Ulawulo Oluchazayo: Umva Wentlangano Yoluntu

Ulawulo luyinkqubo esetyenziswayo ekumiseni ulawulo, imibutho, nemibutho, ukwenza izigqibo ezinegunya, kunye nolwabelo lwezibonelelo. Ayingqinelani norhulumente; kunoko, ukulawulwa kubandakanya iseti yemithetho, imigaqo, kunye neenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zokubumba iqela. Ekusemgangathweni, iimpendulo ezingundoqo: Ngubani onegunya? Lusebenzisa njani olo gunya? Yaye zinyanzeleka njani ukuba kuqwalaselwe kwaye kuphendulwe? Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo kuyimfuneko ekuhlolisiseni indlela ibutho labantu elisebenza ngayo nokuguquka kwezithethe nemeko yezobupolitika eyahlukeneyo.

Abaphengululi basoloko behlula phakathi kolawulo olubhaliweyo oluphembelela ukuziphatha. Zombini ezi ntlobo zisebenzisana ukudala inkqubo yendalo yebutho. Umzekelo, ilizwe linokuba nomgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi ephepheni, kodwa iinkqubo zolawulo ezingacwangciswanga zingalulaza ukusebenza kwalo. Ngoko ke, ulawulo lufuna ukudibanisa izakhiwo kunye nezenzo ezicwangcisiweyo zokwakha ukuthemba nokuthembeka.

Isiseko soLawulo

Ukuze aqonde indlela ulawulo lwebutho labantu, umntu kufuneka ahlolisise iilensi ezinkulu zengcinga ezichaza imvelaphi nemisebenzi yazo. Ezi ngcamango zinika isiseko sokuhlola ukuba kutheni iimodeli ezithile zivela njani kwaye ziqhubeka okanye zitshintsha njani.

Ingcamango enxulumene neNtlalo

Abacingisisi abanjengoThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau baphikisa ngelithi ulawulo luvela kwisivumelwano sentlalo phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nabalawuli abalawulwayo. Ngokutshintshiselana ngokhuseleko nocwangco, abemi banika igunya elilawulayo inkululeko ethile. Le ngcamango isekelwe kulawulo lwedemokhrasi lwale mihla, apho igunya lifumaneka kwimvume yabalawulwa. Isivumelwano soluntu sikwabonisa ukuba abemi banelungelo lokubeka oorhulumente enkathazweni xa bevukela amalungelo asisiseko.

Inkcitho

Iinguqu zigxininisa indima yemibutho, imithetho, kunye neenkqubo zokubumba indlela yokuziphatha. Iziqu ze-institutions `ezinjengepalamente, iinkundla, kunye neenkqubo zokhetho---dreactetings systems zentsebenziswano. Ngokutsho kwale mbono, ulawulo olulungileyo luxhomekeke kumaziko asungulwe kakuhle anika uhlolo nolungelelwano, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zorhwebo. World Bank

Ulawulo lothungelwano & amp; ubalo lwendawo

Ingcamango yolawulo lolawulo yazi ukuba ukwenza isigqibo akusaqukuqeleli kumaziko ombuso alawulayo. Inethwekhi ichaza indlela abadlali abasebenza ngayo kumgangatho omninzi, nakuluntu. Umsebenzi kaElinor Ostrom kulawulo lwepolycentric ibonisa ukuba iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo .ezi zinto zidla ngokuchazwa bhetele ngamaziko esigqibo angenayo, akwindawo ephakathi kunolawulo oluphakathi.

Indaleko Engokwembali Yeemodeli Zolawulo

Ulawulo luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo kumabhunga esizwe kunye namaqumrhu olawulo lwamafama ukuya kumazwe anamhlanje kunye noorhulumente bezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kunceda ekulawuleni ucelomngeni lwanamhlanje.

Ukusuka Kwizikumkani Ukuya Kwimimandla Ephakamileyo

Iintlanga zabantu zamandulo zazixhomekeke kulawulo olusekelwe kulwalamano, apho abadala okanye iintloko zazenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwisithethe. Njengoko abemi babesanda, kuvela iintlobo ezisembindini(iidolophu, ubukhosi, kunye nezikumkani) ezisebenzisa igunya, irhafu, kunye nomkhosi ukuze zihlale zilawulwa. Ngokomzekelo, uBukhosi baseRoma bavelisa iinkqubo zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo ezaphembelela ulawulo lwaseYurophu kangangeenkulungwane.

