Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Inkqubo yokhetho

Unyulo lungumsebenzi ongundoqo wolawulo-demokhrasi, unika abemi inkqubo yokubumba urhulumente wabo kwaye bagcine iinkokeli zinobutyala. Ngoxa umgaqo wokuvota ungowona uphela, iindlela ezingqalileyo amazwe aqhuba ngazo unyulo zahluka kakhulu. Ezi mahluko / ezisekelwe kwimbali, izithethe ezisemthethweni, kunye namaxabiso enkcubeko ngokungqalileyo zichaphazela ukuthatha inxaxheba, ukumela, nokuzinza koorhulumente. Ukuthelekisa indlela amazwe ahlukeneyo aqhuba ngayo unyulo lwawo akubonisi nje iinguqu zolawulo kodwa kwanocelomngeni oluzinzileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba zonke iivoti ezibalwa kakuhle kwaye zikhuselekile. Eli nqaku lihlola uludwe lweenkqubo zovoti, ukhetho, ukhuseleko, imiqathango, ukuzoba kwimizekelo evela ehlabathini ukubala imisebenzi, oko kunokwenziwa, oko kunokwenziwa yiyo, noko kusenokufundwa koomatshini bokusebenza kwenye.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo ze-Electoral

Inkqubo yokhetho yiseti yemithetho emisela indlela eguqulelwa ngayo kwizihlalo okanye kwiiofisi. Ukhetho lwenkqubo luneziphumo ezinzulu kwiinkqubo zeqela, kwimibutho edibanisayo, nakwihambo yovoti. Ezi ntsapho zintathu ezibanzi zingoomphathi (okanye ubuninzi), ulungelelwaniso, kunye neenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nolwahlulo oluninzi ngaphakathi kwenye.

UQala uPast 16) Thezzi Post (FPTP) – IMajonitarian Special Specing

Phantsi kwe-FPTP, eyaziwa ngokuba luvota, umvuzo omnye ukhethwa kwisithili ngasinye ngokusekelwe ekufumaneni ivoti eninzi kunaye nawuphi na omnye umvoti (kodwa hayi uninzi). Le nkqubo isetyenziswa eUnited States (yombutho), iUnited Kingdom, Canada, neIndiya. Iingenelo zayo ezingundoqo kukulula kunye noqhagamshelwano olunamandla phakathi koomatiloshe kunye nommeli wabo. Noko ke, iFPTPPP isoloko ikhokelela kwiziphumo ezingaphezulu: amaqela anenkxaso ephakamileyo angafumana izihlalo ezininzi ngesabelo esisezantsi sovoti yesizwe, ngelixa amaqela anenkxaso esasazeleyo engaphantsi komngeni. Umzekelo, kunyulo-2019, i-Liberal Parvey wafumana 33% yevotionti eyaziwayo kodwa afumana izihlalo ezi-5%.

Umelo lomgaqo-nkqubo (PR) – Umelo olubanzi

Isixokelelwano se-PR sijolise ekunikezeleni izihlalo ngokulinganayo kwivoti. Olona tshintsho luqhelekileyo luluhlu lwe-PR, olusetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu njenge Spain, i-Netherlands, kunye ne-Finland. IiVoters zikhetha uluhlu lweqela, kwaye izihlalo zisasazwa ngokwendlela elula (umz., D’Hondt okanye Sainteāu Paraë). I-PR ikhuthaza iinkqubo ezininzi kwaye inokwenzeka kakhulu ukuvelisa oorhulumente abangqubani. Icala lazo linokuba lunxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi komvoti nomntu ngamnye, nangona iinkqubo zoluhlu lwe-R. Umzekelo, i-Netherlands, isebenzisa isithilikethi esinye ne PR, okuphumela ekudibaniseni rhoqo kodwa kusenze amaqela amancinane.

