Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wase-United States asebenza ngayo kubalulekile kummi ngamnye ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwidemokhrasi. UMgaqo-siseko wahlulahlula uRhulumente ube ngamasebe amathathu: uwiso-mthetho, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nekomiti yokugweba. Esi sakhiwo sisisiseko, esasungulwa ngooTata abasunguliweyo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo, siyaqhubeka sibumba indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, enyanzeliswayo, netolikwayo eMalaini namhlanje. Ngokufunda ngeendima ezithile zesebe ngalinye, amandla, kunye nemiqathango, abemi bemihla ngemihla bangayiqonda kakuhle indlela izigqibo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi babo, nabazi ukuba badibane imicimbi okanye bafune uncedo.

Kutheni Kukho Amasebe Amathathu?

Incam yovavanyo nolungelelwano yayikukwenza kuqinisekiswe ukuba alikho isebe eliza kukwazi ukulawula amandla amakhulu, kwaye ladala ukwahlukana kwamagunya. Oku kwakungesiso isigqibo sonyanzelo sabenzi bomGaqo-siseko. Isekela lezobupolitika uBaron Charles de Montesquieu wayebhale malunga nokwahlulwa kwengcamango yamagunya malunga neminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambili. Abaseki, befumene ubuzwilakhe bolawulo oluphakamileyo phantsi kolawulo lweBritane, babezimisele ukwenza inkqubo apho kungekho mntu okanye iqela elinolawulo olulawula urhulumente.

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela amandla yayibalulekile "kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwenkululeko," njengoko uJames Madison waphikisayo xa wayekhuthaza ukuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko. Ukubeka ulawulo oluninzi kakhulu ezandleni zawo nawuphi na amasebe orhulumente amathathu adweliswe kumGaqo-siseko – kumthetho-siseko, ulawulo olulawulayo kunye nejaji – ngokungenakunqandwa – kwakuza kubeka engozini ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, woyika. Le ngxaki ngokubhekiselelena komgaqo-siseko iyaqhubeka ifanelekile namhlanje, njengoko umlinganiselo phakathi kwamasebe uqhubeka uvavanywa kwaye ucocwa.

Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okanye iqela eliza kuba namandla agqithisileyo. Le nkqubo yenziwa ngokuqonda ukuba indalo yomntu iquka amabhongo kunye nokukwazi kokonakala. Ngokwahlula amagunya karhulumente phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linamandla okuhlola amanye, umGaqo-siseko wadala isakhiwo esingqineke siqinile kwaye sivumelana nemeko ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Isebe Lomthetho: Abameli Babantu

Imiselwe liQumrhu I loMgaqo-siseko, iSebe loMgaqo-siseko liyiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo, ezithi kunye zenze iNdlu yeeNkcubeko zaseUnited States. Njengoko isebe lokuqala lichazwe kumGaqo-siseko, iBhunga lalilindeleke ukuba libe lelona sebe linamandla likarhulumente. Lonke igunya lowiso-mthetho kurhulumente libekwe kwiBhunga, oko kuthetha ukuba likuphela kwenxalenye karhulumente enokwenza imithetho emitsha okanye itshintshe imithetho ekhoyo.

Ukwakhiwa kweBhunga

IKhomishini isebenza njengendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bimameral, ithetha ukuba inamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo aneempawu neembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo. Indlu yabameli ibunjwa ngamalungu angama-435 anyuliweyo, ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe angama-50 ngokulingana nabemi bawo bonke. Lo mfanekiso wolungelelwaniso uqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaninzi baneentetho ezininzi eNdlu, ezibonakalisa umgaqo wolawulo oluninzi.

Amalungu akhonza amabinzana eminyaka emibini kwaye anyulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngabameli abasuka kwisithili sabo. Olu luhlu lufutshane luthetha ukuba abameli kufuneka babuyele rhoqo kubavoti ukuze baphinde bakhethe, bagcine kusondele ngakumbi kwinkxalabo neemfuno zoluntu lwabo. Indlu ikwaquka umthetheli, onyulwa ngabameli kwaye usebenza njengegosa eliphethe igumbi.

IBhunga leNtsimbi, ngokwahlukileyo, linika umelo olulinganayo kuwo onke amazwe kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngawaphi na abemi. ICathenal inamalungu ali-100, mbuso ngamnye ngokulinganayo umelwe zizikhululo ezimbini ezikhonza amagunya aneminyaka emithandathu. Esi sakhiwo sasiyinxalenye "Esikhulu Ukulalanisa" kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko, ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane. Ekuqaleni inyulwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho, abaququzeleli benyulwe ngokuthe ngqo nguwonke wonke oko kwavunywa ngo191313.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko Zesebe Lomthetho

UMgaqo-siseko unika iNkomfa ekuphela kwegunya lokumisela umthetho nokuvakalisa imfazwe, ilungelo lokuqinisekisa okanye ukuchasa ukumiselwa kooMongameli abaninzi, namandla amakhulu ophando. La magunya enza iNkomfa ibe ngamandla amakhulu ekuxonxeni inkqubo yesizwe nokulungiselela ukuvelela amanye amasebe.

