UMgaqo-siseko umi njengesiseko esiphakamileyo somthetho we-United States, umisela imigaqo nemithetho esisiseko elawula uhlanga. Ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kwawo ngowe-1787, olu xwebhu luphilayo luye lwavela kwinkqubo elungiselelwe ngenyameko evumela ukuqhelanisa nokutshintsha amaxesha ngoxa ukulondoloza imilinganiselo yawo engundoqo. Ukuqonda indlela ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko okubumba imithetho yethu kubalulekile kummi ngamnye ofuna ukuqonda iziseko zedemokhrasi yaseMelika kunye nenkqubo esemthethweni echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ukuqonda Umsebenzi wesakhelo somGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ubunjwe yiNtloko yeSihlomelo, amanqaku asixhenxe, kunye neziNtobelo ezingama-7, kudala isiseko esibanzi somthetho esiye sakhokela uhlanga ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Olu xwebhu lubalulekileyo lwenziwe ngengqiqo ehlala ihleli, luvumela izizukulwana zexesha elizayo ukuba zicombulule iingxaki neemeko ezazingenakuze zilindelwe ngabalawuli beFrame.

UMgaqo-siseko umisa amasebe amathathu karhulumente(-legislative, i-gnitive, kunye ne-odoli-antswana, kwaye uchaza amandla kunye nemiqathango yawo. Idala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa okuthintela naliphi na isebe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwesi sakhiwo sikarhulumente, umGaqo-siseko ukwahlula ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente, udala inkqubo yolawulo olulungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe nolongamo lorhulumente.

Into eyenza umGaqo-siseko uphawuleke ngokwenene bubuchule bawo bokuhlala usebenza kwiinkulungwane zotshintsho oluphawulekayo lwentlalo, ubugcisa, kunye nolopolitiko. Oku kuguquka kubangelwa yinkqubo yokulungisa, evumela uxwebhu ukuba luguquke ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa luphawu lwalo olusisiseko. Abaxhasi baqonda ukuba akukho xwebhu lunokulindela imfuneko yexesha elizayo, ngoko bakha kwindlela yokutshintsha efuna utshintsho olubanzi ngeli lixa kuthintelwa utshintsho oluphindwayo okanye olunengxaki.

Injongo Nokubaluleka Kokuhlaziywa KomGaqo-siseko

Ulungiso loMgaqo-siseko lusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Luvumela umthetho osisiseko welizwe ukuba uvumelane neemeko ezintsha, ulawulo oluchanekileyo okanye iingxaki kuxwebhu lokuqala, ukwandisa amalungelo nokhuseleko kubemi, kwaye ubonakalisa ukutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yentlalo nokuqonda okusesikweni.

IziHlanziso ziqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo esemthethweni ihlala ifanelekile kwaye ilungile njengoko ibutho lihambela phambili. Zinikela inkqubo esesikweni yokusingatha imibandela umGaqo-siseko wokuqala owawungayigqumanga ngokwaneleyo okanye oye wavela ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko. Ngokutshintsha amalungu athile omGaqo-siseko, ukubuyiselwa komGaqo-siseko, ukucaciswa kwamalungelo, ukucaciswa kwamalungiselelo karhulumente, okanye imilinganiselo entle engokwasemthethweni echaphazela izigidi zabantu.

Inkqubo yokulungisa isebenza njengesivalo sokhuseleko sedemokhrasi, ivumela abantu ukuba bafumane ukhuseleko olusemthethweni, ngokusebenzisa abameli babo abanyuliweyo kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, ngokuzenza utshintsho olusisiseko kurhulumente wabo xa kuyimfuneko. Oku kuthintela umGaqo-siseko ekubeni ube yinto ephelelwe lixesha kwaye kunceda abantu balondoloze ukholo kugunyaziso lwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko.

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, utshintsho luye lwathetha ngeminye yemibandela enzima yesizwe. Baye baphelisa ubukhoboka, bandisa amalungelo okuvota kumaqela ahluziweyo ngaphambili, imigaqo yorhulumente eguqulweyo, kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Utshintsho ngalunye lumela ixesha xa uhlanga lugqibe ukuba umGaqo-siseko ufanele utshintshe ukuze ubonakalise ngakumbi iimbono kunye namaxabiso amaMelika.

Inkqubo yoLawulo loMgaqo-siseko: Inqaku V

Igunya lokulungisa umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States lithathwe kwiGatya V lomGaqo-siseko, elimisela inkqubo enzima ngabom eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukulungisa kuphela ngenkxaso ebanzi eba yinxalenye yomthetho osisiseko.

Ukucetyiswa Kohlaziyo

UmGaqo-siseko unika ukuba utshintsho lungacetyiswa yiKhomishini enamavoti amabini anesithathu kumacala endlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso okanye ngendibano yomGaqo-siseko ebizwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini ezizisithathu zeRhulumente. Ezi ndlela zimbini zibonisa umnqweno weFramers wokuvumela zombini urhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente ukuba aqalise iinguqulelo zomgaqo-siseko.