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo – Amandla okuhlanganisa

Amazwe afana neJamani, iNew Zealand, neMexico asebenzisa iinkqubo ezixubeneyo ezingama-gradient remanute (MMP), apho abavoti baphosa khona iibhola ezimbini: esinye se-FPPP yobulali kunye nesinye soluhlu lweqela. Izihlalo zoluhlu zihlawula naluphi na ukhuphiswano lobungcathu. IBoundestag inamalungu angama-299 akhethiweyo ngqo kunye nama-299, kunye noluhlu lokugqibela olubonisa ivoti yeqela. Le modeli ye-projekthi izama ukulinganisa ukuma komelo lwengingqini. Umahluko, udidi lwe-interligit syntiat , oluxubeneyo (ebizwa ngokuba luvotelcete corce), lusetyenziswa eJapan naseRashiya; apha izihlalo ezimbini azizimele, ngoko uluhlu oluzinzileyo, oluzinzileyo olubonisa i-FTP.

Iinkqubo ze-Rhenked

Ngaphaya kweentsapho ezingundoqo, amanye amazwe asebenzisa uvotelo olukhethekayo. IAustralia isebenzisa enye ivoti yendlu yayo esezantsi (instantātàrunoffv, IRV) kunye nevoti enye edluliselweyo (STV) yeNdlu yayo. Kwi-IRV, abavoti abavoti abakwizikhundla; ukuba akukho namnye ofumana uninzi, oyena mvoti ubuthathaka uyasuswa kwaye abavoti babo batshintshiwe. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba abaphumeleleyo bafumana inkxaso enkulu ngexa bephepha ukuqhuba i-gradions. IFransi isebenzisa inkqubo ye-STV ebanzi emibini ye-presial kunye novotioti: ukuba akukho mvoteko ufumana isininzi kwingi yokuqala, isibini sibanjwa phakathi kwabaqhubi abaphezulu. Ezi ndlela zinciphisa ukuvota-vota kodwa zinokuba ntsoko ngakumbi kubalwa kwevoti.

Iinkqubela Ezihambayo Ehlabathini Lonke

Ulawulo lonyulo-----voter, uphando, imigaqo-nkqubo yokubala,/iindawo ezibanzi, nelizwe ngalinye eliziqhelanisa nobume belizwe, ubungakanani, kunye nobuchule bolawulo.

EUnited States: Incitshiswe Kancinane Yaye Intsonkothile

Unyulo lwaseMelika lulawulwa ngurhulumente kunye nolawulo lwengingqi, kungekho lulawulo lwesizwe. Urhulumente ngamnye umisela imithetho yakhe kwimiqathango yokuvota, iiyure zokuvota, iposi ûin vovota, kunye neemfuno zokwahlula. Ii-princium kunye nee-kaucrees ezikhetha iqela zingabhaliswa iinyanga ezigqithileyo, kwaye inkqubo yeElectoral College yonyulo lomongameli ithetha ukuba umvuli wovoti oqhelekileyo akasoloko eba ngumongameli (njengokowama 2000 nowama - 2016). Ubhaliso lwe-Voter lusoloko lungumqobo: malunga nomnye kumaMelika amahlanu afanelekayo akabhaliswanga, ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yemithetho efuna iirolayiselo okanye ii-ID ezithile. IUnited States isebenzisa ipesenti elithelekisayo (ibhayisi okanye iibhola zebhombu ye-compu) kunye nee-operateccompacties, ukst trans 09.

EJamani: Umanyano NeMixponed ↑MEmber

Isakhiwo sonyulo saseJamani siyanconywa ngozinzo lwaso nangokusesikweni. IGosa eliBuyisela unyulo lohlanga, kodwa i-16 yamazwe alawula ukuvota kwimimandla yawo. Amavoter abhaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo kwiingxelo zabemi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyukeni kwexabiso elimalunga no 75-80%. Iibhola zoluhlu omabini abathathi-nxaxheba (ivoti yokuqala) kunye neqela lidwelisa (ivoti yesibini). Inkqubo ekhuthaza imibutho yokuhlala ezihlalweni eziphezulu zinqanda amaqela amancinci angena kwi-Bundmog, anciphisa ukwahlukana. I-Jamani isebenzisa ii-transports ezibala ngezandla kwizikhululo zoqhagamshelwano zobulali, kunye neziphumo ezibanzi (onke ubusuku obunye). Inkqubo ekhuthaza imibutho, nasemva konyulo ye-Genesalathi, kunye no-Greenmotracrac, kunye noluews Freetra.

EIndiya: Idemokhrasi Enkulu

IIndiya iqhuba uqeqesho olukhulu lweeveki okanye iinyanga ezininzi ehlabathini, ngezigidi ezingama-900 zabavoti ababhalisiweyo ngo-2024. IKhomishini yeNkqutyana ye-Ecomment of India (ECI) ligunya elizimeleyo elicwangcisa unyulo kubude benkqubo eqhubekayo yama-453, kwaye i-EC isebenzisa ii-logiess ezikhulu zovotayo (EVM) ezivelisa iphepha elivotafififififiweyo (VPAT). Ubhaliso luphantse phantse luba libanzi ngenkqubo eqhubekayo, kwaye i-ECI isebenzisa ii-logisters ezinkulu, iinqanawa, kwaneendlovu eziphezulu, ezinokufikelela kwimimandla ekude. Inkqubo ye-FPPP ivelisa i-partracentieties (g.g., i-Bhatatatatams) kunye nabagxeki-ok

EBrazil: Oovulindlela Bezombane

I-Brazil iye yasebenzisa ukuvota okupheleleyo kwe-elektroniki ukususela ngo-1991, kunye neevoti eziphoswe kwi-Gradient Exchange Extrating Electronic (DRE) ngaphandle komzila wephepha. Oku kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu ukuvota okungasebenzisekiyo kwaye kukhawulezile ngokukhawulezileyo (iindlela ezisoloko zaziwa ngeyure). Inkqubo ixhaphakile ngesantya sayo, kodwa ixhalabisa ngokuzinzisa kwekhompyutha nokungaphindwa kwemali okuqhubekayo okukhoyo okukhoyo, kodwa ukuvota okungaqhubekekiyo nokuzinziswayo kwe-Mankirk(kubek67) kunzima ngaphandle kwephepha lomatshini. I-Brazil isebenzisa inkqubo ye-645 ephakathi kunyuswa unyulo loonobumba kunye nonyulo lwe-gralitial, apho uvavanyo oluphakathi lwe-gconftial ephakathi lwendlu yayo, apho udidi olukhoyo lungakhetha khona ukuvola i-mvolo okanye uluhlu. (kuvo lwabemi abali-187070) ukujika ngaphezulu kwe-80%, nangona izigwebo ezithotho

Iindlela Zokudlulisela: Ukusuka Kwibhokisi Yebhola Ukuya Kwiziqhubi

Indlela abavoti abafaka ngayo iivoti zabo kumazwe anokufikelela kuwo, akhuseleke nawathembayo.

Ukuhlahlela: Umgangatho Wegolide

Kumazwe amaninzi, abavoti baya kwisikhululo sovotelo ngosuku lonyulo, bafumana ivoloti yephepha, kwaye baphawule ukhetho lwabo kwidolodo yabucala. Ukuba ubala kwenziwa ngesandla okanye ngemisongo yokubona. Le ndlela ilula, icace, ivumela ukuba ibonise ukusondelana komzimba nokufumaneka, ibangela imiqobo kubantu abaneziphene, abo basebenza iiyure ezininzi, okanye abo bahlala kwiindawo ezikude. Ukuhlisa oku, amanye amazwe anika uvoteko kwangoko kwientsuku eziliqela (umz., eSweden, eCanada).

IMailsa in Voling: Convenince vs.

Iposi, ivoti, i-vvote 76bytómail, okanye ukuvota okungekhoyo kuvumela abemi ukuba bafumane baze babuyisele iivoti ngeposi. I-Australia inenkqubo enamandla yokuvota kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuya enyanisweni, ngelixa i-US iye yabona ulwando olukhulu ekuvotelweni kweposi ukususela kuma-202020 (malunga nama-40% evoti kunyulo lukamongameli lwaletwa ngeposi). Izenzo ezilungileyo ziquka unyulo lweposi, ngeposi, ngeposi ebhalotishiweyo kuzo zonke iiveki ezibhalisiweyo ngaphambili. Ukuvota kweposi kwanda, ingakumbi phakathi kwabakhulile nabavoti-mali abatshayo, kodwa kunyusa ukubethwa kweposi, ukwenziwa komgunyaziso, ukutyikityo, kunye nokunyanzelwa kwe-ovendla.

Umbane ne - Internet: Isantya Sibiza Imali

Oomatshini bovota bombane (ooomatshini bombane) baxhaphakile eIndiya, eBrazil, nase Estonia (ukuze kubhexeshwa i-intanethi). I-Estonia lilizwe kuphela elisebenzisa i-intanethi ukuvota kakhulu ukwenzela unyulo oludibanisayo, livumela abemi ukuba bavote kwi-intanethi emva kwe-intanethi edityanisiweyo ye-ID enamandla. Ngelixesha oku kukhuthaza ukhuseleko olunentsingiselo, kuphakamisa i-i-intanethi kunye nemicimbi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi: isixhobo somvoti kunye nothungelwano-mnatha kungahlaselwa, kwaye i-colotte efihlakeleyo kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-intanethi ne-email e-intanethi i-intanethi i-Internethieve i-evel ibonise ukungangeni. Ngenxa yoko, i-Netherlands ne-Ireland i-etercanversethican engenanto engenanto ephumayokungangeni kwe-octives.

Unqabiseko Lokhetho Nengqibelelo

Ukuthembela kwabantu kwiziphumo zonyulo kuxhomekeke ekukhuseleni ekuqhatheni, kwimpazamo nasekungeneleni.

Imithetho yeVoter

Ukwenziwa kwengqwalaselo engqongqo kwizikhululo zovolo kusasazekile: IIndiya isebenzisa amakhadi e-EPIC, iUK engenisa ii-ID yefoto ngo-2023, kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu ifuna uhlobo oluthile lwe-ID. Kumazwe aphantse abe ngama-40 afuna uhlobo oluthile lwe-ID, kunye nempikiswano engqongqo enxulumene nemithetho enokuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto i-incinci kunye ne-crediotation. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuvota kunqabile kakhulu, ukwenza imithetho engqongqo ye-ID isisombululo ekuphekeni ingxaki yeengcali ezininzi. Ngokuphikisana noko, amazwe afana ne-Jamani ne-Sweden axhomekeke ekubhalisweni ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye awafuni ukuvotelelwa i-ID kwii-atholo, endaweni yokutyikityo.

IMithetho yoLwazi lwasemva

Ukuqinisekisa ucoselelo, ulawulo oluninzi lwemithetho elawula uphicotho-zincwadi emva konyulo. Amazwe amaninzi axhomekeke kwimida yophicotho-zincwadi (RLA), apho umlinganiselo ongaqhelekanga weebhola zephepha uthelekiswa nesimbuku esixeliweyo, uthathwa njengomgangatho wegolide. Colorado (US) kunye neminye i-Swiss cantons asebenzisa i-RLS. Amanye amazwe axhomekeke kwingxelo epheleleyo xa imida imxinwa. I-Brazil, nangona inkqubo yayo ye-elektroniki, ayinayo uvavanyo olucwangcisiweyo lwephepha; endaweni yoko, isebenzisa uvavanyo oluthelekisa i-pasethi kwimixokelelwano emininzi ye-elektroniki yink ink inkcononeloguement: International Institute for Decccificial and Elctoral Conservation (IDA) incomote (E) incodomation.