Phakathi kwamagunya abalulekileyo eKhongosarethi kukulawula imali karhulumente. Phakathi kwamanye amagunya, isebe lemithetho lenza yonke imithetho, livakalisa imfazwe, lilawula urhwebo phakathi kwelizwe nakwamanye amazwe kwaye lilawula imigaqo-nkqubo yokurhafisa nokusebenzisa irhafu. Eli "gunya lesingxobo" linika impembelelo eqinileyo kumsebenzi karhulumente, njengokuba kungekho mali yesizwe enokuchithwa ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho.

Amagumbi amabini eBhunga anamagunya akhethekileyo. Yindlu kuphela enokusungula umthetho wengeniso, kwaye kuphela yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali eqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ezivunyiweyo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna ukuba omabini amagumbi avumelane ngokwahlukileyo kwisivumelwano esifanayo phambi kokuba asinike uMongameli. Le mfuneko yesivumelwano se-bidamal iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwe ngokucokisekileyo kwiimbono ezininzi.

Indlu yabameli inamagunya ayo, kuquka namandla okuhambisa amanqaku okungathobeli nxamnye noMongameli waseUnited States. Okwangoku, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi inamandla akhethekileyo, kuquka namandla okuqinisekisa izivumelwano ze-ray kunye nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa okwenziwa ngumongameli. Ezi mbopheleleko zahlukileyo zibonisa iindima ezahlukeneyo zegumbi ngalinye elidlala kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Indlela Ibhili Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo

Ukuqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunceda abemi balapho baqonde ukuba kuntsonkothileyo nokucinga okubandakanyekileyo ekumiseni umthetho wesizwe. Ngamalungu eKhomishini kuphela anokumisela umthetho. Xa sele eqalisiwe, ityala liqalisa uhambo olude ngeekomiti, iikomiti ezingaphantsi, iingxoxo eziphantsi, kunye namavoti ngaphambi kokuba libe ngumthetho.

Emva kokuveliswa, ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo yokuhlola. Kukho iikomiti zeBhunga leNtlanganiso ezili-17, ezinamakomiti angaphantsi angama-70, kunye neekomiti zeNdlu ezingama-23, kunye neekomiti ezingaphantsi ezili-109. Ezi komiti zivumela amalungu eBhunga ukuba akhulise ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo ethile aze anike umthetho ocetyisiweyo ocaciswe ngokucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokuba afikelele kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze avote.

Ukuba isibham sidlula ngempumelelo ngekomiti size sifumane imvume evela kwiNdlu epheleleyo okanye kwiBhunga leNdlu yeMidiliya, kufuneka sidlule kwinkqubo enye kwelinye igumbi. La magumbi mabini ngokusisiseko ayalingana kwiindima zemithetho nemisebenzi yayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba zombini kufuneka zivumelane ngolwimi olufanayo phambi kokuba isibhengezo somthetho sithunyelwe kuMongameli.

UMongameli ngoko unokhetho oluninzi. UMongameli angadlula kwiBhunga lezemali, kodwa iKhomishini ingalikhupha ityala ngevoti yesibini sesithathu kwiBhunga leNdlu yeQela neNdlu yabameli. Oku kugatya amandla kuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga ligcine igunya elipheleleyo lowiso-mthetho, nangona umqobo ophezulu uyenza ingabikho ncam.

Ulawulo nophando oluseluxongweni

Ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho, iKhomishini idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni isebe eliphetheyo nasekuphandeni imicimbi ephambili. Xa umthetho uthe wamiswa, iKhomishini inelungelo nembopheleleko yokulungiselela ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo, kwaye iikomiti zayo zikhokela kulo mgudu. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa njengenjongo yeBhunga elilawulayo nokuba amaqumrhu alawulayo asebenza ngokunempumelelo nangaphakathi kwegunya lawo.

Amandla okungagunyazi anika iNkqutyana igunya lokuphelisa ukonakala nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kwamanye amasebe amabini. Nangona ukutyikityiswa kunqabile ukuba sisixhobo esisetyenziswayo, ubukho bayo busebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola igunya eliphetheyo nelokugweba, ikhumbuza amagosa ukuba ahlala enoxanduva kubameli babantu.

