UMthetho Ophakamileyo: Ukubonakalisa Indima yomGaqo-siseko kuLawulo lwale Mihla

Umgaqo-siseko usebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, isivumelwano sesiseko esidibanisa uhlanga kunye. Asilolo gunya nje lokwakha urhulumente; ligunya elifanelekileyo, lichaza umgangatho wegunya, kwaye limisela amalungelo asisiseko akhusela abemi ekusetyenzisweni kwegunya ngokusemthethweni. Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko onamandla, ukulawulwa kolawulo oluzibeka esichengeni solawulo lwabantu kunokuba kubekwe umthetho. Eli nqaku linika uphando oluphangaleleyo lobume bomgaqo-siseko, imisebenzi yawo, iindlela zawo, iindlela ezahlukeneyo eziwusebenzisayo, kunye nocelomngeni lwangoku oluvavanyazisa ukuqina kwawo.

Yintoni UmGaqo-siseko? Imigaqo neengcaciso

Embilinini, umgaqo-siseko uyinkqubo yemigaqo esisiseko okanye imizekelo emiselwe ngokobuzwe okanye omnye umbutho olawulwa ngayo. Isebenza njengesiseko somthetho nesezobupolitika sombuso, ichaza isakhiwo, iinkqubo, amagunya, nemisebenzi yamaziko karhulumente. Njengomthetho ophakamileyo, nawuphi na umthetho oqhelekileyo okanye umsebenzi karhulumente ophikisana nomgaqo-siseko ojongwa njengongalulekanga. Injongo ephambili kukudala urhulumente wemithetho, kungekhona wabantu, ukuqinisekisa ukufezekisa, ukulunga, nokuziphendulela ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla kawonke-wonke. Ingqiqo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko isekelwe kakhulu kwinkcazelo yesivumelwano soluntu, apho abantu bevuma ukulawulwa kwententelekiso yamalungelo abo. Amaxwebhu afana nomthetho womthetho we-United States [FLD:1]

Imisebenzi e-Intemplate yeSifreyimu somGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko obekwe kakuhle unceda imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo eyimfuneko kwibutho elizinzileyo nelisesikweni. Le misebenzi idlula ngaphaya kolungelelwano kwaye iphathelele ekugunyazisweni kwemo ngokwayo.

Ukumisela Umthetho Nokumisela Amandla Alinganiselweyo

Umsebenzi osisiseko womgaqo-siseko kukumisela umthetho. Lo mgaqo uthi akukho mntu, kuquka amagosa karhulumente kunye neenkokeli eziphezulu zezobupolitika, ongaphezulu komthetho. Umgaqo-siseko umisela imida yamandla karhulumente, uthintele ukusetyenziswa kwawo ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ngokucinezela. Ngokuchaza ngokucacileyo oko urhulumente anokukwenza kwaye angakwazi ukukwenza, umgaqo-siseko ukhusela inkululeko yomntu kwaye wenze imekobume engokomthetho efunekayo ukuze unyuke ngokwezoqoqosho kunye nolungelelwano lwentlalo.

Ukwakha Urhulumente Nokuhlula Amandla

Ukunqanda ukuxinana kwamandla, umgaqo-siseko umisela isakhiwo sikarhulumente esisekelwe kukwahlula amagunya. Le nkqubo yahlula igunya likarhulumente libe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Isebe elijongene nokwenza imithetho (umz., ingqungquthela, iPalamente).
  • Isenzo:[[FLT:] Isebe elijongene nokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho (umz., uMongameli, uMphathiswa oyintloko, iKhabhinethi).
  • I- Judicial:[ Isebe elijongene nokutolika imithetho nokusebenzisa okusesikweni (umz., iNkundla ePhakamileyo, iinkundla ezisezantsi).

