Indima YobuJuli Ekuxhaseni Imilinganiselo Yolawulo - melo

Umsebenzi we Jury usoloko ujongwa njengembopheleleko yoluntu kuphela `a' efuna ukuzalisekiswa nokulityalwa. Kodwa intsingiselo yawo yokwenyaniso ifikelela nzulu, isebenza njengentsika ephilayo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Embilinini yayo, umsebenzi wabachopheli-mveleli uqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akukhutshwanga ngamanani akude aphezulu kodwa ngabemi abaqhelekileyo ababonakalisa imilinganiselo yengingqi, amava, nokuqonda okusesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi wabachopheli-komiti ekuphakamiseni imigangatho yedemokhrasi, ukusuka kwisiseko sembali ukuya kucelomngeni lanamhlanje, kwaye linikela ingqalelo enzulu kwisizathu sokuba esi sibonelela kumgangatho woluntu olukhululekileyo.

Imbali Ethetha Ngokusetyenziswa Kwenkonzo Yonyaka

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala aliyonto eqalisiweyo. Iingcambu zalo zibuyela emva kwiNgilani yeshumi elinesibini neshumi elinesibini, apho uKumkani uHenry II wasungula ingcamango yeqela lamadoda asekuhlaleni afunga ukuphengulula nokunikela ingxelo ngemicimbi yempikiswano yomhlaba kunye nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuqale kwathi "Ubuxoki bemkho" ngokuthe ngcembe kwavela kwinkundla egwebayo esiqondayo namhlanje.

EUnited States, uTshetshiso lweeNkqutyana zeSizwe lwangenisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala kwiSigqeba somGaqo-siseko, okokuqala kwiQumrhu III kwaye kamva kwiZigqibo zeSithandathu nesesixhenxe. Oku akuzange kube yingozi. Ekubeni bebone ukugweba okuzimeleyo kweenkundla zamaBritane, baqonda ukuba iijaji zisebenza njengokhangelo kumandla karhulumente. Ngokubeka abemi abaqhelekileyo .......Nkl./umgwebi wetyala ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo okanye wezopolitiki, “oggracta kunye noogxampyu baxhasa umthetho.

  • Imvelaphi yaseNgilani ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini njengendlela yokulawula yasekuhlaleni.
  • Ukusekwa njengelungelo elisisiseko kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States (IziHlayiso-mthetho Zesi-6 nezokwesixhenxe).
  • Ukukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba ekuhlaleni nokuthintela ukuphangwa ngurhulumente.
  • Ibonisa umgaqo wedemokhrasi wokuba okusesikweni kufanele kuqulethwe ngoontanga, kungekhona abantu abaphezulu.

Ukubaluleka Komsebenzi Wobutsha Kwidemokhrasi

Umsebenzi we Jury wenza okungaphezulu kunokugqiba ngemeko nganye, uxhasa ngokukhutheleyo umgangatho wedemokhrasi. Xa abemi besebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, bathatha inyathelo elifuna ukuqwalaselwa, ukungacalucalulo, kunye nokwenza izigqibo kunye neqela. Obu bubuchule obunye obufunekayo kunyulo olunolwazi. Isenzo sokukhulula abantu ongabaziyo abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo sikhuthaza ulwazelelelo kwaye sikhuthaza iimbono ezandisiweyo, sigxininisa ingcamango yokuba okusesikweni kunamandla xa kubandakanya amazwi ahlukeneyo.

Uphando olusuka kwi Merika Bar Association[[FLT: 1] lubalaselisa ukuba inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala inyusa ukuthemba uluntu kwinkqubo yomthetho. Xa abemi bethatha inxaxheba ngqo, bazibonela ngawabo amehlo ukuba inkqubo ingalunga/(naxa ithe yasilela, bangabameli bokuphucula. Ngale ndlela, umsebenzi wabachopheli-mgamsheli-mthetho luhlobo lwemfundo yezentlalo eqinisa izihlunu zedemo-demokhrasi.

  • Abemi banikwe amandla okuphembelela iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni baze bagcine inkqubo iphendulwe.
  • Ukwandisa ukuthemba uluntu ngokwenza okusesikweni kube yinkqubo ecacileyo, esetyenziswa ngabantu.
  • ikhuthaza iingcinga ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisigqibo esifanelekileyo.
  • Iqinisa isivumelwano soluntu: abemi bayayamkela imithetho esemthethweni kuba incedisa ekuyixonxeni.