Isebe Elinolawulo oluphezulu: Liphumeza Imithetho Yohlanga

Ngeli xesha iBhunga lenza imithetho, isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokusebenza loo mithetho. Isebe eliphetheyo, elisebenzisa amasebe oMbutho, linembopheleleko yokunyanzelisa imihla ngemihla kunye nolawulo lwemithetho yoManyano. Eli sebe lichaphazela ubomi babemi ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekulungiseleleni iingenelo zoKhuselo loNtlalo ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe ekulawuleni ukhuseleko lokutya.

UMongameli: Ulawulo oluPhezulu neNtloko kaRhulumente

Umongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye nomphathi-ndlu bangamalungu esebe elilawulayo. UMongameli usebenza njengentloko karhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente, edibanisa iindima ezahlulwe kwezinye iidemokhrasi. Njengenkokeli, uMongameli ujonge isebe elikhulu lorhulumente kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga-mthetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka.

Iimbopheleleko zikaMongameli zidlulela ngaphaya komthetho wasekhaya. Njengomphathi-ntloko wemikhosi exhobileyo, uMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwimisebenzi yomkhosi, nangona amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe ehleli kunye neBhunga. UMongameli ukwasebenza njengomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko wesizwe, omela iUnited States kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezivumelwano zoburhulumente bamazwe angaphandle.

Kwakhona ubeka iintloko zamasebe karhulumente kunye nabamiselwe yinkundla ephakamileyo. La magunya okumisela avumela uMongameli ngamnye ukuba alungise indlela yomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente nokutolikwa komthetho kangangeminyaka okanye kwamashumi eminyaka emva kokushiya isikhundla, ingakumbi ngokutyunjwa yinkundla.

IKhabhinethi neZiko loManyano

Amalungu ekhabhinethi asebenza njengesekela lomongameli. Aquka isekela lomongameli, iintloko zamasebe aphetheyo, namanye amagosa karhulumente aphezulu abeka izikhundla. IKhabhinethi iquka iintloko zamasebe amakhulu anjenge-Rhulumente, uKhuselo, uThinte, uBulungiseleli, nabanye, nganye ijonge ummandla othile wenkqubo karhulumente.

Amalungu eKhabhinethi atyunjwe ngumongameli kwaye kufuneka avunywe yiBhunga. Le mfuneko yokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtsimi yeNtlanganiso yenye yeendlela isebe elihlola ngazo amandla aphezulu owiso-mthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa angundoqo axhasa ngaphaya kokhetho loMongameli.

La masebe omanyano kunye namasebe aneentlanganiso neembopheleleko ezahluka-hlukeneyo, ukusuka ekukhuseleni indalo ukuya ekukhuseleni imida yohlanga. Isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa izigidi zabasebenzi besebe abasebenza imini yonke be-ogxada, ukusuka ekuhlawuleni irhafu ukuya kuqhuba uphando lwenzululwazi ukuya kuvavanya imisebenzi yokwaphulwa kokhuseleko.

Imiyalelo yegunya kunye negunya lobuMongameli

Isebe elilawulayo lingavakalisa iMithetho eLawulayo, efana nezibhengezo ezithwala impembelelo yomthetho, kodwa isebe eligwebayo lingavakalisa ezo zenzo zingahambelani nomthetho. Imiyalelo yegunya ivumela oomongameli ukuba balathise amaqumrhu orhulumente kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza ngaphandle kokuqhuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nangona behlala bephantsi kohlalutyo olugwebayo kwaye bangapheliswa ngoomongameli abalandelayo okanye yiBhunga elilandelayo okanye ngomthetho.

Umlinganiselo wamandla olawulo oluphezulu uye waxutyushwa ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ngexesha elahlukileyo kukwanda nokuthatyathwa kwegunya lomongameli. Ngokufuthi oomongameli bajamelana nocelomngeni lokulungelelanisa ukhokelo olugqibeleleyo ngokuhlonela imida emiselwe umGaqo-siseko kunye nelungelo lamanye amasebe.

Amandla Eveto

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli kwisebe elilawulayo angayiphembelela loo mithetho kunye noMongameli Veto. Eli gunya linegunya elibalulekileyo loMongameli lolunye uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla ombutho. Amandla okulawula anokuchaphazela intlawulo yamatyala adluliswe yiBhunga. Ukwazi ukuba uMongameli angawubeka umthetho, iBhunga lisoloko lithetha neNdlu yeNdawo emhlophe ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwiindleko zengqesho yemithetho enokuthi izuze imvume yomongameli.

Ekubeni kungaqhelekanga ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu kweveto engomongameli, iBhunga kufuneka lifakelwe ngokwemo yomongameli kwiinkqubo ezicetyisiweyo. Le nto inamandla yenza inkqubo apho omabini amasebe kufuneka asebenze kunye, ubuncinane ngomlinganiselo othile, ukuze aphumeze iinjongo ezingundoqo zenkqubo.