Ukongeza kulwahlulo, umgaqo-siseko osebenzayo uquka inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, apho isebe ngalinye linomlinganiselo othile wempembelelo kwabanye. Umzekelo, isebe eliphetheyo lingase livume umthetho weveto, indlu yowiso-mthetho isenokuvumela ukubekwa kwesebe elilawulayo, kwaye ijaji ingabetha imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko. Esi sakhiwo sinamandla siqinisekisa ukuba amandla ayabelwana kwaye akukho sebe linye lilawulayo.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Asisiseko Nenkululeko

Umgaqo-siseko wangoku omninzi uquka irejista yamalungelo okanye icandelo elifanayo elibala amalungelo asisiseko kunye nenkululeko eqinisekisiweyo ngumntu ngamnye. La malungelo akanikwa ngurhulumente kodwa azalwa kodwa afanele akhuselwe ngurhulumente. Aquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yengqungquthela, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, nokukhuselwa ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni. Ngokufaka la malungelo kumgaqo-siseko, abekwe ngaphaya kokufikelela kwezobupolitika eziqhelekileyo kwaye anokutshintshwa kuphela kwinkqubo enzima yokulungisa imicimbi. [[FLT: 0] U.S. Bill of Rights ngumzekelo wobugxwayiso olungekho ngqiqweni.] ngumfanekiso womqondiso wokukhusela abami kulo msebenzi, ekukhuselweni kwabahlali belizwe.

Ukuxhasa Ukumanyana Kwezobupolitika Nokumisela Igunya Elisemthethweni

Umgaqo-siseko ocacileyo nowamkelekileyo unika isiseko esizinzileyo sobomi bezobupolitika. Unika inkqubo yoxolo yokudlulisela amandla, yokucombulula iimbambano, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezimanyeneyo. Xa abemi kunye nabadlali bezobupolitika besamkela umgaqo-siseko njengomthombo ofanelekileyo wegunya, kunciphisa amathuba okungqubana kwamakhaya kwaye kunika isiseko esinye kwintetho yezobupolitika. Oku kusemthethweni kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kakuhle kukarhulumente; abemi basengozini ngakumbi yokuthobela imithetho nokuthabatha inxaxheba kubomi bentlalo-ntle xa bethemba ukuba inkqubo yezopolitiko ilungile kwaye isebenza kwimithetho emiselweyo.

Umgaqo-siseko: Amalungu e-Core

Ngoxa nawuphi na umgaqo - siseko wahlukile, inkoliso yabelana ngezinto ezingundoqo ezichaza ukusebenza kwayo nenjongo yayo.

Isiqalo: Ukubeka Isantya

Isiqalo sentetho sisebenza njengesiqalo socalulo, izilangazelelo, kunye nemigaqo ekhokelayo yomgaqo-siseko. Idla ngokuqala ngebinzana elifana " Thina bantu" sicacisa usukelo olubanzi lohlanga, olufana nokuseka okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa ubutofotofo basekhaya, ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko. Nangona kudla ngokuba ngumthombo wamalungelo akhethekileyo asemthethweni, ukusungula kusisisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuchaza umoya kunye nenjongo yoxwebhu.

Amanqaku oLawulo: IBlue esebenzayo

Iqumrhu eliyintloko lomgaqo-siseko liyiqulethwe ngamanqaku achaza uququzelo namandla karhulumente. La manqaku amisela amasebe karhulumente, achaza imisebenzi yawo, amisela iimfaneleko zesikhundla, kwaye amisela iinkqubo zokwenza nokumisela imithetho. Anika iplani eqinileyo yokusebenza karhulumente, agqume yonke into ukusuka kunyulo lwamagosa ukuya kwinkqubo yokuvakalisa imfazwe.

Ubuchule Bokuhlaziywa: Ukulungelelanisa Ubuchule Nobugocigoci

Umgaqo-siseko kufuneka uhlale ixesha elide, kodwa ukwafuneka ulungelelanise iimeko ezitshintshayo. Inkqubo yokulungisa yeyona ndlela yokwenza utshintsho kumgaqo-siseko. Eminye imithetho-siseko ingu engenakuguquka, evumela ukupheliswa kwevoti elula kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. [[FLT: 2] ingukhetho olusemthethweni [[FLT]], efuna ivoti enkulu evoti kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ivunywa yindibano eyodwa, okanye ukukhuselwa ngamazwana aqhelekileyo okanye isalathisi esithandwayo. Ingxaki yenkqubo ethandwayo ingukhetho yangabom. Umzekelo, umgaqo-othelela ingu, ufuna i-Gwayadi yezindlu ezimbini, i-omatiliti ye-Rocet , okanye i-ocettings greetived , i-cet ye-ocet ye-ocet yemeko ebanzi.

Uhlelo lwemiGaqo-siseko: Ibhalwe vs. Ungebhalwanga, Rigid vs.