Ukwanda Kwesizwe Nolawulo - melo

I-Westphalia yoxolo (1648) yamisela umgaqo wolongamo lukarhulumente, ibeka isiseko senkqubo yelizwe langoku. Ukukhanyiselwa kwazisa iimfuno kurhulumente wabameli, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19. Iziganeko eziphambili eziphambili ziquka iMvukelo yeMvukelo yaseMerika neyeFransi, eziquka iingcamango ezithe zanentsingiselo zolawulo lolawulo lorhulumente oluqhelekileyo, ukwahlula amagunya, namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukususela ngoko, ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luye lwanweba emhlabeni wonke, nangona luneenjwayeko kwimiqathango yempatho nenkcaso.

Ulawulo Lwehlabathi Ngeenkulungwane Zama - 20 Nezingama - 21

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iNgxowa-mali yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kunye neBhanki yehlabathi yavela ukuba ilawule imiba enqamlezayo. Unyuko lwemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjengeEuropean Union luqhubeke lungatyhilwa lulufihlwayo lwemigca yesithethe phakathi kolawulo lwasekhaya nolomhlaba wonke. Namhlanje, ulawulo lwehlabathi lonke lubandakanya yonke into ukusuka kwimithetho yorhwebo ukuya kwizivumelwano zamalungelo abantu, izivumelwano zemozulu, kunye nezithethe zekhompyutha. Ezi nkqubo zijongene nocelomngeni lokulungelelanisa ulawulo lwesizwe kunye nezenzo ezifuna intsebenziswano.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo zolawulo: Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo

Ngelixesha ulawulo lungahlulwa ngokwahlulwa ukusuka kwidemokhrasi ukuya kulawulo oluphezulu, iinkqubo zehlabathi zokwenene zisoloko zidibanisa iziqalelo. Uthelekiso olulandelayo lubalaselisa iimpawu ezingundoqo kunye neziphumo zombutho wentlalo.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi

Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ziphawulwa ngonyulo lokhuphiswano, ukukhusela inkululeko yabemi, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nokuphendula. Zingathatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo: ipalamente (umz., iUnited Kingdom), i-presial (umz., iUnited States), okanye i-presidemocletien (umz., iFransi). iDemocratic ikhuthaza ubuninzi, ubuGcisa, ukuvela nokusabela kubemi abafunekayo. Noko ke, ikwajongene nemingeni efana neyokubandakanyeka kwezobupolitika, ukufusha kwezobupolitika, kunye nempembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika.

Ulawulo - melo Olunenxaxheba Nolungalawulekiyo

Ngaphandle kwedemokhrasi ekhethwe, imizekelo emitsha igxininisa ukubandakanyeka okunzulu koqingqo-mali lwabemi. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba, iindibano, kunye neeplatfomu zokubonisana ngekhompyutha zijolise ekunikeni abantu abaqhelekileyo intetho engqalileyo kwizigqibo zenkqubo. Ezi zindululo zifuna ukuchaza ukuphelelwa kokuthembana kwamaziko abameli nokuphucula umgangatho wokulawula ngokubandakanya iimbono ezahlukeneyo.

Ulawulo olugunyazisayo

Ulawulo lobugunya lugxininisa kulawulo lweqela elinye, lucinezele inkcaso, lunciphise nenkululeko yezopolitiko. Ziyahluka ukusuka kwizithethe ze-monarchy (umz., Saudi Arabia) ukuya kumkhosi (umz., Myanmar) ukuya kumazwe ahlukeneyo (umz., China). Ngoxa ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lungaphumelela ngamanye amaxesha ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezoqoqosho okanye ukuzinzisa, lukwenza oko ngexabiso lamalungelo abantu, ukusungulwa, ukusekwa, nokuzinza ixesha elide. Ukungabi nazintloniselo lwezintlawulo lwezibonelelo kwenza iinkqubo ezinjalo zithambeke ekumo ebubini nasekuzingeni.