Imbopheleleko Yecawa

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi wejaji asiyonto esemthethweni efunekayo; kodwa ngumsebenzi onzulu woluntu. Iziko lesizwe leNkundla yephondo lichaza ukuba amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-32 abizelwa kumsebenzi wokuchophela ityala nyaka ngamnye, kodwa abaninzi bakugqala njengokungalawuleki. Noko ke, isenzo sokubonisa, ukuphulaphula ubungqina, nokunganyaniseki kuyindlela engqalileyo yokubophelela kwedemokhrasi. Lithuba kubemi ukuba balahle ikhethe lobuqu baze bakhonze okulungileyo. Ngokukhonza abantu abaqhelekileyo, bayavuma ukuba abalawulwa ngumthetho kodwa abathathi nxaxheba ekulawuleni kwawo.

Inkqubo Yokhetho Lwe Jury

Inkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli-cholicholi (ibizwa i-voir brain (ithetha inyaniso”)) (iyilelwe ukuvelisa isalathisi esilungileyo nesingakhethi buso.) Abami bakhethwa ngokukhetha kwimithombo efana noluhlu lobhaliso lwevoti, iisiseko sephepha-mvume zomqhubi wesizwe, okanye iiroli zerhafu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okhutshelwe ngaphandle nokuba ijaji ibonise amanani oluntu.

Ngexesha lobubi, amagqwetha amacala onke abuza abachopheli-mthetho ukuba batyhile ucalucalulo okanye ungquzulwano lwenzala. Omabini amacala angalucela ucelomngeni “ngenxa yesizathu” (ukuze kuvele utshintsho oluza kuchaphazela umgwebo) okanye asebenzise inani elilinganiselweyo ‘ lemingeni-mngeni-mngeni” yokugxotha abachopheli-justa ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu. Injongo asiko ukukhetha abachopheli-mkeli abakhetha icala elinye kodwa kufumana abalawuli abanokugqiba ngetyala elisekelwe kumthetho nobungqina. [[FLT:]U.S. iiwebhsayithi ze-webhsayithi zejaji zinikeza izikhokelo ezineenkcukacha kwindlela le nkqubo egcina ngayo ukulunga.

  • Ukhetho olungakhethiyo oluvela kwimithombo ebanzi ukuqinisekisa abameli.
  • Umbuzo onzima wokuhlola ukungacalucalulo.
  • Omabini amacala asenokuthethelela abalawuli bejaji ngenxa yesizathu okanye ngocelomngeni olungenaziphene.
  • Ibethelela imvelaphi eyahlukeneyo, evumelana ngokucokisekileyo.

Ngaphandle kwezi zikhuseli, inkqubo ayifezekanga. Uphando lubonise ukuba ukwahluka ngokwentlalo kunye nentlalo-ntle kungaphembelela ukuphelela kwinkundla echophelayo, ingakumbi xa ucelomngeni lusetyenziselwa ukukhupha amalungu athile eqela. Oku kungenxa yokuba utshintsho oluqhubekayo . Olufana nokususa imingeni yokucinezela okanye ukwandisa umthombo wejaji-calulo ludwelise uludwe.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nemisebenzi YobuJury

Ngako konke ukulunga kwayo, umsebenzi wejaji ujamelana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo enokuyiphelisa indima yayo ekuphakamiseni imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile nakuwuphi na umgudu wotshintsho.

Ukhuthuzo

Uninzi lwabachopheli-tyala luwujonga umsebenzi wetyala njengomthwalo kunokuba ube lilungelo. Imbopheleleko yexesha, ukulahlekelwa yingeniso (abaqeshi abaninzi abahlawuli) nokungangeneleli kokuya kwindlu yenkundla akukukhuthazi ukuthatha inxaxheba. Oku kukhokelela kwiqondo eliphezulu lokungahambi komsebenzi womsebenzi wobupolisa nokuphelelwa komdla woburhulumente. Xa abemi bephepha inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, iqumrhu elixiweyo, kunye nabachopheli-tyala abasayi kubonisa intlukwano epheleleyo yebutho labantu.

Ukulwa oku, amanye amazwe aye anyusa umvuzo wejaji, azise umhla omnye/uvavanyo olunye, kwaye avumele ucwangciso olubhetyebhetye. Umzekelo, ICalifornia inkqubo yabachopheli-mgwebi [ ngoku ivumela abachopheli ukuba basebenze nje usuku olunye okanye ixesha elinye lokuvavanywa, benciphisa umthwalo ngokuphawulekayo. Kodwa, ukutshintsha uluvo lukawonke wonke kuhlala kungucelomngeni olude lwexesha elide olufuna imfundo kunye nenkcubeko.

Ikhethe Elipheleleyo

Abagwebi bangabantu, kwaye bazisa ucalucalulo olungekho zingqondweni enkundleni yenkundla . "ii-biases ezisekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ubudala, okanye imeko yentlalo, okanye yemeko yezoqoqosho. Kwanemigudu enyanisekileyo yokungacaluli isenokuchatshazelwa yikhethe. Umzekelo, uphando lubonise ukuba abamangalelwa abaNsundu basenokugwetywa xa iijaji zinamalungu amantsundu. Inkqubo esemthethweni izama ukuthetha ngokusebenzisa i-ijaji, kunye nemiyalelo yokungakhathaleli, kodwa iimbono zobuhlanga ezicetyo zikhokelwe kakhulu kunzima ukuphelisa.

Ezinye iinkundla ngoku zinikela uqeqesho olucacileyo lokucalula abagwebi kwanakumaqumrhu ejaji ngexesha lokuhamba. Ngoxa beluncedo, abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi utshintsho olungakumbi olukhoyo olufana nokukhethwa kwabachopheli-mfama okanye abacebisi abahlukeneyo abachopheli-tyala kufuneka balungelelanise ibala lokudlala ngokwenene.

Iingxaki Zengqiqo Nezoqoqosho

Abantu abaninzi abanako ukukwazi ukuthatha ixesha lokusebenza kwimisebenzi yabachopheli. Abasebenzi abaphantsi kwemali, abasebenzi abasebenza ngemakethe, nabantu abaziqeshileyo basoloko bejamelene nesohlwayo semali ngenxa yokusebenza. Lo mqobo wezoqoqosho ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto uchaphazela imimandla egwetyelwe ityala, ukutsala iqumrhu labachopheli-mthetho kwabo banengeniso ephezulu okanye abakwaziyo ukuhlawula. Amanye amagunya agunya azise imiqathango yomqeshi, kodwa umthetho karhulumente akafuni ukuba abaqeshi bahlawulele inkonzo yabachothi-tyala, kwaye amashishini amaninzi amancinane angakwazi ukuhlawula.

Ngokubhekele phaya, izindlu zenkundla ezikude neendawo zokuhlala, ukunqongophala kwezithuthi zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokungakhathalelwa kwabantwana okuncinane kwenza kube nzima kwabanye ukuba babe nenxaxheba. Iinkundla ziqalisile ukunikela i-check-check, intelekelelo yangokuhlwa, kunye nee-venderers ezinzima, kodwa ezi ndawo zokuhlala azikho zwenibanzi.

Impembelelo Yobugcisa Ekupheliseni Imisebenzi Yotywala

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye baphinda bachaze indlela umsebenzi wejaji osebenza ngayo, unika amathuba neengozi. Ukuqulunqwa kwenkqubo yokugweba kuchaphazela iqonga ngalinye, ukusuka ekuququzeleleni

Ukhetho lwangaphakathi lwe Jury kunye nokhangelo- ngaphakathi

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zivumela abo baza kuba ngabachopheli-mthetho ukuba bagqibe ii-intshi zemibuzo baze bajonge kwi-intanethi phambi kokuba bamisele unyawo kwindlu yenkundla. Oku kunciphisa inkqubo kwaye kunciphisa amaxesha okulinda. Amanye amagunya aye azama ukuvavanya i-voir ewentswana ephezulu epheleleyo ngenkomfa yevidiyo, nangona oku kuphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokungakwazi ukuqwalasela ulwimi nokuziphatha komzimba.

Ubungqina Bamanani Kwinkundla

Iimvavanyo zale mihla zixhomekeke ngokuqhubekayo kubungqina bamanani .Ii-email, ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle, iinyawo zokujonga iinyawo, kunye nee-atlog zogcino-lwazi. Abasebenzi kufuneka bakwazi ukuqonda nokuyihlolisisa ngokunzulu le nkcazelo. Ngoku iinkundla zinika izitishi zokubona i-elektroniki nemiyalelo ecacileyo ngendlela yokuphatha imiboniso yamanani. Noko ke, ukuntsonkotha kobungqina bemichiza kungaboyisa abasebenzi bemicimbi abangakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, bekwazi ukuphembelela ukuchaza kwabo izibakala.

Iingozi zenkcazelo yangaphandle

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki inkulu kwezobugcisa kukungaqiniseki kokuba abachopheli-mthetho baqhubeke nophando oluzimeleyo okanye bachaneke kwingxelo yamajelo eendaba. Ii-algorithm zezentlalo-ntle zinganika abachopheleli bobungqina obungaqondakaliyo, iindaba, okanye kwanonxibelelwano olungqalileyo kumaqela anomdla. Le “nkcazelo engaphandle” ilulaza inyanise ingqibelelo yetyala. Ngoku abagwebi banika imiyalelo engqongqo yokuphepha ukuphengulula nge-intanethi kunye neengxoxo zezentlalo-computer, kwaye ezinye iinkundla ziqokelela izixhobo zesixhobo zekhompyutha ngexesha loqwalaselo. UTudiciary ukhokelo lwejars nolwelo lwezentlalo-ndaba inikela imodeli yezona ndlela zilungileyo, kodwa isoloko inzima.

Abemi Abafundisayo Ngemisebenzi Emibi

Abemi abaninzi bafika kwimisebenzi yokuchophela ityala bengayazi kakuhle indlela abasebenza ngayo, amalungelo abo, okanye ubunzima bembopheleleko yabo. Imfundo yequmrhu linokuguqula amathandabuzo abe yiyo.

Imfundo esekelwe kuluntu

Ukunyusa izifundo ezingenkqubo yabachopheli-mvo kwizifundo zezemfundo zamaqumrhu esizwe kwizifundo zamaphondo . "Isiqalo sesikolo esiphakathi" /i-can-can-screfy le nkqubo. Abafundi bangafunda malunga neetyala lento ephawulayo, umahluko phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neejaji zamakhaya, kunye nengcamango yokuba “kungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.” Iimvavanyo ze-Mock, zidla ngokuqhutywa yimibutho engancedi ngeniso efana ne ABA’S Law-Religided Education Programs, nikeza abantu abaselula amavayo ngoko kwenziwa ngabasebenzi bejaji.

Kubantu abadala, iinkampani zomsebenzi wasekuhlaleni kunye nokhenketho lwasezinkundleni lungavala umsantsa. Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku ziphethe “Iiveki Zokwazisa” ezinezindlu ezivulekileyo kunye neentlanganiso ze-Q&A. Amathala eencwadi kunye namaziko oluntu anokufumana iintetho zabagwebi okanye amagqwetha asekuhlaleni, okwenza ijaji ifumaneke.

Oovimba bamanani abaneziphene

Ngaxa lithile, abagwebi kufuneka bafumane ukhokelo olucacileyo, olufutshane. Iiwebhsayithi ezininzi zenkundla zinika ii-CDEX, FAQs, kunye neencwadi zekhompyutha ezifakelwayo. I-Federal Jurdor Handbook [[[FLT: 1]] ingumthombo olungileyo, uchaza imisebenzi kunye neemfanelo zendlela efanelekileyo yabachopheli. Ukukhuthaza abasebenzi bejaji ukuqwalasela ezi zinto phambi kokuba inkonzo incede kunciphise inkxalabo kwaye kuphucule ubunjani bemicimbi.

Ukukhuthaza Isithethe Sobudlelane Besinyuko

Ngaphandle kwemfundo esemthethweni, abantu banokubhiyozela inkonzo yejaji njengephulo lequmrhu loluntu. Xa abachopheli bejaji abasebenza kwiityala ezinde ngezatifiketi, bethetha ngenkonzo yabo kumaphephandaba asekuhlaleni, okanye benika iziganeko ezincinane zolwaluko zinokususa ityala lomthwalo ukuze banike imbeko. Abanye abaqeshi banika ixesha elihlawulwayo lokusebenza njengenyathelo eliphambili kwiqumrhu loluntu. Xa abemi bebona ukuba umsebenzi wabo uxatyisiwe ngoontanga babo nazikondla, badla ngokuyamkela ngentlonelo nangokuzinikela.

Ukusebenza ngokuzithandela kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni ngezantsi njengokusebenza kwiibhodi ezihlala kwindawo ethile okanye kwiikomiti zesikolo, kunokubangela ukuba kubekho umkhwa wokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo - ntle ekhokelela kwinkonzo yejaji. Okukhona abantu besiya kudibana nabantu babo kokukhona beqonda ukuba kutheni bethetha kwinkundla yenkundla.

Ukuguqula Inkonzo Yenkulungwane yama - 21

Ukuze kugcinwe indima ye-avari yetyala ekuxhaseni imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi, le nkqubo kufuneka iguquke. Utshintsho oluninzi luye lwafumana ulwahlulo phakathi kweengcali zomthetho nabenzi benkqubo.

Ukwandisa IChibi LeJury

Amazwe amaninzi axhomekeke kwiincwadi zokuvota, ezingangeniyo kwimivoti, iifeloni, nabo bangabhaliswanga ekuvoteni. Ukongeza uluhlu lwelayisensi yabaqhubi, iirekhodi zerhafu, kunye nee-database zoncedo lukawonke-wonke zingavelisa iqula elithe xhaxhe. Amanye amazwe aqalisile ukuvumela abangengomalungu asekuhlaleni ukuba bakhonze kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, beqonda ukuba ukuhlala kwe-grandmey/ukungamiwa--i-$ikroti eyaneleyo kwimithetho yobulungisa yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuphucula Umxhasi

Ukukhulisa ijaji kuhlawula umvuzo omncinane, ukuhlawula iindleko zohambo, nokunika abantwana unyango lwesisa okanye abadala ebudeni benkonzo kuya kususa imiqobo yezoqoqosho. Amaphondo amaninzi aye asungula amatyala ukuze agunyazise umqeshi ukuba ashiyele umsebenzi wetyala ngaphandle kwesohlwayo. Inkqubo yekhefu elihlawulwayo lejaji isenokumisela umgangatho wesizwe.

Ukuthetha Nomntu Ngotshintsho Oluzimeleyo

Ezinye iinkundla ngoku zisebenzisa “uludwe lokuhlola” kunye nokhokelo lokuzilungiselela ukunciphisa impembelelo yobuntu obulawulayo kunye nokhethe olupheleleyo. Ukuvumela abagwebi ukuba bathumele imibuzo ebhaliweyo kumangqina (ngokuvunywa ngabagwebi) kunganyusa ukufunyanwa kwenyaniso. Ukongeza, iintlanganiso zasemva kovavanyo lokuthoba iziphumo zinceda abaphandi nokugweba indlela abafikelela ngayo kwizigqibo zabo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimiyalelo engcono kunye nemithetho elandelwayo elungileyo yokukhetha abachopheli-jaji.

Isiphelo

Umsebenzi we Jury ungaphezulu kunembopheleleko esemthethweni; kukubonakaliswa komgangatho oqhelekileyo wezobudemokhrasi. Kunika abantu abaqhelekileyo amandla okuba nenxaxheba kulawulo lobulungisa, kuqinisa umgaqo wokuba amandla asuka kuluntu, kwaye kwakha ukuthembana nomthetho. Kodwa, esi siko lijongene nezisongelo zokwenene: ukungakhathali kwabantu, ukuchana kwezentlalo, imiqobo yezoqoqosho, kunye noxinzelelo lwezobugcisa oluphazamisayo. Ukuxhasa iimfuno zedemokhrasi, kufuneka someleze umsebenzi wabachopheli-mzeli-mgwebi ngemfundo, ngokuhlaziya, nangemibhiyo yamasiko. Ngamaxesha onke ummi uphendula izicelo, ukhonza kwirulamgwebi, kunye nengqibelelo, ulawulo-demokhrasi luba lunexabiso elincinane. Ikamva lokusesikweni lixhomekeke ekuvumeni kwethu ukuvuma kwethu oko.