IMigaqo-siseko idla ngokubekwa ngokwamaqela ngokwendlela eyiyo neenkqubo ezifunekayo ukuze zitshintshe.

Ibhalwe (Iyaqulunqwa)

Umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo luxwebhu olunye, olusemthethweni oludibanisa imithetho esisiseko nemigaqo yokulawula. Inkoliso yamazwe ehlabathini, kuquka i-Indiya, iJamani, iBrazil ne-United States, ibhale umgaqo-siseko. Eyona nzuzo iphambili kukucaca nokuqiniseka. Umthetho ophakamileyo uqulathwe kwisibhalo esinye esinegunya, usenza kube lula kubemi nakumagosa ukuqonda imithetho esisiseko yenkqubo yezobupolitika.

UmGaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga

Umgaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga awuqulathwanga kuxwebhu olunye. Endaweni yoko, usuka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka imimiselo, izigqibo zomthetho, izivumelwano, kunye neendibano nezithethe ezibhaliweyo ezinde. uBukumkani be-United Kingdom [ ngumzekelo obalaseleyo welizwe elinenkqubo engaqiniswanga. I-New Zealand kunye ne-Israel isebenza ngaphandle koxwebhu oludityanisiweyo. Amandla omgaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga ngumthetho usisithsabalo nolungelelwaniso lwalo lwalo ukuguqula izithethe zezobupolitika ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokulungisa inkqubo esesikweni.

ImiGaqo-siseko eDityanisiweyo

Olu hlelo lunxulumene nobunzima bokutshintsha umgaqo-siseko. umgaqo-siseko ongenakuguqulwa ungalungiswa ngenkqubo eqhelekileyo yowiso-mthetho. Oku kuvumela urhulumente ukuba alungelelanise ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezintsha, kodwa kwakhona kuthetha ukuba amalungelo angundoqo kunye nezakhiwo zinokutshintshwa lula. umgaqo-siseko owenziwe ngokungaqhelekanga [[FLT: 3] unenkqubo enzima kakhulu yokulungisa. Oku kukhusela umgaqo-siseko ekuguqukisweni ngokomzuzwana ngomnikazi wezobupolitika, kunika uzinzo olukhulu nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane. Okuninzi okubhaliweyo kuwelela kumgangatho opheleleyo nopheleleyo.

Indima ephambili yeNkcubeko neyomGaqo-siseko

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko nje akwanelanga; kufuneka kucaciswe kwaye kunyanzelwe liqumrhu elizimeleyo, elidla ngokusetyenziswa yinkundla yezomthetho. Amandla kunye nendlela yokuqhuba iinkundla kulendima ingundoqo kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

Impinda Yomgwebo: Amandla Okuthetha Oko Kukuko Umthetho

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lugunya lokuhlola imithetho kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente ukugqiba enoba ziyavisisana nomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba umthetho ufunyenwe ungophula umthetho, inkundla inegunya lokuwubetha, iwunika ilize. Eli gunya lenza isebe lejaji elilinganayo likarhulumente kunye nokuhlola indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye negunya. Umgaqo wokuhlola umiselwe ngokudumileyo eUnited States kwityala [[FLT:]] [Marbury v. Madison[12]][FLT] [183]] [183], owathi uqikelelo ukuba ngumsebenzi wendlu yowiso-mthetho wecalam, ukutolika nokuchasa nawu wokwalo lomthetho.

Izikolo zokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko

Ijaji ifanele iyitolike njani inkcazelo yomgaqo - siseko owabhalwa kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo? Lo ngumbuzo oyintloko kwintanda - bulumko engokwasemthethweni, yaye kuye kwavela izikolo eziliqela eziphikisanayo.

  • UbuOrigesal:[ Le ndlela ixhasa ukuba abagwebi bamele batolike umgaqo-siseko osekelwe kwintsingiselo yantlandlolo yombhalo wabo xa bemkelwa. Izazi zoqobo ziphikisa ngelithi le mida yezahlulelo kwaye ithintela abagwebi ekubekeni amaxabiso abo kwibutho labantu.
  • UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo: Le mbono ibambelele ekubeni umgaqo-siseko uluxwebhu olunamandla, olujikelezayo olumele lucaciswe ngokubhekiselele kumaxabiso neemeko zale mihla. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi le ndlela ivumela umgaqo-siseko uhlale usebenza kwiinkulungwane ngaphandle kokufuna ukutshintshwa okuzinzileyo.
  • I- Umbhalo obhaliweyo, ngokusondeleyo kubhalo lokuqala, ukuguqulelwa kombhalo kugxininisa ngokungqongqo kwintsingiselo ecacileyo, eqhelekileyo yombhalo, ngaphandle kokujonga injongo ebanzi okanye iinguqu zoluntu. Iingcali zobhalo zijonga kakhulu kwisakhiwo nolwimi loxwebhu.

Idabi elikhoyo kule ndlela yokuchaza lichaphazela iingxoxo ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni eziphikisanayo, ukususela ekuthetheni ngokukhululekileyo ngexesha lamanani ukusa kwimida yamandla alawulayo.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Kulawulo LomGaqo-siseko

Phezu kwayo nje indima yazo ephambili, iinkqubo zomGaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke zijamelana nezisongelo neengcinezelo eziphawulekayo kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokuncipha Kwemibhiyozo

Ukungavisisani okunzulu kwezobupolitika kungabeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Xa abadlali bezobupolitika bejonga abachasi babo njengezisongelo ezikhoyo, basenokuhendelwa ekutyesheleni izithethe neendibano ezidala ezizimeleyo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekubopheleleni, ekuphuncweni kwemiqathango nakulwaniso, nokungathenjwa kwabantu kwimibutho yedemokhrasi. Umgaqo-siseko unamandla kuphela njengokuzinikela kweenkokeli kunye nabemi ekuxhaseni umoya wawo, hayi nje ukuxhasa umbhalo wawo.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kolawulo nokulungelelana kwamandla

Kumazwe amaninzi, kukho intsingiselo ekhulayo yokuphandwa kwabalawuli abaphezulu, apho intloko karhulumente okanye urhulumente iqokelela igunya ngokulahlekelwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nejaji. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa kakubi amagunya ongxamiseko, ukutyeshelwa kwemvume yowiso-mthetho yokusebenza emkhosini, okanye ukutyunjwa kwamagosa anyanisekileyo kwizikhundla zokugweba. Ukulondoloza ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kufuna ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwamanye amasebe karhulumente, amajelo-ndaba, nabantu.

Ukuzimisela komGaqo-siseko nemfuneko yoHlaziyo

Nangona ukungqongqo kukhusela imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kwiingcinga ezikhoyo ezikhawulezayo, kunokwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukulungisa iingxaki zobume okanye amalungiselelo aphelelwe lixesha. Kwezinye iimeko, umsantsa phakathi kwemithetho yezomGaqo-siseko nenyaniso yezobupolitika unokuba nzulu kangangokuba ukhokelela kwingxaki yokuba negunya. Ukufumana ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kozinzo namandla okulungisa kungumGaqo-siseko ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kubo bonke ulawulo-siseko.

Ukungaqiniseki kwehlabathi kunye nokungathembani

Ukusasazeka kolwazi nokuncitshiswa kokuthembana kwemithombo yesithethe yegunya kusongela ulawulo lomGaqo-siseko. Xa abemi bengenakuvumelana ngokobunyaniso obusisiseko okanye bengayithembi inkqubo yokunyulwa, isivumelwano sentlalo esisisiseko somgaqo-siseko siqalisa ukupheliswa. Inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko ephilileyo ixhomekeke kulwazi olunokubeka iinkokeli zabo kwityala kwaye idla ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke.

Imbopheleleko yelungu lenkulungwane yomgaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko asiyonto emileyo egcinwe kwixesha elidluleyo; yisivumelwano esiphilayo esifuna inxaxheba esebenzayo nenkuselo kuzo zonke izizukulwana. Amandla aso axhomekeke kungekuphela nje kubulumko babenzi bayo kodwa kwisibopho esidibeneyo sabantu sokuphakamisa imigaqo yayo. Ukuqonda isakhiwo, imisebenzi, kunye nokungalawuleki komgaqo-siseko linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinyathelo elibalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yomthetho-siseko osebenzayo nowazi kakuhle. Kwixesha lotshintsho olukhawulezileyo noxinzelelo lwezobupolitika, imigaqo yemiqathango yorhulumente, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kwabo banomdla kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko othe ngqo, umgangatho obalulekileyo ofana nowe-E[FLD [FLD] [F: 0]