Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soBuzwe ekuqulunqeni imithetho

I-DNA yobume be-United States, emela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko eyahlula ulawulo phakathi kwegunya lesizwe noorhulumente bephondo. Kumongo wenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, le candelo asiyongcamango engokomthetho kodwa yinto esebenzayo elawula lonke icandelo lokwenza umthetho. Ukusukela kwiqhinga lokuqala lezobupolitika elilawula ukuphunyezwa nokugcinwa kwalo, ulwahlulo lwamandla lulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho, ukuphuhliswa kwemithetho, nezindlela zokuhlola ikomiti. Kubenzi bemimiselo, amaqela enzala yomthetho, nabemi, ukuqonda oku ngamandla ayimfuneko ekuhambiseleni inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika.

Abaseki baseka inkqubo yesizwe yokusombulula iingxaki ezithile zolawulo. Inqaku leSihlomelo lidale urhulumente obuthathaka ongakwazi ukulawula ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye urhwebo lwamazwe. UmGaqo-siseko, osebenzisa amagunya agunya anikezelweyo eSihlomelo seQulweni] seQumrhu I, iSekelo sokulungisa esi Siqendulo, iSekelo sifuna ukulungisa loburhulumente obu rhulumente, icandelo elingu-8, lifuna ukulungisa lodwa, kodwa ligcina iindawo ezaziwayo ezikhoyo [[FLT:]][FFLT], ezithi zigcine onke amandla angaphathiswanga kurhulumente. Ngokuko, i-Foult Revicestert provices , i-cembreance provicences provices trans (ience) i-mali elungele ukusetyenziswa ngurhulumente, i-evicentine.

Indlela Umanyano Oluyilo Ngayo Inkqubo Yomthetho Wesizwe

IBhunga le-U.S. liyiqumrhu lesizwe, elilungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zikarhulumente nezesizwe. Indlu yabameli ibonakalisa uluntu, inika amaphondo amakhulu impembelelo, ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu yeSizwe inika umelo olulinganayo kwiphondo ngalinye, imvume engqalileyo kurhulumente. Le mikhosi yesakhiwo se-bimeral ingumthetho wokuqhuba iimpembelelo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika: umlawuli wephondo uthanda iNdlukwano yeNdlu.

Inkqubo yeKomiti nezilangazelelo zikaRhulumente

Umanyano lwezolimo luphembelela inkqubo yeekomiti ngeendlela ezichuliweyo kodwa ezinamandla. Amalungu eKhompathiswa asoloko esebenza kwiikomiti ezijongene neenkqubo zolawulo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amaphondo awo. Ilungu elivela kurhulumente wezolimo liza kufuna isihlalo kwiKomiti yeLimo, ngelixa ummeli osuka kwisithili enofakelo olukhulu lomkhosi uya kubeka phambili kwiKomiti yeeNkonzo zeNkqutyana. Oku kuyila kuqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi yorhulumente kunye neyoluntu ifakwe ngqo kwinkqubo ye-Roclagist. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yengqungquthela, apho iimvo ezikhoyo phakathi kweNdlukwano yemali zilungelelaniswe, kusoloko kukho iingxoxo zolawulo lorhulumente apho ibandakanya ukunikezela kwemithetho okanye ukurhoxinzeleka kwemithetho-mthetho.

Isenzo sobuMongameli kunye neeGcisa zoManyano

Isebe elilawulayo likwadlala indima ephambili ekulolongeni urhulumente ngomthetho. UMongameli usoloko esebenzisa iSizwe sedilesi ye-Union okanye uqingqo-mali olulawulayo ukucebisa imilinganiselo yesizwe kwiindawo ezimiselwe ngokwesithethe, njengemfundo okanye impilo karhulumente. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wephondo engenawo amandla angqalileyo amapolisa, usoloko exhomekeke kwimali [iii-FLT]] ukuxhobisa u-Celaspe ukudibanisa umsebenzi wesizwe. Oku kubandakanya iimeko zokunikezela nge-in-id, ucwangciso oluntsonkothile oludala umanyano oluntsonkothile. EUnited States inokukhetha ukwamkela imali karhulumente, kodwa ngokwenza njalo, kufuneka zivumelane neemfuno zorhulumente. Oku kumele kusebenze kakhulu, njengoko kuphikisane, njengoko iimeko ezithile ziphikisane, njengoko kuphikisane nemeko zezo.

