Indima Yombutho Ekuxhaseni Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Nokulingana

Ijudiary imela njengesiseko solawulo-siseko, isebenza nomsebenzi onzulu wokutolika imithetho, ukucombulula iimbambano, nokukhusela amalungelo abantu asisiseko. Kulo msebenzi zintsika ezimbini zenkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana. Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba amandla karhulumente asetyenziswa kakuhle, ukuba abantu bakhuselwe kwisenzo sobugqeba obuzimeleyo, kwaye wonke umntu ufumana ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ijudiary ̱ indima ebanzi ekusekeleni ezi njongo, ekuchazeni kwawo umgaqo-siseko wemithetho, ekuqinisekisweni kwawo ekuphatheni izigwebo ezizimeleyo kunye neengxaki zanamhlanje.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Imothelela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko esiqinisekisiweyo esisekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine weSihlaziyo seUnited States, kodwa imigaqo yayo ivakala kwiinkqubo zomthetho ehlabathini lonke. Iyalela ukuba urhulumente awahlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni afuneka kumntu, eqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle ngenkqubo yokugweba. Inkqubo elindelekileyo idla ngokwahlulwa ngamasebe amabini angundoqo: inkqubo efunekayo yokulungisa iprocedtura kunye nenkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi. Isebe ngalinye lithetha ngeenkalo ezahlukeneyo zobulungisa nenkululeko.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo yenkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo igxininisa kwiindlela neenkqubo urhulumente amele azilandele ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Akwanele ukuba umthetho ubhalwe ngokuchanekileyo; inkqubo yokusebenzisa loo mthetho kufuneka ibe nesidima. Iziqalelo eziqukiweyo ziquka:

  • Icala lesenzo somthetho ̵ Abantu ngabanye kufuneka baxelelwe ngokulinda ityala elisemthethweni elinokuchaphazela amalungelo abo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ilungelo lokuva ngokulungileyo [[FLT: 1] ̵ Umenzi wesigqibo sobundilele makanike ithuba lokunika ubungqina nempikiswano.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iqinisekisa umelo olusemthethweni ̵ Ilungelo lokucebisa, ingakumbi kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, iqinisekisa abamangalelwa ukuba banganyusa ukhuseleko.
  • Ilungelo lokubhena ̵ Iqela lingacela ucelomngeni lwemithetho ephosakeleyo phambi kwenkundla ephezulu.

Ngokomzekelo, kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo ye-procedual ifuna ukuba ummangalelwa afunde amalungelo awo, avunyelwe ukuba ajongene namangqina, anikwe ityala elikhawulezayo nelinoluntu. Ezi zinto zikhusela ukuvalelwa ngokufihlakeleyo, ukunyanzelwa kwengxelo yokuvuma izono, nesohlwayo esingekho ngqiqweni. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. uMathes v. Eldiridge [ [7] yamisa uvavanyo oluzinzileyo oluzinzileyo ukuze kufunyaniswe okokuba: inzala yabucala ichaphazekile, ingozi yokungafunwa, kunye nenzala karhulumente i-̱ izilangazelelo. Le milinganiselo ethambileyo iqinisekisa ukuba i-proccclivedmial ihlala isebenza kwaye i-movevene.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esezantsi efunekayo igqitha ngaphaya kwenkqubo yokulinganisela oko urhulumente angakwenza. Ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, nokokuba iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo azinasiphako. Ijudiary ivavanya ukuba imithetho okanye izenzo eziphetheyo ziyangqubana na kwiinkululeko ze- ̴ ngokunzulu zisekelwe kule National ’ imbali nesithethe. ̵ amalungelo angundoqo aqwalaselweyo aquka:

  • Ukusuka kwilungu lasese (umz., ukuthintela ukukhawulela, ulwalamano olusenyongweni)
  • Unelungelo lokutshata
  • Ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana uze ubakhulise
  • Ukuhlala uthe tye emzimbeni
  • Kulungile ukuhambahamba