Isebe Lezahlulelo: Ukutolika Umthetho Nokumisela Okusesikweni

Isebe lejaji lisebenza njengetoliki yomthetho nokulondoloza amalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Isebe lezomthetho liquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo nezinye iinkundla zephondo. Ngoxa lingabonakala lingabonakali kakhulu kunamanye amasebe ezobupolitika imihla ngemihla, ijaji idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucombululeni iimpikiswano, ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu, nokugqiba oko umGaqo-siseko ukukusebenza.

Isakhiwo senkqubo yeNkundla yoManyano

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo yephondo isebenza kumanqanaba amathathu angundoqo. Phantsi kukho iinkundla zesithili, apho amatyala amaninzi karhulumente aqala khona. Ezi nkomfa ziva ubungqina, ziqhuba iinkundla, zize zenze izigqibo zokuqala zenyaniso nomthetho. Ngaphezu kweenkundla zesithili ziinkundla zesiphaluka zezibheno, ezihlola izigqibo ezisuka kwiinkundla zesithili zenze iziphumo zezomthetho zize zigqibe ukuba umgaqo usetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kusini na. Encotsheni uhlala kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, inkundla ephakamileyo kwelo lizwe.

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli ubeka izigwebi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, inkundla yabagwebi ababhenela kwinkundla yezibheno, kunye nabagwebi benkundla yesithili abavavanya le ngxelo. Eli gunya lotyumbo linika oomongameli impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwijaji, nangona iNdlu yeeNdlu zesebe lezemithetho iqinisekisa ukurhoxiswa koMongameli kwizikhundla zezomthetho, kwaye iBhunga linokuchasa nabaphi na abagwebi kwaye libasuse eziofisini.

Amandla Okuphengulula Ngokweejaji

Elinye lamagunya abalulekileyo ejaji, liphondo lokugweba, eligunya lokumisela ukuba imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana na nomGaqo-siseko. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lenza imithetho, kodwa isebe lezomthetho lingayivakalisa loo mithetho ingavumelani nemithetho. Eli gunya, nangona lingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, lamiselwa ekuqaleni kwembali yamaMelika kwaye liye laba lilungu lesiseko lendima yesebe eligweba.

Amalungisa eNkundla Ephakamileyo angabhukuqa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho. Eli gunya lidlulisela kwimithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga, izenzo ezithatyathwa nguMongameli, kwanemigaqo-siseko nemithetho karhulumente. Xa iNkundla Ephakamileyo ivakalisa into engeyoyawulawula, eso sigqibo siba sinyanzelisayo inkundla esezantsi emele ilandele.

Isebe lezeeJaji lingavakalisa izenzo zoMongameli ezingavumelaniyo nomthetho, ozisusayo kumthetho. Isebe lezeeJaji likwanokuvakalisa imithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga ukuba ingawisi mithetho iphelele okanye ngokwenxalenye. Eli gunya lenza ukuba icandelo lejaji libe ligosa elibalulekileyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho nakwezolawulo, liqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihlala zingaphakathi kwemida yesiseko somGaqo-siseko.

Indlela Iinkundla Ezizicombulula Ngayo Iimpikiswano

Ngaphandle kwemibuzo engokomgaqo-siseko, iinkundla zelifa lemveli zicombulula iingxabano ezininzi. Zicombulula iingxabano phakathi kwamazwe, phakathi kwabemi bomazwe awahlukeneyo, phakathi kwabantu ngabanye norhulumente, phakathi kwe-United States namazwe asemzini. IiNkundla zichaza imimiselo karhulumente, zimisela indlela emifanele isetyenziswe ngayo, ziqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo ilandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo.

Inkqubo yokugweba igxininisa iqhinga elicokisekileyo nokunamathela kwimizekelo. Kulindeleke ukuba abagwebi basekele izigqibo zabo kumthetho nakuqikelelo olusemthethweni kunokuba bakhethele bona okanye baqwalasele ezopolitiko. Abagwebi bamaPhondo bamisela amadinga obomi bonke, abenza bakhuseleke kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye bawavumele ukuba enze izigqibo ezingeyomfuneko kodwa ezisemthethweni.

Indima Ekhethekileyo YeNkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ikwincopho yenkqubo yokugweba, ithetha ingongoma yokugqibela emalunga nomthetho wesizwe kunye nokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko. Ezi zigwebo zityunjwe ngumongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNkundla. Le Nkundla idla ngokuva amatyala angaphantsi kwe-100 ngonyaka, ikhetha ngenyameko amatyala abalulekileyo aphakamisa imibuzo engokwasemthethweni okanye acombulula iimbambano phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi.