IMithetho yeRhulumente njengeeNtloko ezizimeleyo

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe azingomahlelo olawulo karhulumente wezwe. Zizii-odomiste ezizimeleyo ezinamandla okumisela izivumelwano kwimicimbi yonke engayabelwanga ngurhulumente wesizwe nguMgaqo-siseko. Oku kuquka imisebenzi engundoqo yobomi bemihla ngemihla: imfundo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, umthetho wempahla, izivumelwano, ukunikezelwa kwezibonelelo zempilo, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Amandla ePolice [, eli ligunya elisisiseko lamazwe ukulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabemi bawo, lilo ligunya eliphantsi legunya lesizwe.

Ukwahlulwa komgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Isakhiwo sezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente siyahluka-hluka kakhulu kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngapha koko, amaphondo amaninzi anendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bankaral, efuziselwe emva kweBhunga, nendlu esezantsi (ebizwa ngokuba yiNdibano okanye iNdlu yabathunywa) kunye nendlu ephezulu (iNdlu yeNtlalo-Mpati). iNebraska ivela njengelizwe elinomthetho owenziwe nge-uncameral, engeyoyapartistiki. Ngaphaya koko, umahluko okhoyo, iintwantlukwano uyahluka ngokwendlela yazo zomsebenzi. Ezinye, ezifana neKhalifoni, iNew Hampshire, kunye neWyoming, zinegalelo ngokweenxalenye yemithetho-yo, njengempembelelo yeenthunga-oventians.

Ulawulo - melo Olungqalileyo Nokwenza Umthetho Wabemi

Amazwe amaninzi adibanisa amacandelo edemokhrasi ngqo kwinkqubo yawo yowiso-mthetho. inkqubo ye-arhenteum ne-astendium ivumela abemi ukuba bagqithe indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo, bamisele kwaye bamisele imithetho ngqo ngamanyathelo okulwa. Le sisixhobo esinamandla kakhulu solawulo lorhulumente, ukuvumela inkqubo yokwahlula imiba esemthethweni, inkqubo yerhafu, kunye notshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa le nkqubo inika abemi imingeniselo, njengokuba ibangela imingeniskoliso, njengoko amanyathelo okubala enokuthi akhokelele ekumiselweni imithetho engqubanayo ngokungafanelekanga nemithetho ekhoyo okanye emiselwe ngurhulumente, ngokufuthi ekhokelela ekunikezelweni kwemithetho ebhaliweyo.

I-Interdiction Enamandla: Ukungqubana, Ukucinywa, kunye nomanyano

Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho karhulumente norhulumente lunamandla, lukhuphiswano, kwaye lusoloko lujikeleza. Umthetho weSimendo u-Claus (Umthetho wesizwe umisela ukuba umthetho wezwe ngumthetho ophakamileyo, ithetha ukuba xa umthetho worhulumente ungqubana ngqo nomthetho karhulumente, umthetho wesizwe udla ngokuwuvala. Noko ke, uLawulo lwe-10 lweSinyuso-Gajiso lusebenza njengobukhulu obunamandla, ukudala isangqa esibalulekileyo sombuso omele urhulumente ahlonele.

Ulingo Nemida Yalo

Ukhukuliso lungathatha iifomu ezininzi. ukhupho-xinzelelo lwenzeka xa iKhomishini ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba umthetho wayo ulawula umthetho wezwe. iqatshelwe ukukhulula [ xa udweliso lwenkqubo lolawulo lwezwe lubanzi kangangokuba lushiya kungabikho gumbi lesenzo sikarhulumente, okanye xa umthetho ungenza umqobo ekufikeleleni iinjongo zikarhulumente. Umlinganiselo wonikezelo ngummandla omkhulu wecebo lomthetho. Amaqela adla ngokunikezela ngeKhomishini ukwenzela ulawulo lwesizwe olunye, ngexa abaxhasi besizwe bezama ukutshintsha. Inkundla ephakamileyo izama ukukhusela le mbambano yelizwe ngexesha eliqhelekileyo.