Ukuqhelisela, indlela yokulungiselela ingqungquthela ibiyeyona ndlela ikhethekileyo yokulungisa. Akukho nanye kwezingama-77 zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ecetyisiweyo yindibano yomGaqo-siseko. Ngeli xesha bekukho imigudu yokubiza indibano yezomGaqo-siseko kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo, kuquka ulungiso loqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo, le migudu ayizange ifikelele kumqobo ofunekayo wokuxhasa kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini eziziisithathu.

IBhunga licebisa ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho kuhlobo lwesigqibo samalungu, yaye ekubeni uMongameli engenayo indima engokomgaqo-siseko kwinkqubo yokulungisa, isigqibo esidibeneyo asiyi kwiNdlu emhlophe ukuze sityikityelwe okanye sivunywe. Oku kususwa koMongameli kwinkqubo yokulungisa kumela uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo zomgaqo-siseko zifuna ukuvumelana kwemithetho kunokuba zifune ukuvunywa kwegunya elikhulu.

Ukuhlaziywa Okungagungqiyo

Xa kucetyiwe ukuba kwenziwe inguquko, kufuneka ivunywe ukuba ibe yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Inguquko ecetyiweyo iba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko ngokukhawuleza xa ivunywa ngama-3-sine eUnited States (38 of 50 State). Lo mqobo uphezulu uqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luxhase ukutyhubela ububanzi bemimandla yelizwe kunye nezobupolitika.

IKhomishini imisela ukuba yeyiphi kwiindlela ezimbini zokwahlula amatyala kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngurhulumente. Amazwana angalungisa iintambo ngomthetho-siseko okanye ngeendibano ezikhethekileyo zokulungisa. Indlela yendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe iye yasetyenziselwa zonke iinguquko ngaphandle kwenye.

Xa i-Ofisi yoManyano-Masipala iqinisekisa ukuba ifumene inani elifunekayo lamaxwebhu okuqinisekisa aqinisekisiweyo, ilungisa isibhengezo esisemthethweni sombhiyozo ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho luyasebenza kwaye luye lwaba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko, kwaye esi siqinisekiso sipapashwa kwiBhayisho yoManyano-mali ne-Mithetho eBandleni eUnited States isebenza njengesaziso esisemthethweni kwiBhunga kwaye kuhlanga ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa igqitywe.

Ubunzima Bokutshintsha UmGaqo-siseko

Abasebenzi befreyim benza umsebenzi onzima ukuqinisekisa uzinzo nokukhusela utshintsho olusoloko lusekelwe kwiminqweno yezopolitiko yexeshana. UmGaqo-siseko uye walungiswa izihlandlo ezingama-77 kuphela ukususela oko wabhaliswa ngo1787, kuquka neziphendu zokuqala ezilishumi ezamkelwa kwiminyaka emine kamva njengeBhili yamaLungelo.

Le ngxaki yenziwa ngabom kwaye ifeza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo. Ithintela umGaqo-siseko ukuba ulungiswe ngeenjongo ezincinci okanye ezidityanisiweyo, iqinisekisa ukuba kuphela utshintsho ngenkxaso ebanzi nehlala ihleli luba yinxalenye yomthetho osisiseko, ukhusela amalungelo amancinane ekuphelisweni ziinkulu zokwexeshana, kwaye igcina ukuzinza nokuqhubekeka kwenkqubo yomGaqo-siseko.

IBhunga lingenise izindululo ezingama-33 kumGaqo-siseko, ezingama-27 kuzo ezavunywa ngamaphondo, zibonisa ukuba kwanaxa kulungiswa iinguqu zicacisa umqobo ophezulu wemvume yomanyano, zisenokusilela ukufumana ukudityaniswa ngamaphondo. Iziphene ezingenakubonwa ziquka uKhuselo lwamaLungelo olulinganayo, olufuna ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba neentlobo zesini, kunye nezicelo ezahlukeneyo zokufuna iimfuno zoqingqo-mali ezilungeleleneyo, imida emiselweyo yamalungu eBhungani, nezinye iinguqu.

IBhili Yamalungelo: UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo Olishumi

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko zibumba iBhili yamaLungelo, yaye uJames Madison wabhala izilungiso njengesisombululo sokulinganisela igunya likarhulumente nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngomGaqo-siseko. Ezi zindululo zavunywa ngo-1791, kwiminyaka emine nje emva kokuba umGaqo-siseko wamkelwe.

Imvelaphi Yamalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo yavela kuxokelelwano lwezobupolitika ebudeni beengxoxo zokuqhatha komGaqo-siseko. Abathathi-nxaxheba baxhasa urhulumente wesizwe onamandla baza bakholelwa ukuba abantu kunye namaphondo ngokuzenzekelayo bagcina nawuphi na urhulumente wesizwe onganikwanga gunya, ngoxa aBachasi-Federali babefuna igunya lokuhlala norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwaye bekhetha irekhothi yamalungelo okukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Amaphondo amaninzi avuma umGaqo-siseko ngokuqonda ukuba irekhodi yamalungelo iza kongezelelwa ngokukhawuleza. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayengakukholelwa ukufuneka kwemali yamalungelo, waqiniseka ngokubaluleka kwayo waza wakhokela ekubhaleni izicelo nasekuluseni indululo kwiiKhomishini. Imigudu yakhe yaphumela ekulungisweni kwamalungelo alishumi, alishumi kuwo anconywa ngamazwe.

Ukhuseleko Oluphambili KwiBhili Yamalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo ikhusela umgangatho ophakamileyo wenkululeko esisiseko kwaye imisela imida ebalulekileyo kwigunya likarhulumente. UMthetho wokuqala ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela inkululeko yonqulo, yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, neyokubongoza `ukungagunyazi ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi nokuzilawula. IBhunga alivumelekanga ukwenza imithetho emisela unqulo okanye ephazamisa inkululeko yokuthetha.

UMthetho Wesithathu Wokwenziwa KwesiHlomelo Ukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, ilungiselelo eliqhubeka libangela impikiswano ephawulekayo engokwasemthethweni nezobupolitika.

ISichibiyelo sesine silondoloza ilungelo lokungangeni kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente ezingekho ngqiqweni kumakhaya abantu ngokusemthethweni. Oku kukhusela ekuphandweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni kusebaluleke kakhulu kwixesha lokuhlola kwamanani nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi.

Ukuhlaziywa kweyesihlanu ukuya kutsho kwiSihlaziyo sesibhozo kumisela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kubantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ilungelo lokuziphikisa, ilungelo lenkqubo efanelekileyo, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nakuluntu ngetyala ligwetywa ngabachobi, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, nokukhuselwa kwisohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. Ezi zikhuseli zoluntu zinceda ekuqinisekiseni okusesikweni kwinkqubo yezaphuli-mthetho kwaye zithintele ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya likarhulumente.

IziHlanziso zeSine neSihlaziyo seshumi zithetha ngolwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo adwelisweyo nangacacisiweyo kunye naphakathi kwamalungelo orhulumente kunye namagunya karhulumente. IsiHlanzi se-Ninth sicacisa ukuba uludwe lwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko athetha ukuba abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo angakhankanywanga ngokukhethekileyo. Ugcino loMmiselo weshumi elinesiBhala-Mbetho kumarhulumente nabantu kuwo onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente.

IziHlayiso Ngaphaya Kwamalungelo

Ngoxa iBhili yamaLungelo yamisela ukhuseleko olusisiseko lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, iziphumo ezilishumi elinesixhenxe ezivunyiweyo ukususela ngowe - 1791 ziye zathetha ngoluhlu oluninzi lwemibandela, ukusuka ekulungiseni iingxaki zokwakha kumGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo ukuya kukwandisa ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi nokukhusela amalungelo abantu.

Ukuhlaziywa Kolwakhiwo

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu, seshumi elinesine neseshumi elinesihlanu, savunywa emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, sawuguqula ngokusisiseko umGaqo-siseko kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo. IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithathu sabuphelisa ubukhoboka nokungabotshelelwa, ekugqibeleni saliphelisa ilungiselelo elalikhuselwe ngumGaqo-siseko wokuqala.

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine mhlawumbi lolona lufakelo lomthetho olunesiphumo songezelelwe kumGaqo-siseko ukususela kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Akukho rhulumente oza kwenza okanye ukunyanzelisa nawuphi na umthetho oya kuvala amalungelo okanye ukukhusela abemi baseUnited States; okanye nawuphi na uMbuso oza kumhlutha na umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho; okanye akhanyele nawuphi na umntu okwigunya lakhe ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho. Oku kupheliswa kokungamiselwa kwesi siseko senkundla ephakamileyo yeNkundla yabemi nenkululeko.

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu lwalela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yesizwe, ibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili. Nangona oku kwakulinyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuzifunela ityala elinguwonke wonke, isithembiso salo sasingafezeki phantse inkulungwane ngenxa yezenzo zokungathobeli mthetho njengerhafu yokuvota, iimvavanyo zobugrafi, kunye nogonyamelo nxamnye nabavoti abaNsundu.

Ukwandisa Amalungelo Okwazisa

Izilungiso eziliqela ngokuthe ngcembe ziye zandisa amalungelo okuvota ukuze aquke amaMelika angakumbi kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. UMthetho-nkqubo weSithoba, owavunywa ngowe-1920, waqinisekisa ukuba amabhinqa anelungelo lokuvota emva kwamashumi eminyaka eququzelela ukuvota ngequmrhu lombutho. Oku kulungisa kwaphinda-phindeka kabini ukunyulwa okunokwenzeka kwaye kwamela inkqubela enkulu ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithathu, olwagunyaziswa ngowe-1961, lwanikwa abemi baseSithilini saseColumbia ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lomongameli. Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithathu, lwagunyaziswa ngo-1964, lwalelwe ukuba lungavunyelwa ukuba luhlawulelwe kwirhafu yonyulo, lususa umqobo obalulekileyo ekuvotelweni okuye kwasetyenziselwa ukuphelisa amahlwempu nabavoti abambalwa.

ISihlaziyo samashumi amabini anesithathu, esavunywa ngowe - 1971, sathoba iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kuma - 21 ukusa kwi - 18. Oku kwaphenjelelwa kakhulu yimbambano yokuba ukuba abantu abaselula babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bangabizelwa emfazweni yaseVietnam, babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bangavota.

IMithetho yoLawulo

Izilungiso eziliqela ziguqule isakhiwo kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente wesizwe. UHlaliso lweMimiselo yeSihlalo, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1804, lwayihlaziya inkqubo yeElectoral College ukuthintela iingxaki ezivele kunyulo lomhla ka-1796 nowe-1800. UMthetho weSindululo weSeventeenth, owagunyaziswa ngowe-1913, waseka unyulo oluthe ngqo lwabantu kunokuba lube yimithetho yowiso-mthetho.

Phambi kokuba kuthathwe uMbeki-Mphetho oMatshi o-20 ka-1951, kwakungekho miqathango yasemthethweni ethetha ukuba umongameli unokusebenzisa amabinzana angakanani, kwaye nangona kwakuqhelekile ukuba asebenze ngaphezu kokuphindwa kabini, oomongameli abaliqela babesebenzisela imiyalelo yesithathu, kodwa akukho namnye owaphumelela de uMongameli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt wanyulwa kwimiqathango yesithathu neyesine. UMthetho oLayiweyo ongamashumi amabini anesine ngoku umisela oomongameli kwimiqathango emibini.

ISigqibo soMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo saManyaka angamashumi amabini, esagunyaziswa ngo-1933, satshintsha imihla apho kuqalwa khona nakukuphela kwemigaqo yomongameli kunye neyombutho, siphelisa ixesha elide "elide" elalikho phantsi komGaqo-siseko wokuqala. UMthetho woLawulo wama-24-F5th, wagunyaziswa ngo-1967, wamiselwa, iinkqubo zokulandelela umongameli kunye nokukhubazeka, ukuphendula iikhefu kumGaqo-siseko wokuqala oye wabonakala ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Uhlaziyo Lwama - 20 Lweshumi Elinambini: Ibali Elikhethekileyo

Ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kwakutshanje kwacetyiswa okokuqala ngo1789 kodwa akwamkelwanga de kube ngoMeyi 7, 1992. Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesixhenxe lufuna ukuba naluphi na utshintsho kwintlawulo yombutho wombutho womanyano lungaqhubeki de kube emva konyulo. Oku kulungiswa kwembali yokwandiswa okungaqhelekanga.

Indlela Imimiselo Yokuhlaziywa Nempembelelo Yayo

Xa zithe zagunyaziswa, ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kuba yinxalenye yomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe yaye kuneziphumo ezinzulu kwindlela edalwa ngayo imithetho, etolikwayo, nenyanzeliswa ngayo. Izigwebo ziphembelela inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekunqabeni okanye ekufuneni imiyalelo ethile karhulumente yokunikela imigaqo esetyenziswa ziinkundla ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwemithetho nehambo karhulumente.

Iziphumo Ezithe ngqo Ezingokwasemthethweni

Ezinye izindululo zineziphumo ezikhawulezileyo nezingqalileyo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ukwaliwa kweSinyuso seshumi elinesithathu sobukhoboka, umzekelo, ngokukhawuleza kwayenza yaphelelwa yonke imithetho eyayivumele okanye eyayilawula ubukhoboka. Ngokufanayo, ukuHloliselwa kweshumi elinesibhozo kwakwalela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, kunye nokuthuthwa kweziselo ezinxilisayo, okwenza lonke ushishino lotywala lungabi semthethweni ebusuku (kungangokuba kamva lwarhoxiswayo ngeNguquko Yokuqala Yamashumi amabini).

IziHlanziso ezinika amalungelo okuvota zinempembelelo engqalileyo kwimithetho yonyulo. Amazwe akanakunyanzela iimfaneleko zokuvota ezingqubana neleshumi elinesihlanu, leshumi elinesithoba, le-20, okanye leMithendeleko engamashumi amabini anesiXhosa. nawuphi na umthetho ongayi kuvuma ivoti esekelwe kwisizwe, kwisini, ukungaphumeleli ukuhlawula irhafu, okanye ubudala (kubemi abali-18 nabangakhulile) awuvumelani nento.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Eguqulelwa Iinkundla

Izindululo ezininzi zinika imigaqo ebanzi emele ichazwe kwaye isetyenziswe kwiimeko ezithile. Ukhuseleko loMphengululo Wokuqala wokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, umzekelo, aluchazi ngqo ukuba yiyiphi intetho ekhuselweyo okanye yiyiphi imiqathango karhulumente evumelekileyo. IiNkundla zivelise imiqathango yomthetho eninzi etolika la malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kwaye ziwasebenzisa kwiimeko ezininzi.

Iziqinisekiso ze 14 zoMphetho-Mphetho-mva-mvaka zenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo ziye zaba nempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo ekuxoliseni umthetho waseMelika. Iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa la malungiselelo ukutyumba imithetho esekelwe kwikhethe lohlanga, isini nezinye iimpawu, ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko ekungeneleni kwenkqubo karhulumente echaphazela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kunye nokuqinisekisa iinkqubo ezisesikweni kwizenzo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ngenkqubo yokuququzelela, iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa uninzi lweenkuselo ezikwiBhili yamaLungelo kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngoMdla woLawulo we-14th Claus. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni banyanzeliswe yimiqathango efanayo yemithetho-siseko yenkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, ukuphengulula nokuthamba, namanye amalungelo asetyenziswa kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela.

Isenzo somgaqo-siseko ogunyazisayo nenegunya

Izindululo zomGaqo-siseko zinyanzelisa oko kunokwenziwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho namagosa aphezulu. Abasemagunyeni kufuneka baqwalasele iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko kunye neentsilelo xa kusenziwa imithetho. Umthetho ocetyiweyo oya kwaphula amalungelo omGaqo-siseko okanye oya kugqitha izivumelwano zomGaqo-siseko awunakwenziwa ngokusemthethweni, kwaye ukuba uwiswa, unokuthi utshatyalazwe ziinkundla.

Amagosa alawulayo kufuneka asebenze kwimida yomgaqo-siseko. Imfuneko yokuLamlelwa koMgaqo-siseko wesine, umzekelo, inyanzelisa indlela abanyanzeli bomthetho abanokuyiqhuba ngayo iphulo kunye nokuxhuzula. Ukhuseleko loMphengululo wesihlanu luchaphazela indlela amapolisa anokuvavanya ngayo imikrokrozo. Le mithetho yomgaqo-siseko ibumba imisebenzi yomthetho yosuku kunyaka wonke welizwe.

Izicombululo Zophawu Nempembelelo Yazo Ehlala Ihleli

Ezinye iziphelo ziye zaba neziphumo ezinzulu nezihlala zihleli kumthetho nasebuthweni lamaMerika. Ukuqonda ezi zitshintsho kunceda kubonise amandla okutshintsha komGaqo-siseko.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Ikhorime Lenkululeko YaseMerika

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela inkululeko yonqulo, ukuthetha, ukushicilela, ukuhlanganisana, nokucela. Le migaqo isisiseko kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika yaye iye yaguqula imithetho nezigqibo ezininzi ezingomthetho zasenkundleni. UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo uthintela urhulumente ukuba angathethi nakuhlaziywa, ukhusele inkululeko yonqulo yaye uthintele urhulumente ukuba amisele unqulo, ukhusela ilungelo lokuqhankqala nokubonisa uxolo, yaye uqinisekisa abemi ukuba banokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo.

Imithetho yokuHlaziya koQala iMimiselo yoLawulo iye yaqalisa ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Iinkundla ziye zaphikisana kakhulu ngoko kuthethwa kukhuselweyo, xa urhulumente enokulawula indlela yokuthetha esekelwe kwixesha, kwindawo, nendlela yokusebenzisana ngokukhululekileyo nezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ukukhusela umonakalo, kwaye oko kuyila ukusekwa konqulo okungavumelaniyo nokungena kunqulo.

Ukhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala ludlulela kwiintlobo ezintsha zonxibelelwano kunye nokuchaza okungenakuze kucingelwe ngabaququzeleli, ukusuka kwimifanekiso-bhanyabhanya, kumabonwakude ukuya kwi-intanethi nakwi-media. Oku kubonisa indlela imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko enokuziqhelanisa ngayo notshintsho lwezobugcisa nolwentlalo nangaphandle kokuzilungisa ngokusesikweni.

UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwemigunyathi Weshumi Eline: Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo Nenkqubo Elindelekileyo

ISindululo seshumi elinesine sibizwa ngokuba ngu "umgaqo-siseko wesibini" ngenxa yempembelelo yawo enzulu kumthetho waseMelika. Iziqinisekiso zawo zokukhusela okulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo bezisisiseko sezinye zezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eMelika, kuquka iBrown v. Board of Education (exhasa isigaba sesikolo esiphezulu), Lovinia v. Virginia (ukuphelisa ukuvalwa komtshato weentlanga ngezizwe), kunye nezinye iimeko ezininzi ezikhusela amalungelo entlalo nokukhululeka kwabantu.

I-Acticome Protection Claus ifuna ukuba urhulumente aphathe abantu ngokufanayo abakwindawo efanayo yaye aluthintele ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, isini nezinye iimpawu. Iinkundla ziye zavelisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokuhlolisisa imibandela elinganayo yokukhusela, ngemithetho esekelwe kulwahlulo olusekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe ukuba ziqwalaselwe ngokungqongqo yaye phantse phantse zingasoloko zingekho ngokwemigaqo.

I-Century Clause elindelekileyo inemilinganiso e-procedal kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Inkqubo yenkcazelo ifuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba urhulumente ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Inkqubo efunekayo ephantsi kwesiseko ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleleni kukarhulumente, kwanaxa kulandelwa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo.

IziHlaliso Zeshumi elinesihlanu Nezilishumi Elithoba: Ukwandisa Ulawulo - melo

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu lwalela ukukhanyelwa kwamalungelo okuvota asekelwe kuhlanga, ngoxa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithoba lweSihlaziyo lwezesondo lwenza okufanayo. Le miba yandisa idemokhrasi yaseMerika ngokuquka amaqela awayengavumelekanga ngaphambili kwinkqubo yezopolitiko.

Noko ke, isithembiso sezi zindululo asizange sibhaqwe ngoko nangoko. Phezu kwako nje ukuhlaziywa kweSindululo seshumi elinesihlanu, amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuthintela abemi abantsundu ekuvotelweni, kuquka iimvavanyo zokubhatalwa kwemali, iirhafu, iirejista zobukhokhokho, kunye nogonyamelo. Kwafuneka ukuba kuthatyathwe i-Voting Rights ka-1965 kunye nokunyanzeliswa ngamandla kolawulo lwe-Phinda kwe-Prementementation ukuze kuqinisekiswe isithembiso se-15th Demeter.

Ngokufanayo, ukuqinisekisa kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba sokukhupha ityala kwamabhinqa kwaba linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekulinganani kwamabhinqa, nangona amabhinqa eqhubeka ejongene nocalucalulo kwezinye iinkalo ezininzi zomthetho nebutho labantu. Ezi zindululo zibonisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, nangona luyimfuneko, alusoloko lwanele ukufikelela iinguqulelo zentlalo-ntlelo-ntlel-ntle/ukunyanzelisa nokunyanzelisa kukwayimfuneko.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Kwemijelo: Iingxaki Nezikhungo

Ngoxa inkqubo yokulungisa ichazwe ngokucacileyo kwiGatya V, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo neempikiswano ezahlukahlukeneyo ukutyhubela iminyaka.

Ixesha Elilinganiselweyo Lokukhupha Iindledlana

UMgaqo-siseko awuchazi mda wexesha lokuba iimeko zilungiswe ngokucetyiswayo. Maxa wambi iKhomishini iye yaquka imida yexesha kumbhalo wokulungisa okucetyiswayo okanye kwisigqibo sokunika izindululo. UMthetho olinganayo wamaLungelo, umzekelo, wacetyiswa ngommiselo weminyaka esixhenxe yokwandiswa kwemiqathango, oyathi kamva iNkomfa yanwenwela kwiminyaka elishumi. Intengiso ayiphumelelanga ukufikelela ekufumaneni ukwenziwa kwemiqathango ngokwenani elifunekayo lamanani amanqaku ngelo xesha.

Kuvele imibuzo yokuba ingaba iimeko zingalungisa na intengiso emva kwexesha elide emva kokuba zicetyiwe. Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesixhenxe, olwathabatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 ukuphelisa i-rafessing, lubonisa ukuba ukulungisa kungahlala kuvulekelwe ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga limisela ixesha elimisiweyo.

Ngaba Amazwe Anokuphinda Afumane Umlinganiselo Wokusela?

Uninzi lweemeko luzame ukubuyisa ulungiso lwazo lwezindululo ezicetyiweyo emva kokuba zivunyiwe ekuqaleni. Ukuma komthetho kwezo zindululo akucacanga. Imbono eyaziwayo kukuba xa urhulumente elungisa inguquko, ayinakuyitshintsha loo nto idityanisiweyo, kodwa lo mbuzo awukhange usombululwe ngokuqinisekisiweyo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Indlela Engasetyenziswanga

Isibakala sokuba kungekho ndibano yezomGaqo-siseko yakha yabizwa phantsi kweGatya V siphakamisa imibuzo ngendlela eya kusebenza ngayo indibano enjalo. Ingaba bekungapheleliselwa ekuqwalaseleni kuphela inguquko engqalileyo eyabangela ubizo, okanye ingacebisa ezinye iinguquko okanye kwanombhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko? Ngubani oya kuba ziindwendwe kwindibano enjalo? Yiyiphi imithetho eya kulawula imicimbi yayo?

Ezi ziphazamiso ziye zabangela abantu abaninzi bangayiqwalaseli indlela yendibano, kwanaxa bexhasa ukulungiswa okungqalileyo abaxhasi bendibano abakufunayo. Bambi boyikela ukuba indibano ingaba yindibano e "ebalekayo" engaphaya kwenjongo yayo.

Ukungagqibeleli Komgaqo - siseko Nezinto Ezityhilayo

Ukuhlolisisa izilungiso ezacetywa kodwa ezingagunyaziswanga kunika ukuqonda ngempucuko yezobupolitika yaseMerika nangenkqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo. Amawaka eenkqubo zokulungisa aye acetywa kwiBhunga ukutyhubela iminyaka, kodwa angama-33 kuphela aye athotyelwa kumazwe, yaye angama-7 kuphela aye avunywa.

ISindululo saMalungelo esi-Alinganayo, esasiya kulwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini, savunywa yiKhonkxa yowama-1972 kodwa sawa phantsi kwemimandla emithathu engakwaziyo ukuhlawuliswa. Ukusilela kwaso kubonisa ubunzima bokufikelela izivumelwano ezibanzi ezifunekayo ekulungiseni umGaqo-siseko, kwanasezindululweni zenkxaso kawonke-wonke wonke.

Ezinye izilungiso ezingaphumelelanga ziquke izindululo ezifuna uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo lukarhulumente, ukuvumela umthandazo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ukunqanda ukutshiswa kweflegi, ukuphelisa iElectoral College, nokubeka imida echazayo kumalungu eBhunga. Ukusilela kwezi zindululo kubonisa ukunqongophala komqathango okanye ukungazikhathaleli ngeziphumo ezilindelekileyo zotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko.

Ezinye iingxoxo zemibandela econjululwe kamva ngezinye iindlela. Umzekelo, kwacetyiswa iinguquko ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuthetha ngolandelelwano lomongameli kunye nokukhubazeka ngaphambi kokuba uHlaziyo lwamaFifith luvunywe ekugqibeleni ngo1967. Eminye imibandela ebingumbandela wokulungisa okucetyiweyo iye yaxutyushwa ngomthetho, izigqibo zenkundla, okanye iinguqulelo kuqheliselo lwezopolitiko kunokuba kuqulunqene nomgaqo-siseko.

ImiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente kunye neeNkqubo zoLawulo

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku ligxininisa kakhulu kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuba umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ukwaneenkqubo zokulungisa, kwaye ezi zahluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zivelisa ngaphezu kwama-80 ekhulwini eenguquko zomGaqo-siseko eziqwalaselwayo kwaye ezivunywa kulo lonke ilizwe nyaka ngamnye.

Iinkqubo zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko wesizwe ziqhele ukuba lula kunenkqubo karhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi avumela abemi ukuba bacebise ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko ngeenkqubo zokuqalisa, ukudlula kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo. Ngoku amaphondo eSeventeen anika enye indlela yokumisela izilungiso: ngokudlula kwiinkqubo zobumi.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ulungiswa rhoqo kuneMigaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Eminye imiGaqo-siseko yorhulumente iye yatshintshwa amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye eminye imimandla yamkela iinguquko ezininzi nyaka ngamnye. Oku kubonisa zombini iinkqubo zokulungisa ezilula kumazwe amaninzi nesibakala sokuba umgaqo-siseko worhulumente usoloko uthetha ngemibandela yenkqubo enenkcukacha ezininzi kune-U.S.

Ikamva Lokuhlaziywa KomGaqo-siseko

Zithini ikamva lokulungisa umgaqo-siseko?

Ukwanda kokuthatyathwa kwezobupolitika zaseMelika kwenza kube nzima ukufikelela ukulungelelaniswa okubanzi okufunekayo ekulungiseni umGaqo-siseko. Kwixesha xa umthetho omkhulu udlula kwivoti yomgca weqela, ukufikelela inkxaso yesithathu kwizindlu zombini zeBhunga kunye nokwenziwa kwamarhafu ngamacandelo amathathu anemfuno ucelomngeni olukhulu.

Imiba emininzi esenokuba yakha yaxutyushwa ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ngoku iphethwe ngezinye iindlela. Ukucaciswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ngamalungiselelo akhoyo omgaqo-siseko kuye kwathetha ngemibandela emininzi ngaphandle kokulungisa okusesikweni. Umthetho, inyathelo lolawulo, kunye neenguqu kuqheliselo lwezopolitiko zikwanokucombulula iingxaki ezisenokufuna utshintsho lomGaqo-siseko.

Noko ke, kukho izindululo ezingapheliyo zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo. Abanye abameli bayaqhubeka benyanzela ukulungiswa kwemiqathango efana notshintsho lwephulo, imida yeBhunga okanye yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukuphelisa iElectoral College, okanye ukukhusela amalungelo akhethekileyo. Nokuba ngaba nayiphi na kwezi zicelo iza kufumana inkxaso ebanzi efunekayo kwimiqathango yokuqhamisa iinqobo iseza kubonwa.

Inkqubo YoMthetho Wokwahlulwa Komthetho Wedemokhrasi

Inkqubo yokulungisa idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ukugunyaziswa kwedemokhrasi yomGaqo-siseko. Ngokunika ubuchule bokutshintsha, inkqubo yokulungisa ithintela umGaqo-siseko ekubeni ube sisandla esifileyo sangaphambili esinyanzela izizukulwana zangoku ezisekelwe kwizinto ezikhethwayo zezifreyim ezide ezifileyo.

Kwangaxeshanye, ubunzima benkqubo yokulungisa buqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko utshintsha kuphela xa kukho utshintsho olubanzi noluhlala luhleli. Oku kukhusela ekulungiseni ngokungxama okusekelwe kwiminqweno yezopolitiko yexeshana kwaye kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko zibonisa imilinganiselo ehlala ihleli kunokuba zibonakalise izinto ezikhethwa ngokudlulayo.

Inkqubo yokulungisa iyasebenza nakumsebenzi obalulekileyo. Xa uhlanga ludibana ukuze lulungise umGaqo-siseko, luthetha nzulu ngemilinganiselo esisiseko kunye neembopheleleko. Ukupheliswa kokuphelisa ubukhoboka, ukwandisa amalungelo okuvota, nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kumela amaxesha xa amaMerika ehlangene eqinisekisa imigaqo ebalulekileyo kwaye ewenza abe yinxalenye yomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe.

Isiphelo: UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo Ngohlaziyo

Utshintsho lomGaqo-siseko luye lwafeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika. Ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kweyona nguquko yakutshanje eyavunywa ngowe-1992, ezi nguqu kumGaqo-siseko ziye zandisa amalungelo, zalungisa iingxaki, zavumela umthetho osisiseko ukuba uzivumelanise neemeko eziguqukayo.

Inkqubo yokulungisa emiselwe kwinqaku V ibonisa ubulumko beFramers xa kusenziwa umGaqo-siseko onokunyamezela kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ngokwenza utshintsho olunokwenzeka kodwa olunzima, badala inkqubo elingana nozinzo ngobubhetyebhetye, ivumela utshintsho olufunekayo ngeli lixa kuthintelwa utshintsho olungeyomfuneko okanye oluyingozi.

Ukuqonda indlela utshintsho oluyiyo luyiyo imithetho yethu efunekayo ukuze sibe ngabami abanolwazi. Izigwebo azitshintshi nje kuphela amagama akwiphepha `aguqula amalungelo asemthethweni neembopheleleko, ulwalamano oluhle phakathi kwabemi norhulumente, kwaye zibonakalisa indlela elitshintsha ngayo ulwazi lobulungisa nolawulo-lwazi ngedemokhrasi. Ukusuka kukhuseleko loQothu lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kuSimi se 144 seSizinziso soMphendu seMitheliso, ukuphendu okusemthethweni kuyaqhubeka kuphembelela umthetho nobomi baseMelika ngeendlela ezinzulu.

Njengoko sikhangela kwixa elizayo, inkqubo yokulungisa ihlala ikhona njengesixhobo sokulungisa imibandela engundoqo efuna izisombululo zomgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa utshintsho luza kuhlala lunqabile, ukunokwenzeka kotshintsho lomGaqo-siseko kuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ungaqhubeka usebenza njengesiseko sokulungelelanisa ukuzilawula okubonisa amaxabiso neemfuno zesizukulwana ngasinye samaMelika.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngokulungisa komgaqo-siseko kunye nokuchaphazela kwabo umthetho waseMelika, oovimba bobuzwe banikela ubuncwane obuninzi kwinkqubo yokulungisa, ngelixa iSiko loMgaqo-siseko sobuzwe [[ unika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha malunga nokupheliswa nokucaciswa kwawo. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] iSikhundla esinekwayo [[[FLT]] esineethenjiweyo [ esivela kwiThala leencwadi zeBribhilam likarhulumente linika uhlaluzo olucacileyo lomgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko, kunye [[FLT] kunye [FLT] kunye nolup] noluthi lweSikolo soMthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho [FT] [FT] [FT] olufikekayo] lunika iinkcazelo ezifikelelekayo zoomati-mthetho eziluncedo zoomati-mthetho-ogralelo-onke.