Amandla omthetho yindlela ephambili apho imimandla idibanisa imilinganiselo yayo nezinto eziza kuqala ekusetyenzisweni komhlaba, izindlu, kunye nokukhula kwedolophu. Ukusuka kwimithetho elawula ukwenziwa kwendawo engqongileyo kwizikhundla zerhafu ezibumba imigca yezulu, imithetho edluliswa ngurhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni yenza isakhiwo phakathi kwezixeko ezandisiweyo, izivumelwano, kunye nokuguqula. Ukuqonda indlela iziqumrhu zowiso-mthetho ezisebenzisa eli gunya kuyimfuneko ngayo nabani na ofuna ukuchaza indlela ezikhoyo zokuyila izakhiwo, ukulindela inkqubo yexesha elizayo, okanye ukuphenduliswa kwemekobume yedolophu elungele ukuhla.

Izixhobo zoMthetho zomgaqo-nkqubo wendlu

Abenzi bomthetho basebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi ukuphembelela ukunikezelwa kwezindlu, ukufumaneka kwazo, kunye nomgangatho. Ezona zixhobo zingqalileyo ziquka ukubekwa kwemithetho, ukuqesha amanyathelo okuhlahlela, iinkqubo ezincinane, kunye nemithetho yokwakha.

Ujinga: Ukulungelelaniswa komhlaba okusesisekelweni

Imithetho elawulayo yahlula ummandla weEuclid v. Ambler Modelty Co, ububanzi, kunye nemfuno zothintelo. Yaqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ngokusetyenziswa kweEuclidan isalatha (ibizwa emva kwetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo) (isebenzisa ityala eliphakamileyo) i- i-Vlallage ye-Euclid v. , 1926], la mithetho yaba yisiseko socwangciso lwezixeko lwaseMerika. Ngexesha lokufumana intsebenziswano yelizwe ekhoyo iyakwazi ukukhusela uluntu kunye nelizwe elingavisisaniyo elisebenzisa ingeniso eninzi, kwaye i-injini ehamba ngokufumaneka ngokusemthethweni, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha kwemibutho yezindlu zezindlu, kunye nokuvalwa kwemibutho yeendawo ezininzi.

Ukuzinza Nokulawula

Imithetho yolawulo oluqinileyo ikhusela ulawulo lwemali yabanini-ndlu enokuthi yandise irente, ngenjongo yokugcina ukukwazi ukufumaneka kwabahlali abakhoyo. Oomasipala abangaphezu kwama-200 eUnited States banohlobo oluthile lomthetho wokuqesha, ngokuphawulekayo isiXeko saseNew York, iSan Francisco, neLos Angeles. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukuqesha kunika uzinzo kwaye kuthintele ukushenxiswa; abagxeki mabathiye ukulwa kolwakhiwo olutsha kwaye bakhokelela ekungcoliseni kwezindlu. Ukusebenza kwemithetho enjalo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela yabo ethile ekhethekileyo yokuyila, izakhiwo ezintsha, kunye nokulawula ukunyuka komnyaka. Izidumbu ezilawula ukunyuka komgaqo-mthetho kufuneka zilinganise ezi zinto zorhwebo xa kuqeshwa imithetho yezoshishino.

Izindlu eziphantsi kunye nemveliso

Inkxaso-mali ethe ngqo, njengecandelo leSiqendu seSibonelelo seNdlu soHlawulo lweZindlu Voucher kunye neNkcitho yeHome eLayishayo ephantsi (LIHTC), ijolise ekuvaleni umsantsa phakathi kwemali eqeshiweyo kunye noko iintsapho ezifumana imali encinci zinokukuhlawula. ILIHTC, eyamiselwa njengenxalenye yoMthetho woHlaziniso lweNguquko lweThintengo yePosi ka-1986, inempembelelo engakumbi: ixhasa imali yokwakhiwa nokubuyiselwa kwezindlu zokuqesha ezithelekayo ngotyalo lwabucala. Urhulumente kunye nezindlu zongiselwano zoluntu ziyakwazi ukuxhasa imali yemali, iinkqubo zoncedo eziphantsi, kunye neebhonasi ezincinane (zihlulo ezinika amaqela amanani okutshintshiweyo okuquka amanani athelekayo). Ezi zigqibo zisebenza ngqo nokusasazwa kwezindlu ezithengwa ngemali.