Umanyano Olusuka Kwizibonelelo NakwiiWaivers

Ngaphandle kokungathi kusenokwenzeka ukungquzulwano, uninzi lwentsebenziswano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wesizwe lusebenzisana. IBhunga lidla ngokumisela imithetho emisela iinjongo ezibanzi zesizwe kodwa lithumele igunya elibalulekileyo lokuzalisekisa kumazwe. Lo mzekelo, owaziwa ngokuba ulawulo lwesizwe , uxhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali nezixhobo zolawulo. Umzekelo, i-Deocratic Air Act ivumela i-Meko-othermperality Agement ukuba imisele imigangatho yomgangatho womgangatho womoya wesizwe, kodwa amazwe abeke ityala ukuphuhlisa I-SP] izicwangciso zemali (IPS) ukufikelela loo migangatho. Umzekelo, umthetho we-oothermouse Active Act uvumela ukuzama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphumeza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, njengeMidid elungele ukufezeka kwentlalo okanye intlalo yemeko yesizwe.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Umanyano Luyasebenza

Ukuhlolisisa imimandla ethile yezomthetho kusenza siyiqonde kakuhle indlela imigaqo yowiso-mthetho echaphazelekayo.

Impilo: UMthetho wokunyamekela onokufikeleleka kunye noMmandla

UMthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo we-Affordive Care Act (ACA) ngumzekelo obalulekileyo wolawulo lwesizwe esemsebenzini. Umthetho ojolise ekwandiseni i-inshorensi yempilo ngokudityaniswa kwemimiselo yorhulumente kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo Liqulean Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20] [202] yayilixesha elichazayokungavumelani norhulumente. Inkundla yaphakamisa igunya lomntu ngamnye njengokusetyenziswa kwegunya lerhafu, kodwa yawisa phantsi ulwando olungundoqo lweMedicaid, ilawula ukuba urhulumente angakwazi ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukulahlekelwa kwazo zonke iimali ngenxa yokwandiswa kokwandiswa kwemiqatha kwemali. Le sigqibo sokwandiswano sinyuswa kwelizwe lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko se-siseko somthetho-siseko se-siseko se-siseko sezwezwe.

Imeko - bume: UMthetho Womoya Ococekileyo Nomthetho Wesibhaka-bhaka SaseKhalifoniya

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ngomnye ummandla apho uburhulumente budala khona ubudlelane obuntsonkothileyo. Umthetho we-Eair Act umisela intsebenziswano apho urhulumente wesizwe emisela imigangatho esisiseko, kodwa ulawula igunya lokuyizalisekisa kwaye kwanelokumisela imilinganiselo engqongqo. Umgangatho obalulekileyo wale nkqubo ngumgangatho okhethekileyo weKhalifoniya umqhubi wenkqubo yemo yesizwe [[FLT]] [FLT]] 1] phantsi koMthetho we-Coocrac Air, ovumela urhulumente ukuba amisele imilinganiselo yawo engqongqo yokukhupha inkunkuma. Amanye amaziko angakhetha ukulandela umgangatho orhulumente okanye umgangatho ongqongqo weKhalifoni. Oku kuye kwenza iKhalifoni ukuba ihambele izithuthi zezithuthi zezithuthi zezithuthi ezahlukeneyo zelizwe ezinamandla. Le nkqubo yesizwe ivumela ukuba isebenza njengempembelelo yemeko yesizwe nentengiso yelizwe.

Okusesikweni: Abaphezulu Bayaxambulisana

Ulwahlulo phakathi kokwalela kwesizwe nokubekwa komthetho kwe-cannabis kumele enye yeengxubevange ezithe ngqo kwi-songamini yale mihla. Oku kulawula okusezantsi kwe-Substancess Act kudwelisa umsayini njenge-Shedyuli I, ukwenza ukwenziwa kwawo, ukwabelana, nokuba nawo angekho mthethweni phantsi komthetho wezwe. Noko ke, amazwe angaphezu kwama-40 aye agunyazisa i-canbis ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango, kwaye angaphezu kwama-20 ayibhalise ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yokuzihlaziya kwabantu abadala. Oku kubangela uxinzelelo olunzulu olusemthethweni. Urhulumente wesizwe uthembele kakhulu kwikhuthazo olusemthethweni, ngokuphawulekayo ngemeko esemthethweni ekhokelele [[[FLT:] [FLT1] [uth 1] [umthetho ogunyaziweyo] okanye umgaqo we-Antimogne ye-ognst] ukuqinisekisa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-ograc.[3] Le migaqo ye-Flaves.[3]