Inkqubo efunekayo isoloko iphikisana kuba kufuneka abagwebi bachaze ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo i-#8220; siseko. ̵ Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba angakhokelela ekuphathweni yinkundla, ngelixa abaxhasi bekubona njengokukhusela okubalulekileyo ekungeneni kukarhulumente. Izigqibo ezifana [[FLT:] [FLD]]Griswold v.Connecticut[[FL:1] [65] [65], eyathi yawisa ukuvalwa kokuthintelwa kokuthintela, kunye no-obergell v. Hodges [20]], eyaziwayo ukuba ngumtshato owe-exed, wakhiwe kwinkqubo esezantsi yokuqiqalisiweyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokulingana Kwiingoma

Ukulingana phambi komthetho kuthetha ukuba akukho mntu ungaphezulu komthetho kwaye wonke umntu unelungelo lokukhuselwa kunye neengenelo ezisemthethweni. Ijaji inyanzelisa lo mgaqo ngokuyintloko ngoKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus we-14th Amendment, eyalela ukuba akukho rhulumente oya kufumana i-“ kwicala lakhe nangamnye umntu ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwemithetho. ̵ lo mgaqo ubesisiseko sokususa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho nokukhuthaza imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukukhusela u-Claus

I-Wemecial Protection Claus iyalwalela ucalucalulo lukarhulumente yaye ifuna ukuba abantu abakwindawo efanayo baphathwe ngendlela efanayo. Noko ke, asizizo zonke iinkalo ezithintelweyo; ijaji isebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlolisisa ixhomekeke kuhlobo localucalulo:

  • Imvelaphi, nemvelaphi yesizwe, kunye nophambuko #821; Isihloko sokuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo; urhulumente kufuneka angqine umdla onyanzelisayo.
  • ``I-Generic' kunye nomthetho ̵ Isiseko sokuhlolwa okuphakathi; urhulumente kufuneka abonise injongo ebalulekileyo karhulumente.
  • [[FLT: 0] Zonke ezinye izicwangciso ̵ Isiseko sohlolo oluvakalayo; umthetho ucingelwa ukuba uyasebenza ukuba unxulumene nengqondo nomdla osemthethweni.

Imimiselo yezeejaji yandisa ukhuseleko olusekelwe kucalucalulo lohlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, indlela yesondo, kunye nokukhubazeka. Umzekelo, rown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1996]) ivulela phantsi inkqubo ye-̴ elinganayo kodwa elinganayo kwi-” imfundiso, echaza ukuba ucalucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo ze-ok-odwa lungalingani ngokuzenzekelayo. United States v. Virginia [196]) yabetha phantsi imigaqo-kuphela kwe-enkqubo yoMkhosi we-Onke. Kutshanje, iinkundla ziye zandisa ukukhusela iLBT+ abantu ngabanye emsebenzini nasemakhaya, kwi-ogractaxters &520; ukuchaza ngokwezimo lweziintlawulo lwezesini.

Imithetho yomthetho echaseneyo

Ingxoxo emalunga nokulawula nokulawula nokulwa ilawula indlela iinkundla ezikuchaza ngayo ukulingana. Izenzo zezeejaji zichaza iinkundla ezikulungeleyo ukuwisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, ngokufuthi zinyusa intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko. Ukuthintela kwezejaji kukhuthaza ukuthotyelwa kwamasebe anyuliweyo nokunamathela kumbhalo wokuqala okanye kwinjongo yomGaqo-siseko. Zombini ezi zifundo zineempawu ezinamandla: i-aclicism iyakwazi ukulungisa ukungalungisi komthetho-siseko, ngoxa ukuthomalalisa kulondoloza isigqibo solawulo-demokhrasi. Umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo uhlala ungundoqo kwimithetho elawula i-justiprance.

Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo & #8217; yesigqibo Roe v. Wade [1973]) isoloko ikhankanywa njengesixhobo sokwamkela ilungelo lokuqhomfa phantsi kwenkqubo esezantsi, ngexesha I-Dobs v. Jackson Abafazi & #817; iQumrhu lezempilo [ [2022])] [20222]) iboniswa uthintelo ngokubuyisela umba ukuba uchaze. Kwimeko ezilinganayo, [[FLT:] Brown. vn. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo ikhunjulwa njengomzekelo wongenelo oluyimfuneko, kanti abagxeki boluvo oluqhelekileyo [FT] [FTB] [5] [5] [5] itheltylvelk' ithelk'ethe transmed transtiod transtivement i-cut syst syst systment.[f

Uphando lwamatyala ekuxhaseni inkqubo elindelekileyo nokulingana

Ukuhlolisisa izigqibo eziphawulekayo kutyhila indlela iinkundla eziye zayisebenzisa ngayo le migaqo. Ngeli ngezantsi zityala elibalulekileyo, ngalinye libonisa umlinganiselo owahlukileyo wokukhuselwa kwekomiti egwebayo.

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954)[#811]; iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana ukuba ucalulo lwesizwe kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula uKhuselo lwe-Claus olulinganayo, lwajikela Phowuln v. Ferguson ̱ i-#8220; i-extemplite kodwa iyalingana ne” imfundiso. Lo tyala wabonisa ukhuphiliso lweziko-mgadiary ’ amandla okususa ucaluko kunye nokunyanisa ulingani.
  • [[NTLT:0] Roe v. [[1973]] & #821]; Ukuqaphela ibhinqa i’ linelungelo lokukhetha ukuqhomfa phantsi kwenkqubo encinci, iNkundla yabambelela kwilungelo lokufumana iimvume zobuqu eziquka izigqibo ezibandakanya ukuzala abantwana. Lo mthetho, nangona kamva uphendulwe [iii-Dobs , enziwe amashumi eminyaka engxoxo ngamalungelo angundoqo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966) ̵ iNkundla yacela ukunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba wazise abakrokrele ngeSigqibo sabo sesihlanu ngokuchasene nokuzitshintsha nokuzitshintsha kwayo kunye noMphetho-Mdathiso-Mbewu ekunene ukuba ufanele ukucebisa. Isiphumo se-#8220;Miranda izilumkiso Ý yaba luphawu lwenkqubo efunekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvuma kungokokuzithandela nokuthembeka.
  • [[NTL:0] Obergefell v. Hodges ([5][#811] Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi kwayo yomibini iNkqubo elindelekileyo neSikhuseli esilinganayo. Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba ulinganiselo lubandakanya unxulumano olusondeleyo, kungakhathaliseki imbonakalo yesondo.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) ̫ Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba uHlaziyo lweSithandathu lweSigqibo lunelungelo lokunika icebiso liyasebenza ekuwiseni abamangalelwa bolwaphulo-mthetho, iqinisekisa umelo olusemthethweni kwabo bangakwaziyo ukulithenga. Esi sigqibo saqinisa inkqubo efunekayo kunye nokufikelela kokusesikweni.

La matyala abonisa indlela ijaji echaza ngayo umbhalo womGaqo-siseko nemizekelo yokukhusela abantu, abonisa ukuba izigqibo zomgwebo zinokuguquka zize zibonakale zisiba nzulu.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nezi Vumi

Nangona indima yayo ibalulekileyo, ijaji ijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo esongela amandla ayo okuphakamisa inkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana. Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ukuze uluntu luhlale luthembekile kunye nomthetho.

Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika Nokuthotywa Kweziphakamiso

Ukumiswa kwezeejaji kuye kwaya kuthabatha unyawo, yaye amadabi okuqinisekisa ayanda. Igunya linokuphelisa ukuqondwa kokungakhethi buso. Abagwebi basenokugxekwa okanye basongelwe xa bekhupha imithetho engathandwayo. Ngaphezu koko, imigudu yowiso-mthetho yokumisela igunya lenkundla okanye imisebenzi yokugweba ehlaziyiweyo ithetha ukuhlasela okungqalileyo kwenkululeko. Ijaji kufuneka ixhathise ezi ngcinezelo ngoxa ihlala inetyala kumGaqo-siseko.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Iinkundla ezininzi zisebenza ngemali enganelanga, zikhokelela ekuchotshelweni kweenkundla, ii-ofisi zabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke abangaphantsi kwe-asethi, nokusikelelwa kokufumana abatoliki okanye iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo. Ukulibazisela ekugwetyweni kobulungisa kuyingozi kwabasematyaleni, ingakumbi abo basematyaleni abalindele ukuchotshelwa kwetyala. Inkqubo efunekayo iyenzeka xa iinkundla zingakwazi ukuchophela iinkundla ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ubuncwane obulinganayo buyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iinkundla zilungile.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke-wonke Nokuthemba

Ukuthembana kwabantu kwijaji kuyimfuneko ukuze kulunge. Noko ke, uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuncipha kokuthembana, ingakumbi phakathi kwabantu abaziva bechatshazelwe yinkqubo yomthetho. Uluvo oluphezulu oluphosakeleyo, oluqondwayo lwekhethe lobuhlanga ekugwetyweni, nezigqibo eziphikiswayo zinokuphelisa ukholo kwiinkundla. Ijaji kufuneka ibandakanyeke ekubonakaleni, kwimfundo, nokuzikhetha ngokwayo ukuphinda ithembeke.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo somthetho entsonkothileyo kunye namalungelo ahlaziyayo

Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili kwaye utshintsho lwebutho labantu luphakama, kuphakama imibuzo emitsha engokwasemthethweni. Imigaqo yokukhusela isebenza kukwenziwa kwesigqibo sokwenziwa kwezamanani, ubukrelekrele, kunye nokungalingani kwemithetho-mithetho ekhoyo nenkqubo ekhoyo efuna ukulingana. Iinkundla kufuneka zivumelanise iimfundiso zesithethe nemeko abazicinganga ngabaseki. Umzekelo, yiyiphi inkqubo ekhoyo phambi kokuba urhulumente asebenzise i-software yolwazi ngobuso? Imigaqo yokuzikhusela isebenza njani ekwenzeni izigqibo ezizenzekelayo? Icandelo lejajidica kufuneka lilwe nezi mpawulizo ezi zinto lizinzileyo ngoxa lihlala linyanisemgceni kwimigaqo esisiseko.

Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuka kobugrogrisi behlabathi lonke kunye nenkxalabo yokhuseleko lwesizwe kuye kwayivavanya inkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukulungelelanisa inkululeko nokhuseleko, iinkundla ziye zahlola iinkqubo zokuvalelwa kweentloko, iinkqubo zokuhlola, kunye neekomishini yomkhosi. Ijaji idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba nangamaxesha amanqam, urhulumente uhlonela inkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana.

Inkululeko neNkxaso

Uzimele-mthetho yindawo esisiseko yenkqubo esesikweni yomthetho. Abagwebi kufuneka bakhululeke kwimpembelelo yangaphandle, enoba kubaphathi-mthetho, kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, okanye kwiimfuno zobuqu. Izixhobo ezifana nobomi (kubagwebi besizwe e-U.S.), izindululo ezizinzileyo, kunye nemigaqo ethintelayo ekuncitshisweni komvuzo woncedo olulondoloza inkululeko. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkqubo zokuphendula, kuquka uhlolo-hlolo, imigaqo yemithetho yezomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zokungaqululeki, ziqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bahlala beboliwe yaye benoxanduswa.

Amaqumrhu ehlabathi lonke, njengeKhomishini yeVenice, amisele imilinganiselo yokuzimela geqe. Ijudiary ̱ amandla okuxhasa inkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana kuxhomekeke kakhulu kule nkululeko. Xa iinkundla zithathwa njengezixhobo zeqela elilawulayo, izigqibo zazo azinalo igunya lokuziphatha nenkxaso kawonke-wonke.

Ukufikelela Kubulungisa: Kulindeleke Ukuba Kubekho Inkqubo Nomgangatho

Kwanolona khuselo lulungileyo olusemthethweni alunantsingiselo ukuba abantu abangakwazi ukufikelela kwinkqubo yenkundla. Ukufikelela kobulungisa kufuna ukuba kufikeleleke ukumelelwa komthetho, ukufumaneka okuphathekayo kwiinkundla, uncedo lolwimi, kunye neenkqubo zokwenziwa lula. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abafumana imali ephantsi kunye nabantu abambalwa abavelayo bajongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, iinkqubo ze-probono, kunye nezixhobo zokulungisa i-intanethi zinceda kwibrorho kodwa zihlala zikho.

Ijudicary ingakhuthaza ukufikelela ngokuzalisekisa utshintsho lwentsingiselo, olufana neenkqubo ezincinci eziqukunjelweyo, ukuva okukude, kunye neentlobo zolwimi olucacileyo. Ubugcisa bunika omabini amathuba kunye nomngcipheko: ukuva okuzizo: kungaphucula ukufikelela kwabemi basemaphandleni kodwa kungaphazamisa abo bangenayo i-Internet. Iinkundla kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba utshintsho lwamanani aluyingqubanisi inkqubo efunekayo okanye ukungalingani kwe-asterbate. Imibutho efana ne Iziko lohlanga lweenkundla zelizwe leBhunga [] lunika ukhokelo kwiinkqubo zenkundla ezisamkelayo ngexesha lobubulungisa.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngendima Yogwebo

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo, i-judiary Courṯ indima ekuxhaseni inkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana inkxalabo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zomthetho. Kumazwe aqhelekileyo anjengeKhanada, iUnited Kingdom, ne-Australia, iinkundla ngokufanayo zichaza amatyala amalungelo okanye amalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCanada i̱ isigqibo kwinkqubo [FLT: 0].R. Morgentaler (1988) yayichasa imiqathango yokuqhomfa phantsi kweKhombo yamalungelo abantu phantsi kweKrabhini eCanadiweyo phantsi kweNkanga namalungelo abantu. INkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungu eZiko loLuntu isebenzisa izivumelwano zokuqinisekisa ukuhlonela amalungu eenza inkqubo efunekayo kunye nengeyo-dimidimi.

Kwinkqubo yomthetho wamakhaya, njengeJamani neFransi, iinkundla zomgaqo-siseko zinamandla okuhlola umthetho wokuhambelana namalungelo asisiseko. Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yeJamani, ivelise inkqubo efunekayo encinci exhobileyo, kuquka i-̴ inelungelo lokuzilungiselela ngokwayo ulwazi. ” Le mizekelo yezizwe ngezizwe ibonisa ukuba phezu kwako nje ukusekwa kweenkqubo ezingobulungisa, umsebenzi ongundoqo wokukhusela inkqubo efanelekileyo nolinganayo ukho ehlabathini lonke.

Isiphelo

Ijudicaary’ indima ekuxhaseni inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokulingana kuseko kwaye kunamandla. Ngenkqubo efunekayo neyimfumba, iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente lisetyenziswa kakuhle kwaye iinkululeko ezisisiseko zikhuselekile. Ngolawulo lwe-Linganity Protect Claus kunye nomthetho ochaseneyo, ziphuhlisa ulingana phambi komthetho. Iimeko zophawu lwemeko ezisuka ku [FLT: 0] Brown ukuya ku [FLT:] OFLT]bergead ibonisa ulawulo lwe-judiary ̱ ubuchule bokwandiswa kobulungisa nokusasazeka komthetho.

Kodwa imingeni iyaqhubekeka. Ukungalingani kwezobupolitika, ukunqongophala kwezibonelelo, ukuthomalalisa ukuthemba uluntu, kunye nobunzima bexesha leminyaka yeminyaka yeminyaka yeminyaka kuvavanya ijudicary̱ ukumelana nemeko. Ukulondoloza ukuzimela kwezomthetho, ukuphucula ukufikelela kokusesikweni, nokulungelelanisa iimfundiso ezingokwasemthethweni kwimisebenzi emitsha. Njengomgcini woMgaqo-siseko, ijaji kufuneka ihlale iqinile kwisigqibo sayo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana, iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akuyonto efanelekileyo kodwa kunamava aphilayo kumntu ngamnye. Amandla enkqubo esemthethweni alinganiswangangomandla esizwe, kodwa ngobulungisa beenkundla zayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona oovimba abasuka kwi U.S., iCandelo leMelika Bar Icandelo lamaLungelo aMasipala kunye neJaji yeNtlalo-ntle yeNtlalo, kunye neNkundla yamaLungelo e-