Iigesi Ezihlambulukileyo Neziguqulwayo

Amazwe amaninzi awela kummandla owehlayo phakathi kwedemokhrasi kunye nedemokhrasi. Ulawulo lwe Hybrid luba nonyulo kodwa luwalawula, luwathintele, luwathintele, luze lujongele phantsi iinkundla ezizimeleyo. Imizekelo iquka iRashiya, iVenezuela, neHungary (njengoko ichazwa ngabahlalutyi abathile). Ezi nkqubo zivelisa ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo lolawulo-lulonke: zihlala zikho ngokwedemokhrasi ngoxa zityhalela phantsi idemokhrasi, ngokufuthi ezikhokelela ekungazinzini nokugxeka kukawonke wonke.

Ulawulo lwelizwe nezobuGcisa

Kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi, ingakumbi eAfrika, kwiPasifiki, nakumazwe aseMerika, izakhiwo zolawulo lwesithethe ziyaqhubeka kunye namabhunga karhulumente. Amabhunga, abadala, neenkundla zesizwe eziqhelekileyo zisingatha iimbambano zomhlaba, imicimbi yentsapho, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yoluntu. Ukukhuthaza ezi nkqubo ngemigaqo esemthethweni kulwenziwa lucelomngeni olungundoqo, olufuna ukuhlonelwa kwelifa lenkcubeko ngoxa kuqinisekiswa amalungelo abantu.

Iintsika Zolawulo Olunempumelelo

Ngaphaya kweendidi zolawulo, imigaqo ethile iqwalaselwa ngokubanzi njengeyimfuneko kumthetho kunye nomsebenzi. UNDP kunye neminye imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe igxininisa ezi ntsika zilandelayo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ithuba elivulekileyo : Ukufumaneka kolwazi malunga nezigqibo, uqingqo-mali, kunye nomsebenzi kwenza uphando lukawonke-wonke lukwazi ukuqwalaselwa kwaye lunciphisa ukunganyaniseki.
  • ukufumaneka kwemali [: Iinkokeli namaziko kufuneka ziphendule ngezenzo zazo ngonyulo, ngophicotho-zincwadi, ngohlalutyo logwebo, nangolawulo lwentlalo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imithetho yoMthetho: Imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke, inyanzeliswa ngumgwebi ozimeleyo. Isiseko esithe qhinga sachazwa sikhuthaza utyalo-mali kunye nokuthembana.
  • Icandelo: Onke amacandelo ebutho, kuquka amaqela acuthiweyo, anamathuba okuphembelela izigqibo ezichaphazelayo.
  • Isiphumo & lamp; Impumelelo: Ulawulo kufuneka lunikele iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, lulawule izibonelelo ngokuzinzileyo, kwaye luphumeze iinjongo ezichaziweyo ngaphandle kokulahlwa kwenkunkuma.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uqhelaniso lweConsens]: Izigqibo zimele zibonise uvumelwano oluphangaleleyo xa kunokwenzeka, zilungelelanisa izilangazelelo zokukhuphisana ngencoko.

Le migaqo itheth' ukunqwenela; ayikho inkqubo eyifikelela ngokugqibeleleyo. Kodwa inika uphawu lokuhlola umgangatho wokulawula nokukhokela utshintsho.

Ucelomngeni Lokulawula

Abantu banamhlanje bajamelana neengxaki ezininzi eziye zavavanywa ukuba zilawulwa njani.

Urhwaphilizo Noxhathiso Lwaseburhulumenteni

Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla sikarhulumente ngenxa yenzuzo yabucala, . Kuphazamisa yonke into engundoqo yokulawula. Kuphazamisa ubuncwane, kuphelisa ukuthembana, kwaye kugqwetha inkqubo. Urhulumente uthatha amaqumrhu karhulumente anamandla ajongene neemfuno zobuqu ukuze angenelwe, ucelomngeni olungakumbi kumazwe atyebileyo. Imigudu yokuthintela ukonakala ayifuni kunyanzeliswa kuphela kodwa inkcitho yenkcubeko kwaye iqinisa iinja ezizimeleyo.

IPopulism kunye nokusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imibutho yepopulist iye yacel ’ umngeni izithethe zedemokhrasi ezikhululekileyo ngokuhlasela amaziko, amajelo eendaba, kunye namalungelo amancinane. Iinkokeli ezithi zimela “abantu bokwenyaniso” zisoloko zinikel ’ ingqalelo kumandla, zidodobalise uxilongo nolungelelwano, zize zibangele umahluko phakathi kwebutho labantu. Idemokhrasi yinkqubo enokwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe nakumgangatho wedemokhrasi. Ukuvuselelwa kufuna ukwakhiwa kwakhona kokuthembana, ukomeleza amaziko azimeleyo, nokukhuthaza imfundo yezentlalo.

Umahluko wobugcisa nolawulo lwamanani

Ubugcisa bamanani bunika izixhobo ezintsha zokulawula/e-ofisi, amaqonga avulekileyo ogcino-lwazi, i-Al-driven inkxaso-/kodwa ikwabeka ubungozi. Ukuhlasela kwe-Cyberrebrain, i-algoric, umbambo kunye nokuhlola kusongela ubumfiliba kunye ne-equator. Ukulawula ingqukuva ngokwayo kungucelomngeni olukhulu: indlela yokulawula amaqonga, ukukhusela i-data, nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela okunganqamleziyo. [[FLT: 0] CD[FLT][FLT][FLT]] izibhexeko zobuchule bobugoqo lombane bokukhamayela nokuzingela ukubonakala kokukhanya nobuchule babemi.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nolawulo Lokusingqongileyo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu yingxaki yezenzo ezimanyeneyo ehlabathini lonke. Ifuna ulawulo kumanqanaba amaninzi eesivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe, utshintsho lwasekuhlaleni,(neenxalenye ezikhoyo). Iingxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwekharbon, utshintsho olunokuhlaziywa, kunye nokukhuselwa kwezityalo ngezobundlobongela kuxhomekeke ekuxhaseni kwezobupolitika nasekungalungelelani. Ulawulo lwemekobume lufuna ucwangciso lwexesha elide, ukuthembeka kwenzululwazi, kunye nokudityaniswa kwabantu abafake ezibondeni.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nolawulo Ngaphandle Korhulumente

Ukuqukuqela kwekomkhulu, impahla, abantu, kunye nolwazi kucel ’ umngeni amandla esizwe ukulawula ngokunempumelelo. Irhafu ikhutshwa ngamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo, amanqam okufuduka, kunye nezifo ezimandundu zibonisa imfuneko yeenkqubo ezinamandla zokulawula ihlabathi. Kodwa, amaziko amazwe ngamazwe asoloko engenawo amandla okunyanzelisa nokungagunyazi. Amaqumrhu otshintsho anjengeBhunga loKhuselo lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo okanye iWorld Trade Organization ayaqhubeka ezimisele ukulwa kodwa eyimfuneko.

Uphando lwemeko ekuhlaziyweni kolawulo

Ukujonga imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene kubonisa indlela abantu abahlukeneyo abakwazi ngayo ukumelana nocelomngeni lokulawula ngemiba yokuyila.

Estonia: Ulawulo lwamanani

Ukususela ngo-1990, i-Estonia iye yakha enye yezona nkqubo zolawulo lwezicwangciso-mali ezihambele phambili ehlabathini. Abami bakhusele i-generic ye-odocs yokuvota, irhafu, iirekhodi zempilo, nezinye ezininzi. Iqonga le-X-Road linceda ukutshintshisana ngolwazi kumaziko karhulumente ngeli xesha egcina imfihlo. Impumelelo ye-Estonia ibonisa ukuba ukuthemba ulawulo lwamanani kufuna ukhuseleko olunamandla lwe-intelligal, ukubonakala, ukubonakala komngcipheko-mfa, ukuyila komsebenzisi. Amazwe anjenge-Singapore ne-Indiya ajonge iinguqulelo ezifanayo.

IRwanda: Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kweZiko

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga kwango1994, iRwanda yaqalisa ulawulo olunemabango olujolise ekuhlaziyweni, ekuhlaziyweni kwesidima, nasekuhlawulweni kwendoda nebhinqa kwipalamente. Urhulumente wazisa ubulungisa obusekelwe kwintlalo (iinkundla zeGaca) kunye nezivumelwano zokusebenza kwabasebenzi belizwe. Ngoxa abagxeki besalatha kwimida yenkululeko yezobupolitika, iRwanda iphumele ulwando olubalulekileyo lwezoqoqosho nenkqubela-phambili kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke. Amava ayo abonisa ukuthelekisa ukuthengwa phakathi kozinzo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimithetho-demokhrasi kwizicwangciso zasemva kwemvume.

IBrazil Ithatha Inxaxheba Kuqingqo - mali

Ukuqala ePorto Alegre ngowe-1989, uqingqo-mali lokuncedisana luvumela abemi ukuba bagqibe ngqo indlela yokwabelana ngemali kamasipala. Inkqubo enikwe amandla amahlwempu, ukuncitshiswa korhwaphilizo, kunye nezibonelelo eziphuculiweyo. Imodeli isasazeke emhlabeni wonke, iphembelela ulawulo kwizixeko ukusuka eNew York ukuya eNairobi. Noko ke, impumelelo ixhomekeke kwisigqibo esiqhubekayo sezobupolitika, umgangatho woluntu, kunye noyilo lweziko lweziko. Ukuthelekisa uqingqo-mali kuhlala kungumzekelo onamandla wendlela yokuvala umsantsa phakathi kolawulo-demokhrasi kunye nomanyano olungqalileyo lwabemi.

Ikamva Lolawulo: Imikhwa Nezinto Ezingenakuthenjwa

Xa ukhangela phambili, iingcinga eziliqela ziyayitshintsha indlela ibutho labantu elizilungelelanisa ngayo.

  • [[NTL:0] Ubuntlola obuzenzekelayo kunye nokwenza isigqibo esizenzekelayo: I-Al ingenza iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezifanelekileyo, ixelise iimfuno, ibone nokuqhatha, kodwa ikwanyusa inkxalabo malunga nobuqhetseba, ukuphendula, kunye nokushenxiswa komsebenzi. Ulawulo lwe-AI-_i-application, kunye nemigangatho yokubonisa ngaphaya.
  • [[NTL:0] Isigodo se-statchain ye Transparency: ubugcisa bomkhokeli osasazwayo bunika amathuba okuvota okukhuselekileyo, ukunikezela ngemixokelelwano ekhanyayo, kunye nokungalungisi. Iprojekthi zesikhokelo kumhlaba ekubhalisweni kwakhona nokusasazwa koncedo zibonisa isithembiso, nangona ukusetyenziswa koncedo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kuhlala kusekho imingeni.
  • Iqela loLawulo olunemithetho-egosa elibekiweyo: Ukusuka kuLwesihlanu kwikamva ukuya kuMatam wexesha Elimnyama, intsebenziswano zentlalo zisebenzisa izixhobo zamanani ukulungiselela, ukugcina oorhulumente benetyala, kunye nemfuno. Le ntshukumo icela ulawulo lwesithethe olunemiqathango kunye nokunyanzela ukuququzelela, iinkqubo ezisabelayo.
  • Imiyalelo engqukuva ekhoyo: ubuchule bokudibanisa ikhabhoni, amaqhina aluhlaza, kunye nezisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo ziyavela njengezixhobo zenkqubo. Ukutshintshela kumnatha okhupha umbhobho okhupha umbane kuza kufuna umanyano olungenakuthelekiswa nanto lwamacandelo kunye nemida, okungakhokelela kumaziko amatsha olawulo.
  • Ukwenziwa kube negalelo eliphakathi kunye nobuzwe : Amazwe amaninzi ayakwazi ukutshintsha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, eqonda ukuba ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kuphucula iziphumo. I-COVID-19 ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kwimpendulo yamanqam. Noko ke, isidima masikhatshwe ngoovimba abaneleyo nolwakhiwo.

Isiphelo: Ulawulo njengenkqubo eqhubekayo

Ulawulo olusebenzayo asiyonkqubo emileyo yamaziko kodwa inkqubo esebenzayo yokunxibelelana, utshintsho, kunye nokufunda. Indlela ibutho elilungelelanisiweyo ngayo libonisa ubuzwe bembali, ukuxakeka kwegunya, imilinganiselo yenkcubeko, kunye nokhetho olumanyeneyo. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo . Ngokhetho, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo lwentlalo, uxinzelelo loluntu, kunye nolwandiso lwehlabathi. Njengoko imingeniselo yolawulo lwazweni lonke iya kuba negalelo ekwakheni iinkquboni ezingelulo olufanelekileyo nezifanelekileyo kuphela kodwa ezifanelekileyo nezinokusabela kwiimfuno zabantu.