Uthutho lukawonke-wonke lusisiseko sokuhamba kwabantu basedolophini, ukudibanisa abantu kwimisebenzi, imfundo, unyango, namathuba okuhlala nabantu. Noko ke, ubunjani, ukuthembeka, kunye nokufikelela kwenkqubo yokuthutha kunxulumene ngqo nobuncwane bemali obunikezelwe kubo. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali eyaneleyo, kwaneyona ingcono elungiselelweyo, ikhokelela ekulungiseni iinkonzo, ekulibeni ixesha elide, nasekunciphiseni ukufikelela. Ukuzama ukuba ngcono nokufikelela, ukuqonda indima yenkxaso yezothutho lukawonke-wonke kwi-dolokhwe kubalulekile. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela iziphumo zokuxhasa inkqubo yohambo, ikhokelela kwinkonzo ephantsi kwexesha elide, kunye nobuchule bokukhusela izinto ezinceda bonke abantu abahlala kulo.

Imali Esetyenziswayo Ukuhambisa Uluntu

Imali exhaswa nguwonke-wonke eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi ivela kumsebenzi wesiqendu sorhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nemithombo yasekuhlaleni. Umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente unendima neengxaki ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ulungelelwano phakathi kwawo lungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amandla esixeko okugcina nokwandisa uthungelwano lwaso lokuthutha. NgokweAmerican Public Transportation Association (APTA), ngo-20222, iindleko zokusebenza ukwenzela uthutho lukawonke wonke e-U.S. zingaphezulu ko-R380 amawaka ezigidi, kunye nozalisongezo-mali lwenkomfa yongeza amashumi ezigidi. Kodwa iinkqubo ezininzi zizama ukuhlangabezana nezicelo ezikhulayo ngenxa yokumanyuswa okanye ukurhoxa kwemali.

INgxowa-mali: Isiseko Nemida Yaso

Urhulumente wephondo unika inkxaso-mali ebalulekileyo ngokwezimali ngeenkqubo ezifana neFederal Transit Administration’s (FTA) I-Capitaliment Investices [CIG]] kunye nenkqubo enika inkxaso phantsi kweBipartisan Infrastrustrial Law (I-BIL). Le mali ibalulekile ekwakheni iintambo ezintsha ze-rapy, ukuthenga ii-injini, ukuthenga ii-injini, ukunyusa izikhululo, nokusebenzisa inkqubela ephucukileyo. Umzekelo, iFTA's' [FLTY:] i-Leans okanye i-Eparigistration inkqubo enceda abasebenzi abasebenzi abahamba ngezixhobo zombane, ukudambisa iindleko nokusebenza koburhulumente. Kodwa, ulawulo lwemali luye lungasetyenziswa ngosuku lombane.

Ngaphezu koko, inkxaso-mali yezwe iphantsi kwemijikelo yezopolitiko kunye namadabi eenkqubo. Ii-atmosfera kufuneka zikhuphisane ngenkxaso-mali elinganiselweyo, kwaye iminyaka yokungaqiniseki ingenza ucwangciso olude lwexesha. Umzekelo, iFix America’s Surface Tourgation (FAST) Act[FLT)] ka-201] ka-2010 [ii-Romatika] ka-2015 inika inkxaso-mali eqinileyo, kodwa ukuphelelwa kwayo kukhokelela kulwando olufutshane lwexesha elide de i-BILLD idlule ngowama-201. Ukungazinzi okunjalo kwenza kube nzima kubameli abasebenzi bezithuthi abaqeshishishi bezithuthi, uqeqesho oluthatha ixesha elide, okanye abasebenzi bemisebenzi emininzi.

IRhulumente neNgxowa-mali Yoluntu: Iihashe Zomsebenzi Ezixelwe kwangaphambili

Urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangoonobangela abaphambili bengeniso kwisixokelelwano sothutho. Kumaphondo amaninzi, iirhafu zentengiso, iirhafu zepetroli, kunye neerhafu zobhaliso lwemoto zinikezelwe kwizithuthi. Umzekelo, iLittle’s Angeles County’s Immeetance M[[[FFLT:1]] (206] ukunyusa irhafu ngesiqingatha sesenti ukuxhasa irhafu yerhafu enkulu yendlela kunye nerhafu. Le mijelo yasekuhlaleni ivumela ukunikezelwa kwemali eninzi yemali elungiselelwe ikomkhulu nelungele ikomkhulu.

Noko ke, asizizo zonke izixeko ezinokuthanda kwezobupolitika okanye igunya elisemthethweni lokunyusa iirhafu ukwenzela uthutho. Kumazwe anemida engqongqo yengeniso okanye apho abavoti besoloko belwala unyuko lwerhafu, amaqumrhu abothumileyo ajongene nokunganyanzelekanga. Umzekelo, i-CPRIcago Transit Guicergure (CTA) ilwe nzima kangangamashumi eminyaka nemali efunekayo yezoburhulumente, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubekeni phambili ekugcinweni, ekulungiseni okucothayo, kunye nesiseko sokwaluphala. Isiphumo siyindlela yokuba, ngexa isesebenzayo, ingabikho into elindele abakhweli ngoko kuthembekileyo nangokwentuthuko.

Imithombo etsha nenokusetyenziswa

Ukongeza ingeniso yesithethe, abameli abaninzi abathuthi bahlola iindlela ezintsha. i-Public-engasese (] ivumela ikomkhulu lenkcubeko ukuba lixhase iprojekthi ekutshintshisaneni ngemvume ende yokusebenza. Imizekelo iquka [[[FLT:]] iSitishi se-Denver [[[FLT]] [[FLT]]] i-Requencestion [[3]] kunye [[FLT]] i-[4]] I-Letropetrol [] (ixhaswe ngokugqithisileyo kwiP3). Enye indlela ingeyokukukusetyenziswa kwepropati yoncedo, xa kuthengwa i-FFoct:7], apho amaxabiso amaxabiso aphezulu ekhoyo kuthengwayo. [2][3]

Ekugqibeleni, ezinye izixeko zizama ukuzama iindleko zomsebenzi ezisekelwe kwi- ezinyusiweyo njengotshintsho lwerhafu ehlayo. Njengoko izithuthi zombane zisiba ziqhelekile, iirhafu zerhafu zerhasi ziya kuncipha, ukwenza iinkcitho ezinjalo zibe yinye enokwenzeka. Oregon [[FLT]] program iyinkqubo yomqhubi efuna abaqhubi ngeemayile ezihamba kunelitha zepetroli.

Indlela Ukusetyenziswa Kwemali Okukulo Ufunyano Lwasedolophini

Ukufumaneka kwedolophu yingcamango ebanzi equka kungekuphela nje ukufikelela ngokoqobo kubantu abakhubazekileyo kodwa kwanokwandiswa kwemeko yomhlaba, ubuninzi benkonzo, ukukwazi ukufikelela, kunye nokunxibelelana. Ngamnye kula manani uphenjelelwa ngqo kumgangatho kunye nozinzo lwemali yokuhambisa.

Ufikelelo

Kubantu abanokungakwazi ukuhamba, ukufumaneka okuphathekayo akunaxabiso. Ngaphantsi kwe AmaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA), zonke izithuthi nezibonelelo ezintsha zokuthutha kufuneka zifikeleleke, kodwa ezifanelekileyo zixabisa kakhulu. Iibhasi ezisezantsi-flogo, ii-appps, iishesha kwizikhululo, ii-ishefu ezithelekisa i-asethi, kunye nesandi esivakalayo zonke zifuna utyalo oluqhubekayo. [[FFLT:][FT]][FLT], ngokomzekelo, zichithwe iibhiliyo ezinyuswe kunyuso, kodwa iziti ezininzi ezingekhoyo ngenxa yokuba imali eninzi zilungiselwe kuko konke. Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo zikwaneendleko. Ezininzi zifunyaniswe kwimibhoshonga eninzi [FFT][5][5]

Ukuhlahlela nokuphinda-phindeka kwe-Generic

Iinkqubo zothutho ezilungiselelwe kakuhle zingasebenzisa iindlela ezininzi, rhoqo, kwaye kangangeeyure ezide. Oku kuphucula unikezelo kumathuba okufumana imali ephantsi kunye nabemi abangaphandle abasenokuba abanazo iinqwelo-mafutha. Umzekelo, i- uMasipala Francisco Special Traffation Agency (SFMTA) isebenzisa imali yayo yasekuhlaleni (irhafu yentengiso) ukugcina enye yemisinga ephezulu yebhasi elizweni, iqinisekisa ukuba kwanemibhoshobhi encinane ibhasini ibone rhoqo ngemizuzu eli-10-15 yencophotho. Umahluko, iinkqubo ezisoloko ziphantsi kwe-Sutlt .

Ukugquma kukwanwela kuqhagamshelwano lokuqala nolwezinzisi. Ukuxhasa inkxaso kuthungelwano oluncinci olutranstis, ukudityaniswa kwebhayisekile, kunye nokuphuculwa kwesiseko sabahamba ngenqwelo-moya jikelele kwizikhululo. Los Angeles Metro yeSicwangciso sokuqala/Sokugqibela seMile Eqeqeshiweyo kuxhasa ikomkhulu lemali ekulungiseni indlela ehamba ecaleni, ekupaka ibhayisekile, kwaye kwabelane nemimandla ehambayo, konke okukwandisa ukufikelela okusebenzayo kwinkqubo yothutho.

ISebe

Imali egqithisiweyo ngumqobo obalulekileyo kwizindlu ezifumana imali ephantsi. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali, abameli bazakufuna ukunyusa iindleko zokuhlawulela iindleko zokusebenza, ezithi zigxothe abakhweli zize zibangele intlungu yabo banokuhlawula ezinye iindlela. Imali eyaneleyo yokusebenza ivumela amasebe ukugcina iindleko ezisezantsi okanye kwanezokusungula iinkqubo zokuthutha. iKansas iZixeko leMoole Transit inkqubo, exhaswa ngentengiso yasekuhlaleni kunye nokukhulula kwe-CHOVID, ikhulula iindleko-mali kuzo zonke iibhasi kunye neemoto, eyandayo ngonyaka wokuqala. Ngokunjalo, izixeko ezininzi zaseYurophu (ug.g. Lorxes) ziye zasebenzisa isizwano sase-Estonia okanye iimali ukwenzela ii-operalsingssss trans trans trans transportstingstings transportstingstingstings, ngemali ekufuneka kwazo ezithe trac, ngexesha eliyiding, ngexesha elililo, nge

Kwelinye icala, xa inkxaso-mali iqinile, izinto zokuqala ezisikwayo zisoloko zikho emva kwendlela zobusuku, iimpelaveki, kunye nemigca yenqanawa esezantsi enceda ezona zisemngciphekweni wabemi abasengozini. Oku kwenza umjikelo onzima: umsebenzi omncinci owehlisa ingeniso yemali, ekhokelela kwimijikelo eninzi. Ukuqhawula umjikelo kufuna isigxina, inkxaso enikezelweyo ekhusela imisebenzi kwiminqweno yezobupolitika.

Imiphumo Yokunganconywa: Indlela Yokufunda Ngombandela

Iziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi zokungafumani nkxaso-mali zingabonwa kwizixeko ezininzi zase-U. Isebe lezothutho (DDT) lineminyaka emininzi ligula kukunqongophala kwesizwe nenkxaso yasekuhlaleni. Ngo-2019, inkqubo kaDetroit kaDetroit yaba nesinye sezona ziphezulu zezoqheko-mphuko kwilizwe, inezithuthi ezininzi ezingaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20 ubudala. Abahambi banikela ingxelo yokuba ama-60-90 imizuzu yoduladula- abangenakufika konke konke. Isiphumo yaba sisixokelelwano esingazange sikwazi ukunxibelelana nabahlali balapho.

Omnye umzekelo yi udweliso lwenkqubo yekomkhulu iWhahington Metropolitan Arentier Transit Plaza [WMAT:1], esebenzayo iMetro e D.C., Maryland, neVirginia. Kwiminyaka, iWMATA's sekomkhulu beliphantsi, ikhokelela kwindawo yokuzigcina eyaphela kwi-2015 Enfant Plaza isenzeko somsi (eye yabulala omnye umkhweli) kunye nodweliso lwemali ekhululwe ziinyanga zenkonzo. Emva kokuba imimandla yommandla ivulekele unikezele ukunikezelwa kwemali engakumbi, quka umpaki wemali ka-2018, kunye nemali yemali yemali esebenzela kunye ne-RGBPM. Namhlanje, WMATES ijongene yemali yemali e-R350 000 ngonyaka, eboniswa ngokupheleleyo.

Imizekelo yezizwe ngezizwe ibonakalisa iziphumo. Lodon Phantsi komhlaba yabandezeleka kumashumi eminyaka ephantsi kwenkonzo phambi komsebenzi wobuProtestanti ka- 2000 onyuselweyo, kodwa elo lungiselelo lalibiza imali eninzi kwaye ekugqibeleni labuyiselwa endlwini. Isifundo: Imali kawonke-wonke engaguqukiyo, eyaneleyo isoloko izinzile kwaye ibekel'ityala kunemali yabucala.

Ubuchule bokudlulisela inkxaso-mali exhasweyo

Ukunikwa ucelomngeni lokuncitshiswa, izixeko nemimandla kufuneka zisebenzise izibuko lemali eliziimvelaphi ezihlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza nokufumaneka kwexesha elide.

Ukunikezela ngengeniso yerhafu

Eyona ndlela ithembekileyo yokuxhasa uthutho kunikezelo lwerhafu ekhethekileyo (umz., irhafu yentengiselwano, irhafu yempahla, irhafu yokuqesha irhafu) kwaye ifuna ivoti kawonke-wonke ukuba itshintshe. Ngaphezu kwama-30 e-U.S. agunyazise amanyathelo anjalo, kwaye aye aphumelela kakhulu. i-Ouston Metro’s [[[FLT: 1]] irhafuze irhafuzelo yerhafu enikezelweyo ebhankini ekhutshwe ngoqingqo lwemali.

Ukubopha

Ukunika abaqhubi umrhumo wokusebenzisa iindlela ezizeleyo kungenisa ingeniso kunye nokukhuthaza utshintsho lwendlela. London [uxanduva lobuninzi bobuninzi bemoto] lunyuse ngaphezu kwe $2.5 bhiliyoni lezigidi zemali ukususela ngowama- 2003, inxalenye yayo engenisa udula kunye neTube inkqubela. inkqubo ye- idityaniswe kakhulu noxinzelelwano oluthe ngqo lwenkonzo ezandisiweyo. IsiXeko i-New York simiselwe ukusungula inkqubo yokuqala enjalo ku-U.S.2024, kunye nengeniso yeprojekthi ye-R1,000 ngonyaka ye-MTA.

Imali yokubanjwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali esekelwe kumhlaba

Ungeniso lwengeniso lwandisa amaxabiso empahla ekufutshane, kwaye ukuthimba ezinye zezi zinyuko ngohlolo olukhethekileyo okanye intlawulo yerhafu (ITP) ingaxhasa uthutho ngokwalo. [[FLT: 0] I-Hudson Yards inkqubela-phambili ye-New York isebenzise ixabiso ukubolekisa ukunceda ukuhlawula ulwandiso lomgca wesiporo somgangatho ophantsi komhlaba esisixhenxe. Ngokufanayo, Portland’s Streetcar[ ixhaswe ngokwenxalenye yingiselwa yingingqi yolungiso yengingqi apho abanikazi bempahla bahlawula umrhumo wonxulumano lwabo kufutshane.

Unxulumano olusemngciphekweni

Ngeli xesha i-P3s ingazisa impumelelo yecandelo elithile kunye nekomkhulu elijonge phezulu. [[FLT: 0] Ifenver FasTracks [ inkqubo isebenzisa inkqubo yokwakha-indawo yolwakhiwo-intsebenziswano-indawo-indawo esezantsi (DBFFF) izivumelwano zemigca emininzi yenjali, ukunikezelwa ngokutsha. Noko ke, ukujonga kakuhle kuyafuneka ukunqanda ixabiso lokungqubana nokukhusela umdla kawonke-wonke. [[FLTLT:2] uLong-Alback-West ster Haptain uhlolo lwendlela esezantsi ye-P3] luvavanywa imodeli ye-P3 yecandelo. Ukuphumelela kuqinisekisa ukuba umbutho wokulawula ulawulo lwendlela nemigangatho kawonke.

Ulungelelwaniso lomanyano kunye nolungelelwaniso

Amasebe okunikezela kufuneka aqhubekeke ngokukhutheleyo aqhubekeke nezibonelelo zikarhulumente, kodwa kufuneka alungelelanise imali yasekuhlaleni ukuze athelekise iimfuno zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, i-BIL idibanise i-Plot yengingqi ye-Pilot yenkqubo yemali ebandakanya ukususwa kokungabikho kokuphatha okugqithisiweyo kunye noqhutyo lwebhasi olukhawulezileyo (iBRT) okanye isiporo esilula. Izixeko ezithengene nemali elinganayo zikhuphisana kakhulu nezibonelelo ezinjalo. I-ARPPURCTTTTTRAN ziyakwazi ukuncedisana nge [ ii-DSDSDSD.

Ikamva Lemali Enikezelwayo Neyamkelekileyo

Njengokuba izixeko ziguquka, kufuneka zibe nemifanekiso yazo yemali.

Ii-Vhicles ezizimeleyo kunye neNtshukumo-a-a-Service (MaaS)

Iziphekepheke ezizimeleyo kunye neziphendu ezincinane ezisetyenziswayo zinganciphisa amaxabiso okusebenza kodwa zifuna utyalo-mali lwangaphambili. Ukuxhasa kungatshintsha ukusuka kwikomkhulu lomlonji osekelwe kubugcisa ukuya kwiinkonzo ezibhetyebhetye. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwenkxaso kawonke-wonke, ezi nkonzo zinokuba zizinto ezishicilelwe phantsi ezingafakwanga bakhweli abaphantsi abafumanayo. Iinkonzo kufuneka ziqwalasele iimodeli ezintsha zokufaka ipetroli kunye nezokunikela ngesisa unxibelelwano lokuqala olukhululekileyo kwimisonto yenja.

Ukungaguquguquki Kwemozulu Nosukelo Lokusingqongileyo

Izixeko ezininzi kunye namatyala amisele amaxhoba okuthoba igesi eshushu eyingozi efuna ulwandiso olukhulu lothutho. Umzekelo, i-SB 375 ifuna iindlela ezizinzileyo zoluntu ezidibanisa usetyenziso lomhlaba kunye nothutho. Ukuxhasa irhafu kuzakufuna ukwandisa ukunyusa iinqanawa zerhasi, ukwandisa isiporo, nokwakha izibonelelo ezithe kratya. Umthetho wezwe okanye i-Egistractss Factor Program[FL:3] ngukuqala, kodwa amatyala kwaye kufuneka kuveliswe iindawo ezininzi. Iinketho lwe-Cergian luquka ukuthengisa i-carbon evential (njenge se-part-trade) ezisetyenziswa ekuthunyelweni.

Inqanawa yokukhwela ipasile kunye nengeniso

Isifo se-COVOVID-19 esicuthe kakhulu, sibhenca ukungabi namali kwezixokelelwano ezixhomekeke kakhulu kwingeniso ye-trakebox. Amasebe amaninzi aqalile ukuya “kwisinikezeli senkonzo ye-"modeli apho uthutho lubonwa njengolungileyo kawonke-wonke kuneshishini. Oku kuthetha ukutshintsha ukusuka kwibhokisi yeposi ukuya kwimali-yandiso yerhafu. Utshintsho Lo transtis Motical Force eLos Angeles[ luncome ukususa iindleko zebhasi nokuthembela kakhulu kwirhafu yerhafu nerhafu yehotela. Ingxoxo efanayo yenzekile kwi-Attlettle, Portland, kunye ne-Dverver.

Ekugqibeleni, ukunyuka komsebenzi okude nowentlabathi kutshintshile iipateni ezihambayo. Iindlela zemali ezisekelwe kwincopho yeeyure zingafuna ukuhlaziywa. Izikhululo ziyakufuna ukuqhelaniswa nenkonzo yepeyiki, ubuncwane obudityanisiweyo kwiipaseji zedolophu, kunye nomanyano nabaqeshi kwizithuthi ezincinci.

Isiphelo

Imali yezithuthi zikawonke-wonke ayiyonto nje ekhoyo kuqingqo-mali lwesixeko, kwaye inqanda ukuba ubani angene kwimisebenzi yobomi basedolophini. Ukulingana, ukuzinzisa, nokuxhasa ngemali elinganayo kuvumela amadolobha akhe aze agcine iinkqubo ezifikelelekayo, ezibanzi, ezithe rhoqo nezingabiziyo. Ngaphandle kwayo, ezona zinokuba zinengxaki, kwaye izixeko azikwazi ukufikelela kwimisebenzi yazo yokuzixhasa. Ngokufaka ingeniso eninzi (iirhafu), ixabiso lokufumana, ukumilisela, ukuququluza, kunye nokusebenzisa imizobo emitsha enciphisa ukuthembela kwimali, iindawo ezisemgangathweni zingaqinisekisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwabantu kusoloko kusesona sixhobo esinamandla sokufikelela uluntu. Isigqibo sokuthumela sisigqibo sokufumana ingeniso. Ngokufaka imali eninzi ngerhafuthelweni lwerhafuthe-mali kwisixeko.