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zinokuba nempembelelo enzulu nehlala ixesha elide kwibutho lamaMerika, zichaphazela yonke into ukususela kumalungelo abantu ukuya kummiselo wezoqoqosho ukuya kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngenxa yokuba amatyala esebenza ubomi bawo bonke, impembelelo yawo isenokukhula kangangamashumi eminyaka, ibumba umthetho emva kokuba uMongameli owawamiselayo ewushiyile.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Isixokelelwano sokukhangela nokulinganisela sinika isebe ngalinye likarhulumente elinamandla elinye ukukhangela amanye amasebe nokukhusela naliphi na isebe ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu. Le nkqubo asiyongcamango nje yengcinga-nkqubo ekhoyo ``Isebenza rhoqo kurhulumente waseMelika, ibumba indlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo nendlela amandla asetyenziswa ngayo.

Indlela Isebe Ngalinye Elibajonga Ngayo Abanye

Ubuchule besebe ngalinye bokusabela kwizenzo zamasebe amanye yinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa. Oku kuhlola kusebenza kumacala amaninzi, kudala ulwembu olunzima lokuphendulana.

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lihlola isebe elilawulayo ngobuchule obuninzi. IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyala okanye liyala ii-mongimeli. Oku kuqinisekiswa kusebenza kumalungu eKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, ii-ofire, kunye namanye amagosa amaninzi omgangatho ophezulu. IBhunga likwalawula iindleko zikarhulumente, okuthetha ukuba uMongameli akanako ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali yombutho. Kwakhona lingasusa umongameli kwisikhundla kwiimeko ezithile.

Isebe lowiso-mthetho likwahlola ijaji. IKhomishini kufuneka ivume ukumiswa kweejaji zeMasipala, ezivumela ukuba ziphembelele abo bakwisebe lejaji. IBhunga likwanokungathethi nto kwaye lisuse abagwebi, limise iinkundla ezintsha, lide libeke umda kwinkundla zesebe elithile.

Isebe eliphetheyo lihlola iBhunga ngokuyintloko ngamandla. Umongameli angawubeka umthetho owenziwe yiBhunga. Ngoxa iNgqungquthela inokuthi ilawule ivetoes, umqobo ophezulu ofunekayo wenza oku kube nzima, unika uMongameli impembelelo epheleleyo kumthetho. UMongameli ukwanengqiqo kwindlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo kwaye angasebenzisa ngayo imithetho yegunya ukubumba inkqubo elawulayo ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho okhoyo.

Ijaji ihlola omabini amanye amasebe ngamandla ayo okuhlola isigwebo. Iinkundla zingayibetha imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga kunye nezenzo ezithatyathwa nguMongameli ukuba aphula umGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba omabini amasebe anyuliweyo ahlala phantsi komda womgaqo-siseko, kwanaxa iingcinezelo zezobupolitika zisenokuwanyanzela ukuba adlule ngaphezu kwegunya lawo.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeepeksi kunye nolungelelwano

Inkqubo yee-checks nelungelelaniso asiyongcamango nje engekho ngqiqweni qha qha .Idlala rhoqo kurhulumente waseMelika. U-Alvarez ngumzekelo omhle wendlela amasebe amathathu asebenzisa ngayo igunya lawo. ILegistative Branch – Congress – idlulise iStolen Vallor Act ka-2005, imohlwaya abo bangayichasiyo into yokuba bafumene uzuko oluphezulu lwasemkhosini. Isebe Lejaji – iNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-United States – yalawula ngo-2012 2012 ukuba uMthetho wawungasebenzisi semthethweni ngenxa yokuba uwiselele ekunene ukuba ukhuselweni inkululeko yokuthetha yoMgunyaziso wokuqala. IBhunga loMphathi-Pentagon noMongameli – wathatha inyathelo kwinyanga yesigqibo solawulo lweNkundla yesizwe solawulo lwesizwe lwe-othonga eliphakamileyo somkhosi.

Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela amasebe asebenza ngayo: IBhunga liphumeze umthetho othetha ngengxaki ethile, iinkundla ziqwalasele loo mthetho zaza zawufumanisa ungekho mgaqweni, kwaza isebe eliphetheyo lafumana enye indlela yokuphendula imbambano engaphulanga malungelo omgaqo-siseko. Isebe ngalinye ladlala indima yalo efanelekileyo, kwaye inkqubo yasebenza njengoko yenziwe.

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, uhlolo nolungelelwano luye lwathintela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphanga. Oomongameli baye babona izenzo zabo zithintelwa ziinkundla okanye ziphenjelelwa yiBhunga. IBhunga liye lawiswa yinkundla okanye laphenjelelwa nguMongameli. IiNkundla ziye zajongwa ngokugxekwa kunye nengcinezelo evela kwamanye amasebe kodwa zazigcina zizimele. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokuzimela iye yavavanywa izihlandlo ezininzi kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidluleyo kwaye iye yamelana novavanyo lwexesha.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Amasebe Kubalulekile Kubemi

Kubemi bemihla ngemihla, ukuqonda amasebe amathathu karhulumente asiyonto nje ephambili efunekayo ukuze baphumelele ekuthatheni inxaxheba. Ukwazi ukuba liliphi isebe eliphethe iimbopheleleko ezinceda abemi balungela imicimbi yabo kwindawo efanelekileyo kwaye baqonde indlela yokuphembelela izigqibo zikarhulumente.

Ukwazi Abantu Onokuqhagamshelana Nabo

Xa abemi befuna ukuphembelela inkqubo okanye ukucombulula iingxaki, kufuneka bazi ukuba liliphi isebe omele usondele kulo. Ukuba ufuna ukutshintsha umthetho okanye ukumisela umthetho omtsha, abameli bakho kwiBhunga bangabantu abafanelekileyo abanokunxibelelana nabo. Ukuba unenkxalabo ngendlela umthetho onyanzeliswa ngayo okanye ofuna uncedo kumbutho wesizwe, isebe elilawulayo liyindawo ekufuneka lijike ngayo. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko aphulwe okanye umthetho usetyenziswa ngokungekho bulungisa, isebe lenkundla lilungiselela ukulungiselela ukuqulungela okusesikweni.

Ukuqonda amasebe kunceda abemi balapho baqonde imida yoko banokukwenza. UMongameli akanakuyitshintsha imithetho, nokuba bangayifuna kangakanani na. IBhunga alinakunyanzelisa imithetho okanye lizaphule amatyala. Iinkundla azinakuyila imithetho emitsha okanye ziqalise izenzo zokunyanzelisa. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kunceda abemi ukuba balindele izinto ezisengqiqweni baze balawule imigudu yabo ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kulawulo - melo

Abemi basebenzisana namasebe ngendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwisebe lowiso-mthetho, abemi bangavotela abameli babo, baqhagamshelane namalungu abo eBhunga ngemibandela abayikhathaleleyo, bangqine kwiimeko zoburhulumente, baze babe nenxaxheba kwiiholo zedolophu nakwezinye ii-asseum. Olu nxulumano luthi ngqo phakathi kwabemi nabameli babo abanyuliweyo lungundoqo ekulawuleni ngokwedemokhrasi.

kwisebe elilawulayo, abemi bangavota kuMongameli, bagqabaze ngemimiselo ecetyisiweyo, basebenze namaqumrhu karhulumente kwimicimbi eyahlukeneyo, kwaye basebenzise iFreedom of Information Act ukucela amaxwebhu karhulumente. Amasebe amaninzi asekuhlaleni anokugqabaza ngamaxesha asekuhlaleni xa emisela imithetho emitsha, anika abemi ilizwi ngendlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo.

Kwisebe eligwebayo, abemi banokusebenza kumaqumrhu eejaji, bazise amatyala xa benomthetho owiso-mthetho, kwaye bafake iifayile ze-axis ezifutshane kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo. Nangona abemi bengavoti abagwebi, bangenza iimbono zabo zaziwe kumaqumrhu etyala ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa kwee-minenene.

Ukukhusela Inkululeko Ngolwazi

Lo mlinganiselo uphakathi kwamasebe amathathu luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumabhongo nakumandla eenkokeli naliphi na isebe elifuna ukugqitha igunya lalo lomgaqo-siseko ekugqibeleni lithoba impumelelo yeriphabliki yethu. Ubuchule babemi bobunye usebenza njengoophando olungakumbi kwigunya likarhulumente, unika amagosa ityala kwaye unyanzelisa ukuba ahlonele imiqathango yomGaqo-siseko.

Ekugqibeleni, ukulungelelana kusebenza kuphela xa abantu abakhaliphileyo kumasebe abo beqonda indima yabo, besebenzisa iimbopheleleko zabo, bethintela iimfuno zabo, beqinisa igunya lomthetho womGaqo-siseko nowaseMerika. Izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ngokuhlala zinolwazi, zithathe inxaxheba kunyulo, yaye xa zibona urhulumente ephangwa okanye esetyenziswa kakubi igunya.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo Ngamasebe

Zininzi iimbono eziphosakeleyo ngamasebe amathathu ezisaqhubeka kwintetho yesidlangalala. Ukuqonda inyaniso nento engancedi abemi balapho bajonge kakuhle izenzo zikarhulumente kunye namatyala ezobupolitika.

Uluvo Oluphosakeleyo: UMongameli Unokuyenza Imithetho

Enye into engaqondaniyo eqhelekileyo kukuba abaPhathiswa bangenza imithetho ngemiyalelo yabalawuli okanye ngezinye izenzo. Ngoxa imiyalelo yabalawuli inamandla, abanako ukuyilawula okanye ukuyiphikisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Imiyalelo yegunya isalathisa indlela isebe eliphetheyo elisebenza ngayo nelinyanzelisa imithetho ekhoyo, kodwa abanako ukuyila iimbopheleleko ezintsha ezisemthethweni ezingagunyaziswanga yiBhunga. Xa oomongameli beligunya, iinkundla zinokuphelisa izenzo zabo.