Iingxaki Ezimanyeneyo Nemvelaphi Yomanyano

Inkulungwane yama-21 inika imingeni encinane evavanya amandla enkqubo karhulumente okusebenza ngokunempumelelo. Imibandela efana nokungaququzelelwa kogcino-lwazi, ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, kunye nokusabela kobhubhani akungeni kakuhle kwiibhokisi zorhulumente.

Imfihlo Yenkcazelo Ne - Internet

I-intanethi ingumbutho oqhelekileyo, ukanti urhulumente wesizwe ebengacothanga ukukhupha umthetho wezogcino-lwazi obanzi. Ngokungabikho kwesenzo sikarhulumente, uthetha oko kufana neKhalifoniya. IKhalifoniya Consumer Answery Act (CPA) imisele imizekelo yesizwe yamalungelo ogcino-lwazi, njenge-Cleanshaw Moyer Act ye-oct yeKhalifoniais yenze ikhutshwa ngokukhupha umbane. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekukhutshweni kwemithetho ye-ofele karhulumente, edala ingcinezelo ephawulekayo kwii-Congresality yokukhupha umthetho we-mfihlo owiyo karhulumente owithe imithetho yemithetho, nto leyo ebangela impikiswano entle phakathi kwexabiso le-compute yoluntu nexabiso lesizwe.

Ukwenziwa Kwezopolitiko Nesixhobo Somanyano

Umanyano lolawulo luye lwaba sisixhobo esiyintloko sokulawula ulawulo lwezopolitiko. Xa urhulumente ohluleleneyo kumgangatho wesizwe osoloko uvala iBhunga, amaphondo aye aba ziindawo eziphambili zokuhlaziywa kwemithetho. Amagqwetha esizwe asoloko edibanisa urhulumente jikelele kwizenzo zolawulo, kwaye amazwe aya esebenzisa ngamandla awo owiso-mthetho ukudala iindawo zokukhusela okanye iindawo zokulwa ezikhuselekileyo kwimilo yemfazwe ngenxa yemiba efana nokuqhomfa, amalungelo empu, kunye nokufikelela kovota. Oku kuye kwasusa isizi sesiseko sombizane somhlaba waseMelika owenziwe ngomthetho osuka eWashington, D.C.

Isiphelo: Umanyano njengoMthetho Ongagqibeleliyo

Umanyano lolawulo asingomsebenzi nje obalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho eUnited States; lunamandla angundoqo alawulayo. Lufuna iqhinga elingemva kwesixhobo esingundoqo somthetho, ukusuka kwindlela esenziwe ngayo ukuba umgaqo-mthetho usebenze kwaye uhlaziywe ngayo. Kubafundisi-lwazi, abafundi, nabenzi bemithetho, ukuqonda ulawulo lorhulumente kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe isizathu sokuba amaMelika abonakale egqunywe, ekhuphiswa, elungelelaniswe, kwaye elungelelaniswe. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukuba amelane notshintsho oluphakathi, kodwa ikwayilelwe ukukhuthaza uvavanyo nolwamkelo lwasekuhlaleni. Njengoko ilizwe lijongene nemingeni emitsha kunye nolwahluko olunzulu lwezopolitiko, imigaqo yemithetho-rhulumente iza kuqhubeka isenza ukuba kubekho iingxaki ezithethwa ngumthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ye-grobini isoloko isebenza ngamandla phezu kwemidabini.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kweziseko zembali zale nkqubo, kubhekisa kwi Iphepha lobuFederali kwiKhonklare.gov. iContemporary yocalulo lwequmrhu lolawulo kunye nolawulo lwamazwe lungafunyanwa ngenkonzo yophando ye-[[FLT], kunye nodweliso lwemithetho yesizwe oluqhubekayo lulandelwa yiNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegistrations.