imizekelo yembali yovavanyo nolungelelwano kwisenzo iquka uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's sicwangciso senkundla-yokulungisa (ebekwe phantsi yiBhunga), uMongameli Richard Nixon's ukuhlawulwa kwemali (ukukhokelwa kuMthetho woHlahlo), kunye noMongameli Donald Trump's (Isenzo seNdlu sikhangelwe yiBhunga eliGcinileyo). Ezi ziganeko zibonakalisa uxinezeleko nentsebenziswano olusekwe kwinkqubo.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Neekomiti Zezobupolitika

IiKomiti zilapho umsebenzi omninzi wecawa wenziwe khona. Kukho iikomiti ezine:

  • IiKomiti ezimisayo: iindawo zolawulo ezisisigxina ezilawula ulawulo kwiindawo ezithile (umz., Ulimo, Iinkonzo Zezixhobo, Imfundo kunye nemisebenzi). Zizibala eliphambili lokumisela umthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Khetha iikomiti: iikomiti zexeshana zenzelwe injongo ethile, njengeKomiti Yokukhetha kuhlaselo lweSihlanu 6.
  • [[UMTL:0] IiKomiti zeMathiriyeli:[ Ezikhiwe ngamalungu kuzo zombini iigumbi, zisoloko zijolise ingqalelo ekujongeni okanye kuphando (umz., kwiKomiti yezoqoqosho eManyeneyo).
  • [[Umthetho:0] IKomiti yoQhelaniso: Iindawo zolawulo zexeshana ezidibanisa umahluko phakathi kwendlu kunye nerhafu yendlu nendlu yendlu.

Izihlalo zekomiti, ezikhethwe ngokobudala, zinempembelelo ephawulekayo ekwakheni iindleko. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukhokelo lweqela luye lwandisa amandla alo, kusetyenziswa ucwangciso kunye nomthetho ukuphuhlisa izinto eziza kuqala kwiqela elikhulu. Ukuqonda iikomiti ezinamandla kungundoqo wokuxela iziphumo zemithetho-siseko.

Isabelo Somthetho: Indlela Abemi Abaliphembelela Ngayo Isebe Elisemthethweni

Idemokhrasi esebenza ixhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kommi okhutheleyo. Isebe Lemithetho yelona sebe lifikeleleka kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Nazi iindlela zekonkrithi zokubandakanyeka:

  • Unyuso olungundoqo: Esona senzo sisisiseko. Abavota bakhetha abameli babo phakathi kwexesha kunye neminyaka yonyulo lomongameli. Unyulo lokuqala lubaluleke ngokulinganayo, njengoko begqiba abaza kungena. Unyulo lwe-US lusezantsi kunoninzi lwedemokhrasi; ukwanda kokuthabatha inxaxheba komeleza umelo.
  • Abasemagunyeni abaQuquzelelayo: iileta, ii-imeyili, umnxeba, kunye nemiyalezo yezentlalo-ntle yeminxeba yonke into. Iqela elinomkhondo wendlela yembono, kunye nemiqulu ephezulu yoqhagamshelwano kumbandela othile ingaphembelela ukuvota kwelungu elithile. Amabali obuqu ayasebenza ngokukhethekileyo.
  • Ukungagunyazi nokunganyaniseki: I- Grassroots ngokusebenzisa imibutho efana noManyano lwaMabhinqa Voters okanye i-ACLU idibanisa amalizwi ommi. I-Lobbing, ngexa isoloko igxekwa, ikhuselwe kakuhle phantsi koMmiselo wokuqala. Noko ke, inkampani enkulu kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla anezinto ezincinci, ezingumthombo wengxoxo eqhubekayo. Inginginya ingakulinganisa oku ngokwenza okanye ukudibanisa amaqela e-activation.
  • Amalungu athe afuna iZibonelelo ze-Town kunye ne-Wheads: aqhuba iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke kwisithili okanye kumaphondo awo. Ukuya ngasese okanye phantse ukuvumela incoko engqalileyo. Iindlebe zekomiti zikwavuleleka kuluntu ngokubanzi (imiqathango yokhuseleko esebenzayo). Isiqinisekiso esivela kubemi abaqhelekileyo maxa wambi simenywa.
  • Ukuphumeza i-ofisi: Olona hlobo luthe ngqo lokuganana. Nabani na ofanelekileyo angasebenzela indawo, urhulumente, okanye iofisi yequmrhu. Inkqubo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kumazwi amatsha avela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo.

I-Intanethi yenze kwaba lula ukulandelela umthetho. Iwebsite efana ne Ikhonvor.gov inikezela ngokupheleleyo okubhaliweyo kwemali, iirekhodi zokuvota, kunye neenkqubo zekomiti. Iintlangano ezifana zivula ii-Specrets. org[ imali yemikhondo kunye nokufaka imvume kwi-arhente. USUSA.A.gov zinikezela ngezixhobo zokufumana abameli bakho. Ukuqhubana noMgaqo-Graclative ayingobulungisa kodwa ngumsebenzi we-RGreversigractive.

Ucelomngeni Neenguqu Zexesha Elizayo

ISebe loMthetho lijongene nogxeko oluninzi lwale mihla kunye nocelomngeni. Ukubekwa kwecala kukhokelela kwi-gridrock, apho umthetho obalulekileyo uvala khona. I-Divbuster kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, ekuqaleni isixhobo sokubeka ingxubusho, ngoku isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuvala amatyala. Abaninzi baphikisana ngotshintsho, njengokususa i-Relibelbuster okanye ukufuna "ukuthetha ne-paliester" ukwandisa ukuphendula. Ukusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwemiyalelo kunye nesenzo sokulawula solawulo kushenxise amandla kude neBhunga, ukuphakamisa inkxalabo malunga no "iperealformation". Utshintsho lokwenza iGregislatived buquke:

  • Ukubuyiselwa kwenkqubo yoqingqo-mali nokudlula iindleko ezihlawulweyo ngexesha.
  • Ukuphelisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika ngokuguqula imali (umz., ukubhukuqa iMissional Manities).
  • Ukukhuthaza ubuchule nezixhobo zolawulo ezisetyenziswayo eziqulunqweyo
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango emiselwe amalungu (isicelo esixhaswa kakhulu nguwonke-wonke kodwa imiqobo yomgaqo-siseko).

Ukuqonda ezi mpikiswano kubalulekile kubafundi borhulumente waseMerika. Isebe loMgaqo-siseko alimi ngaxesha linye; liyaguquka ngeengxaki zohlanga. Ngokufunda imbali, isakhiwo, kunye nemisebenzi yalo, abemi bangaxhasa ngcono iBhunga elimela abantu ngokwenene kwaye lisebenzele okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. UmGaqo-siseko uhlala usisikhokelo esipheleleyo, kodwa ukutolika nokusetyenziswa kwalo kusemisebenzi eqhubekayo kwisizukulwana ngasinye.