Imbono Ephosakeleyo: INkundla Ephakamileyo Inegunya Elingenamida

Enye into ephosakeleyo yeyokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingenza nantoni na efunwa yiyo. Enyanisweni, iinkundla zinokugqiba kuphela ngamatyala angeniswa phambi kwazo, azinakukhupha iimbono zobugqwirha okanye ziqalise uphando lwazo. Iinkundla zikwaxhomekeke kwisebe elilawulayo ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zalo nakwiBhunga lezemali negunya lalo. Ngoxa uhlalutyo lwezomthetho lunamandla, lusebenza kwimiqathango ebalulekileyo.

Imbono Ephosakeleyo: Isebe Elinye Libaluleke Kakhulu Kunamanye

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba elinye isebe libaluleke kakhulu okanye linamandla kunamanye. Enyanisweni, amasebe ayilelwe ukuba alingana, ngalinye linendawo yalo yegunya. Ngoxa amandla anxulumeneyo esebe ephambukile ngandlel'ithile, umgaqo osisiseko wokwahlula amagunya uhlala ungadibani. Akukho sebe lisebenza ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano, okanye ubuncinane, ukuthobelwa kwabanye.

Ucelomngeni Lokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Nangona isiseko samasebe amathathu singazange siguquke, le nkqubo ijamelana neengxaki eziqhubekayo nendaleko.

Ukwanda Korhulumente Wolawulo

Enye inkqubela ebalulekileyo ibikulwando lwamasebe alawulayo asebenzisa imithetho, impatho-mandla, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba. Aba bameli babhala imimiselo (umsebenzi owenziwe ngabalawuli), benyanzelisa loo mithetho (umsebenzi olawulayo), kunye nempikiswano engqinelanayo ngawo (umsebenzi wesiChosa). Amasebe alawulayo anikezela ngemimiselo egunya elipheleleyo lomthetho, kodwa la magunya amiselwe yiBhunga kuphela.

I-oyile ye-Grid ehamba kunye nomsebenzi woRhulumente

Ukwanda kombutho wezobupolitika maxa wambi kuye kwenza kube nzima kumasebe ukusebenza kunye ngokunempumelelo. Xa iBhunga kunye noMongameli belawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, iqhina eliya kuphumela, ngokuvala inyathelo elinye elinye. Ngeli xesha oku kubonisa inkqubo esebenza njengokuthintela isenzo sokungxama, ingenza abemi abafuna urhulumente ukucombulula iingxaki ezicinezelayo.

Ukuba elinye isebe aliwuphumeleli umsebenzi walo, okanye ukuba elinye isebe alihoyi elinye, sisenokungena kwingxaki yomgaqo-siseko. Ngamanye amazwi, urhulumente wethu akasayi kusebenza ngendlela lo mgaqo-siseko owawunenjongo ngayo, kwaye ulungelelwaniso olululo phakathi kwamasebe amathathu lusenokuwela kulawulo lobuzwilakhe. Ukugcina ulungelelwano akufuni nje umgaqo-siseko kuphela kodwa kukwafuneka kumagosa nabemi basekuhlaleni bathobele imigaqo nemida.

Amandla alawulayo kwimiqathango

Ungxamiseko lwamazwe, ukusuka kwiimfazwe ukuya kwiingxaki zezoqoqosho, ludla ngokukhokelela kulwandiso lwamandla olawulo. Ngoxa kuyimfuneko ukuba bhetyebhetye ukuze kungenelwe kwizisongelo ezingxamisekileyo, oku kusenokunyusa inkxalabo yokuba ngaba iichewu ezifanelekileyo nezilungeleleneyo ziyalondolozwa kusini na. Ingingqi namanye amasebe kufuneka ahlale ephaphile ukuze aqinisekise ukuba amandla ongxamisekileyo awabi ahlala ehleli kwaye imiqathango yesiseko iyahlonelwa nakumaxesha anzima.