Imithetho Yokwakha Nemilinganiselo

Imithetho yokwakha eyamkelwe ngokomthetho imisela iimfuno ezincinci zokomelela kwesakhiwo, ukhuseleko lomlilo, ukuphumelela kwamandla, nokufumaneka. Nangona kubalulekile kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ikhowudi ebhaliweyo ngokugqithisileyo inganyusa iindleko zolwakhiwo kunye nolibaziseko lomsebenzi. Imithetho yemodeli ye-International Code (ICC) isetyenziswa ngokubanzi yimimandla, kodwa ukulungisa kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Ezinye iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho ziye zamkela "ukuphumeza iikhowudi" ezityhalela ngaphaya kwendlela yokusebenza ngamandla asisiseko ukusingatha iinjongo zemozulu. Umlinganiselo phakathi kokhuseleko nomthwalo womthwalo ulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lwemithetho.

Iiprojekthi zophuhliso lwasedolophini kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo soMthetho

Imisebenzi emikhulu yenkqubela-phambili yasedolophini − njengeepaseji zokuthutha, amabala emidlalo, izithili ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nezindlu zikawonke-wonke ziphinde zihlaziywe ngaphandle kokubophelelana kwemithetho. Abenzi bomthetho bavumela izivumelwano zeprojekthi ezingokwasemthethweni, ukunikezela ngemali kawonke-wonke, kunye nokubeka imilinganiselo elawulayo abaphuhlisi abasebenza phantsi kwayo.

Iinkqubo zokunconywa kunye nolwazi olungenisiweyo loluntu

Uphuhliso oluyintloko lufuna imvume yowiso-mthetho, njengokulungisa, ukusebenzisa imvume, okanye ukuyilwa kwemiqathango. Ezi nkqubo zidla ngokuquka ukuvalwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke, ukuchanabeka kwemekobume, kunye nengxoxo neqela loluntu. Iqondo lolawulo lowiso-mthetho liyahluka kakhulu: kwezinye izixeko, ibhunga lesixeko kufuneka livote kwiprojekthi nganye ngaphezulu kobungakanani obuthile; kwezinye, ucwangciso okanye abasebenzi bezolawulo bagunyazisiweyo. Inkqubo yemithetho-mthetho inokuba yibhotile elibazisa imisebenzi ephunyeziweyo kangangeminyaka okanye i-forum eqinisekisa ukuba amazwi oluntu ayaviwa. Izindululo zakutshanje njengaseKhalifoni naseOregon ziye zazama ukuva imvume yemisebenzi yezindlu ezihlangabezana neenjongo ezinokufikelela okanye ezixhasayo, ngokufuthi edemba ukulawulwa kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Izixhobo Zemali: ITIFF, Imimandla Ekhethekileyo, Nerhafu

Imithetho yenza iindlela zokuqhuba inkqubela-phambili yemali. Imali yerhafu yolwandiso (TIF) ivumela oomasipala ukuba bafumane ingeniso yerhafu yexesha elizayo evela kwindawo emiselweyo ukuhlawula intlawulo yezezibonelelo. Imali yovavanyo olukhethekileyo lwezithili ze-levy kumnini wepropati ezingenelwa kumaziko amatsha (umz., imida, izibane zesitrato). Inkcitho yemali yerhafu, efana neyokusetyenziswa kweeprojekthi zeNew York City ezingama-41, ukuhliswa kwerhafu yexeshana yerhafu yesakhiwo esitsha. Izixhobo nganye igunyaziswa ngumthetho, imida ekhethekileyo, imida ecacileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yemibutho yezomthetho yasekuhlaleni. Iprojekthi yezi zinegalelo kakhulu kwinkqubo yemisebenzi yemisebenzi ye-eeeee.

Ufundo lwetyala: Ulawulo lwasebuRhulumenteni olutsha nophuhliso olugqithisiweyo

Iqela le-New Urbanism, elixhasa isikali sabantu, elixubene, elisebenzisa imimandla ehambayo, lifumene ulwamkelo lwemithetho ngotshintsho oluthe lwenzekayo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokuphuhlisa ushishino. Umzekelo, isixeko sasePortland, i-Oregon, yamkela icebo elibanzi elikhuthaza uxinano lwezitishi eziphezulu kwaye lifuna umlinganiselo ophantsi wokumisa imoto. Ngokufanayo, imo yeCalit Camply Camprian idlulise Bill 50 (inikezelwe kwi-202020 kodwa kamva iphinde yamiswa) ukugunyazisa ukuma kufutshane nezitishina zokuthutha. Le misebenzi yomthetho ayilonke ibandakanya ulungiso lobugcisa; imele ukufuduswa kwentanda-ntanda-bucala kwimimandla ye-omatshini ephezulu, kunye neentlobo-octrobialgics , iimpumelelo zemithetho enjalo ezikhoyo zixhomekeke kwiminqongongongongo zasekuhlaleni, ukuqinisekisa uphuhlisog.

Iingxaki: Ukungalingani, Ukuzinzi Nokungavisisani Kwezobupolitika

Ngelixesha amandla owiso-mthetho enokuthi akhuselwe kwiziphumo eziqhubela phambili zasedolophini, ikwajongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Imfuno ephezulu, i-exentia, kunye nokuntsonkotha kwemfuno yomthetho wokusebenzisa umhlaba kusoloko kuvelisa iziphumo ezisilela kwiinjongo ezichaziweyo.

INGXELO ENGOKUNGAQUQUZELEKI

Inkcaso engeyo-yokungangeni mva kwendlu (NIMBY) iseyenye yezona zinto zinzima ekuvelisweni kwezindlu. Abanini-makhaya abakhoyo basoloko bechasa ukuphuhliswa okutsha . Ngokukhethekileyo izindlu ezingabiziyo , ngokufuna amavoti ebhunga equmrhu aphezulu eenqanawa zokulungisa okanye ukubeka ingqwalaselo eqinileyo. Iindlu zolawulo zelizwe ziqale ukunyanzela ukubuyela emva kwi-NIMBY ngokukhulula amagunya athile obulali ngokuwangaphambili, njengoko kujongwe kwiNdlwhobengongo yomthetho, njengoko kumele kubonwe kwiNdlukwano yeOregovern (20.19) eqele esemthethweni i- duplexes, ihempe, kunye nezine-exes kwilizwe lommandla wesizwe esinye soluntu. Noko ke, ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango yomthetho woluntu lwezo lwezomthetho yezomthetho kumele ilungele ukuhla kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni.

Impumelelo: IGawulayo I-Affordity v.

Imithetho yezoqoqosho egunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali ekhoyo. Ngokungathi kungenxa yokufakwa kwemithetho ekhoyo, (kukho ipesenti yeeyunithi ezinokufikeleleka) okanye ulawulo lokuqesha-ukuthoba) inokuthi inciphise ukusebenziseka kwemali yolwakhiwo olutsha. Ezinye izazi-zoqoqosho ziphikisa ukuba le migaqo ithintela ukunikezelwa konikezelo kwaye ngoko ke izenze zibe mandundundu ngakumbi. Abanye baphikisa ukuba ngaphandle kwemithetho efuna ukufakwa kwemali, inkqubela-phambili yemarike ayivelisi zindlu zezindlu ezifumana imali ephantsi. Amaqumrhu kufuneka agqibelele iziphumo zotyalo ngelixa kusafuneka zizaliseke iziphumo ezikhoyo. Ubungqina obusuka kwizixeko ezifana neBoston bubonisa ukuba ukumiswa kokugcinwa kwemibutho ekhoyo akukwazi ukulondolo lwendawo ngaphandle kokuzinziwa kwenkqubela-yo. Kodwa ukuditya okuthe ngqo kwemali, ukusetyenziswa kwemali, ukusetyenziswa kwemali ekhoyo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuzinziswa

Izicwangciso zomthetho ziquka ngokukhulayo iinjongo zemozulu kwinkqubo yophuhliso. Imithetho yokwakha efuna izibonelelo zezithuthi zombane ezifuna uphahla olulungiselelwe yilanga, okanye imigangatho ephezulu yokuzinzisa ikharbon iyakwazi ukunciphisa iinyawo zekharbon kodwa zinyusa neendleko zolwakhiwo. Ezinye izixeko ziye zamkela onke amasiko ombane okwakha, zithintela igesi yendalo kulwakhiwo olutsha. Imithetho yolawulo lwemkhukula ithintela ukuphuhliswa kwiindawo ezinokuchanabeka. Umbano-mthetho wemithetho-mthetho kukunyusa utshintsho ekuqhubekekeni ngaphandle kokungakhuselwa kwezindlu. Ukuvelisa izithuba ezincinane zokwakha irhafu eluhlaza okanye izikhungo zemali zemali zemali ezikhutshwayo ukuze kusebenze kakuhle kwemeko-bume neendawo zokuhlala.

Ikamva Lamandla Omthetho Kuphuhliso Lwasedolobheni

Zininzi izicwangciso ezivelayo ezithi zitshintshe indlela izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezifikelela ngayo kwinkqubela-phambili yedolophu. Ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kogcino-lwazi olunxulumene nomgangatho wezigunyaziso zezindlu zikarhulumente, kunye nokutyhalela phambili kwerhafu yexabiso lomhlaba konke kubonisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo kubume bemithetho.

Ukukhulula umgangatho wekhaya elinye

Enye yezona njongo zibalulekileyo zowiso-mthetho eUnited States yintshukumo yokubhalisa uxinano oluphezulu kummandla ogcinelwe amakhaya angenamakhaya. Izixeko ezifana neMinneapolis (2088), iPortland (209), kunye neSeattle ishenxe okanye i-Seattle itshintshe okanye itshintshe isiseko esinye sesizwe ukuvumela iduplexes, ii-3tices, kunye nezine-eplexes. Imali yemali ephezulu yephondo eScortyini, eOreniapolish, e-Washington, neVermont iqhubele imvulophu ityala imvulophu. Le mithetho isoloko ithethelelwa njengempendulo kwingxaki yendlu kunye nesilungiso sobuhlanga. Kodwa, ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ekhoyo kuyenzekayo.

Ukuhlawulwa Kwerhafu Nempahla

Ezinye izazi ngezoqoqosho kunye nabaxhasi bezezoqoqosho abasemadolophini bacebisa ukunyuswa kwerhafu yepropati kwizakhiwo (ulwandiso) ukuya kwixabiso lomhlaba, bephikisa ngelithi oku kuphucula inkqubela-phambili kwipasile engaphantsi kwemali ngeli xesha kukhutshelwa umhlaba wokufak ’ ityala. IPennsylvania isebenzisa irhafu yesantya esahluliweyo kwizixeko ezininzi, kwaye amagunya afana ne-Harrisburg abone ukukhula komphucuko emva kokwamkela ezo nguqu. Noko ke, ukutshintshela kwixabiso lelizwe lerhafu kufuneka kwenziwe inyathelo lowiso-mthetho kumgangatho wokwandiswa kwemithetho ekwazi ukutshintsha imimiselo. Ikhomba engondleko ngenxa yokuba iyakwazi ukususa umthwalo werhafumfa (othe nako baphucula impahla yabo) kumnini-mhlaba (kuquka abo banendawo ephantsi okanye abaphethe iproposo) kwixesha elizayo imigudu yokwandiswa kolwanomo.

Ukukhutshwa koMthetho nokumiselwa

Uxinezeleko phakathi kolawulo lwelizwe lasekuhlaleni kunye neemfuno zezindlu zengingqi lukhokelele ekunyukeni kwemeko yelizwe lolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Isahluko 40B, esivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba baphephe ukubekwa kweedolophu ezikhoyo kwindawo engakwaziyo ukufikelela, ngumzekelo owenziwe kutshanje. Kutshanje, i-Lisnia’s House Accounting Accomplication Act kunye ne-Kingracetady (egunyazisiweyo yiMthethombo we-2019) yenza abaphuhlisi bacel abakhaphi bembhini basekuhlaleni abachasana nomthetho welizwe. Ngexesha langoku lalahl ’ izithuba ezikhoyo, bayakwazi ukunyusa ukuveliswa kwezindlu zasekuhlaleni.

Ulawulo lolawulo logcino-lwazi oluzizizinzileyo

Ukufumaneka kogcino-lwazi lomgangatho wepasisi, izibhedlele ezitsha, kunye nezixhobo zokufuzisela zinceda iindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zimisele iinkqubo ezisekelwe kubungqina. Umzekelo, abenzi bomthetho bangasebenzisa ubalo lwe-data kunye nemvume yokwakha yasekuhlaleni yokuchonga iindawo ezifuna izakhiwo ezinkulu nezinenkxaso-mali ngokunjalo. Ezinye izixeko zifuna iingxelo zemveliso zezindlu zonyaka ukusuka ekucwangcisweni kwesebe ukuze kuvavanywe inkqubela phambili. Iikomiti zolawulo lomthetho zinokusebenzisa le migaqo-siseko ukutshintsha iinkqubo. /estingss as as antificiations eziding okanye iimfuno zokupaka ezipholileyo. Ucelomngeni kuqinisekisa ukuba ugcino-data lwezindlu luvutha kwaye ubuchule bokucacisa. Ukholo kugcino-data aluyithathi ngaphaya kwemigwebo yezopolitiko, kodwa lunganceda kwingxoxo yemiqobo ye-ecroptic kunokuba i-ecdote.

Ulawulo loLuntu noXanduva

Ubuchule obutsha bedemokhrasi buye bavela ukuze bunike abemi impembelelo ethe ngqo kwiziphumo zowiso-mthetho. Ezinye iinkqubo zoqingqo-mali ezinegalelo zinikezela ngemali kawonke-wonke esekelwe kumavoti oluntu, ngokufuthi kuquka izindlu kunye neeprojekthi zezibonelelo. Ukukholosa kwelizwe loluntu (iiCLT) kugunyaziswe ngurhulumente onika igunya lokunika impembelelo yemithetho kwaye avumele imibutho engaphumeleliyo yengeniso ukuba igcine umhlaba ithembekile, iqinisekise ukuba imali ehlala ihleli. Ezinye izixeko ziye zayila "iindibano zecawa" okanye "amabhunga angoorhulumente" acebisa ngokusemthethweni ibhungasileyo ekusebenziseni izigqibo zomhlaba. Ezi zivavanyanzelo zemithetho-mthetho zizimisele ukunciphisa impembelelo yabaququququzelo-encwadi oluvelayo lwezikhundla kunye nokuquluko-Gene. Nangona zingezo i-paceaces, zimele ukutshintsha ngakumbi kulawulo lolawulo lwasedolo-dolo.

Isiphelo

Amandla omthetho asiyonto nje enyanzeliswayo emisika; ligunya elakhayo elichaza imida yokuphumelela kwemisebenzi yezentengiselwano yezindlu nenkqubela-phambili yedolophu. Imithetho edluliswa ngamabhunga esixeko, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye neZiko lowiso-mthetho imisela imithetho yemidlalo. Ukumiswa kwemithetho yemidlalo kunokubangela ukuba kubekho ukungalingani, apho, nendlela yokuhlala, njengoko abantu basezidolophini bekhula, imfuneko yokulungisa izakhiwo, ilungelelanisa, intlalo, kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho abemi babo. Imithetho eqinisiweyo inokukhuthaza, inkxaso, nemihlaba echukumileyo; ukumiwa okanye ukukhutshwa kwemithetho ekhuthaza ukungalingani, ukulingana, ukulingana, ukubola, nokuwohloka kwemekobume yezulu. Njengoko abantu basezixesheni, imfuneko yokusetyenziswa kobuchule, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemeko-gradiodgracs.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kotshintsho lwendawo kunye neziphumo zayo, bona i- Imanyano yocalulo lweMelika yokucwangcisa imigangatho yotshintsho kumgangatho karhulumente kunye [[FLT:] kunye ne Broketings Iinstitutions zohlalutry zemakethe yezindlu ezinamandla[[[FLT:]3]. Ukuqonda indima yokwakha iikhowudi kwizindlu ezinokufikeleleka, kubhekiselele kwinkqubo ye-EPGrand [[FLT:]. Ugcino-lwazi oluthe kratya lwe-liging [FLTC] lungafunyanwa nge-L .US. Isebe le-URGenetic [FLT]