Amasebe Kumgangatho Karhulumente

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku ligxininisa kakhulu kurhulumente wezwe, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuba oorhulumente bamazwe balandela isakhiwo esineebhunga ezintathu ezifanayo. Urhulumente ngamnye unendlu yowiso-mthetho eyenza imithetho karhulumente, irhuluneli enyanzelisa loo mithetho, kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente eziyichazayo. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sikarhulumente wakho kubalulekile kanye njengokuba uqonda inkqubo karhulumente, njengoko oorhulumente becombulula imiba emininzi echaphazela ubomi, ukusuka kwimfundo ukuya kwizothutho ukuya kulwaphulo-mthetho.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela ukwahlukana kwamandla afanayo nomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, nangona amandla neenkqubo ezithile zahluka ngokwemeko. Amanye amazwe anika abalawuli bawo amandla angaphezulu kunamanye, amanye anemimiselo eyahlukeneyo yowiso-mthetho, kwaye iinkundla zelizwe zinemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuzimela geqe negunya. Ukufunda ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente wakho kukunceda ukuba uthabathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwezobupolitika nenkqubo yorhulumente.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Kubemi abafuna ukuqinisa ulwazi lwabo ngamasebe amathathu, oovimba abaninzi abakhoyo. Iiwebsite ezisemthethweni zesebe ngalinye zinika ulwazi malunga nolwakhiwo lwalo, imisebenzi, nemisebenzi yangoku. Conrever.gov zinikela ulwazi malunga nomthetho, imisebenzi yeekomiti, kunye nenkqubo yemithetho. Iwebhsayithi yeWhite House inika ulwazi malunga nezinto eziphambili zikaMongameli kunye nemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo. Iwebhsayithi ye-judiary's servey e .

IZiko leSizwe loMgaqo-siseko, iThala leeNcwadi leeNkqutyana neeyunivesithi ezininzi zinikela izinto zokufundisa ngomthetho karhulumente waseMerika nomgaqo-siseko. Iincwadi zogcino-zincwadi zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zineenkqubo zemfundo yezentlalo-ntle, kwaye abantu abaninzi baneziqu ezizinikele ekukhuthazeni ukunyanzeleka nokuqondwa korhulumente.

Imibutho yamaphephandaba egubungela urhulumente nezobupolitika inokunceda abemi bahlale besazi ngoko kwenziwa lisebe ngalinye.

Isiphumo: Umsebenzi ozinzileyo wokuzilawula ozinzileyo

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente waseMerika amela olunye uvavanyo olunempumelelo kulawulo-siseko. Ngokwahlula-hlula amandla phakathi kwemithetho, isebe elilawulayo, kunye namasebe okugweba, nangokunika ngalinye amandla okuhlola amanye, abaseki badala inkqubo eye yangqineka iqinile kwaye ivumelana nemeko.

Kubemi bemihla ngemihla, ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile ukuze babe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ukwazi ukuba iBhunga lenza imithetho, uMongameli uyalinyanisa, yaye iinkundla ziyalichaza ityala labo kunceda abemi babalasele kakuhle kwaye baqonde indlela ezisenziwa ngayo izigqibo zikarhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela ubuchule nokulungelelaniswa komsebenzi kunceda abemi balapho baqonde ukuba kutheni urhulumente maxa wambi ehamba kancinci yaye kutheni kufuneka balalanise.

Le nkqubo ayifezekanga, kwaye ijongene nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo ukusuka kwintlukwano yezobupolitika, utshintsho lobugcisa, kunye nokusongezwa kwezisongelo kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Kodwa umgaqo osisiseko (ukuthi amandla kufuneka ahlulwe kwaye isebe ngalinye lijonge amanye) lihlala lisebenza namhlanje njengoko lalinjalo xa umGaqo-siseko wawubhaliwe.

Abemi banendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni le nkqubo. Ngokuhlala benolwazi, benenxaxheba kunyulo, beqhagamshelana nabameli babo, baze baphendule amagosa, abemi basebenza njengenye ingqwalasela kumandla karhulumente. Ukuthenjiswa nolwazi lubalulekile ukuze kwahlulwe amagunya ngokwenjongo yawo.

Ukuqonda amasebe amathathu akuthethi nje ukuphumelela kuvavanyo lwamaqumrhu oluntu, qha, kukuphumelela njengommi kwiriphabliki yedemokhrasi. Ukuba uxhalabele umcimbi othile womgaqo-siseko, ufuna ukuphembelela izigqibo zikarhulumente, okanye ufuna nje ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wakho asebenza ngayo, ulwazi lowiso-mthetho, ulawulo, namasebe agwebayo anika isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba enentsingiselo kwizentlalo-ntle.

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya luye lwanceda iMelika kamnandi ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, lulungelelanisa iimeko eziguquliweyo ngexa kugcinwa imigaqo yayo engundoqo. Ngokuqonda nokuxhasa le nkqubo, abemi bayanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iza kuqhubeka ikhusela inkululeko kwaye ikhuthaze ulawulo olunempumelelo kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ulwazi oluninzi ngendlela urhulumente wase-U.S. asebenza ngayo, tyelela USA.gov[, urhulumente we-web ye-intanethi esemthethweni, enika ulwazi olubanzi malunga namasebe amathathu kunye nendlela yokusebenzisana nawo.