Unxulumano lwamazwe angaphandle

Ukuphazamisa kokhetho kusetyenziswa ukuqhekeza, ukudibanisa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-media yezonxibelelwano kuye kwaba yeyona nto iphambili ixhalabisayo ukususela ngo-2016. I-US yaseka i-Cybersecurity kunye ne-Infracturactive Security Agency (CISA) yokhuseleko loluntu ukuze incede amasebe akhuselekileyo. IJamani ifuna ukuba oomatshini bokuvota bavavanywe ligunya elizimeleyo kwaye bathintele ukusetyenziswa kwabo ekudluliseleni i-intanethi. IKhomishini ye-Elcectoral isebenza ngeNational Cyber Security Center. Umlinganiselo ongundoqo kukugcina ugcino-data yokuvota ikude kwi-intanethi, njengokuba isenza ngenkqubo yayo yokuvota yokhetho lwaphesheya. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi akakabina nto ayinayo imilinganiselo ye-intanethi ye-intelliccover, iziphekelele kuzo zombini zohlaselo lwangaphandle kunye nolu ngaphaya.

Iingxaki Ezikhoyo

Phezu kwazo nje izinto ezintsha, bonke oorhulumente bolawulo - melo bajamelana neengxaki ezingapheliyo ezinokukuphelisa ukufaneleka konyulo.

Ukuvuleka nokungakhathali

Unyuso lwedemokhrasi olumisiweyo beluye lwancipha ukususela ngoo1960, nezizukulwana ezincinane ezingafuni kusebenza. Kwiminyaka yonyaka wama-2022 ephakathi e-US, ukurhoxa bekumalunga nama- 46% abemi abavotayo; kwi-UK, umlinganiselo wonyulo jikelele umalunga nama-65%. Uvotelo olunyanzelekileyo, olusetyenziswa e-Australia (87% yojiko), iBelgium (88%), neBrazil, ukukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba kodwa akuqinisekisi ukuvota. Amanyathelo okunyusela ukuvota aquka ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, impelaveki, i-vota, imigca emifutshane, kunye nonyulo lweselula yemimandla ekude. IKhanada yabona isibalo esingu 68% kunyaka wama-2015 emva kothotho lweproparttication.

Ukunganeliseki Nemiqobo

Ukucinezelwa kwe-Voter kungathatha iindlela ezininzi: imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, ukukhutshwa kweeroografi, ukuncitshiswa kwamanxuwa okuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokuvalwa kwezikhululo zokuvota ezikufutshane. Kwi-US, isigqibo 2016 sasusa iindawo ezithile zeSivumelwano samaLungelo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwigalelo lemithetho engqongqo. Ehlabathini lonke, abantu abanolwazi olungqongqo olungqongqo basoloko bevalwa ekuvotini; e-US, malunga nezigidi ezi-5 zabemi ziyadityaniswa ngenxa yemithetho efuna ingcwangu. Ngokwahlukileyo, iJamani kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu avumela onke amabanjwa ukuba avote ngaphandle kokuba enziwe yinkundla.

Ukusetyenziswa

Kwinkqubo ze-FPTP, ukuzoba imida yesithili kungasetyenziswa ukuxhasa iqela elinye (i-germaning). Ku-US, uqheliso lusemthethweni kwaye lusetyenziswa ngamaqela amabini amakhulu, kukhokelela kwimimandla engadityaniswanga kwaye engasetyenziswayo. Iikhomishini zomda, njengakwi-United Kingdom, Canada, nase Australia, zinciphisa impembelelo ye-Rondex. I-Indiya ikwasebenzisa ikhomishini yokuthoba, kodwa izihlalo azizange zilungiswe ukususela ngowe- 1976 ukwenzela iinguqu-nzame, zibangela i-macampportion.

Imali Nempembelelo Yephulo

Indima yemali kwezobupolitika ihlala iphikiswana. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-US sivumela ukuba inkampani kunye nemali esetyenziswa kwintengiso zezobupolitika ezizimeleyo zifumaneke ngokungenasiphelo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuchitheni imali eninzi kwii-PAC. Amazwe amaninzi amisela imida engqongqo: uvalelo lwezopolitiko lwe-UK lwahlawula izibhengezo zezopolitiko kwi-medio-ndaba; ukuhlawula kwemibutho lemibutho yamazwe azimeleyo nokufuna ukutyhilwa kwayo. EBrazil, inkxaso yenkampani yavalwa ngo-R36, inyusa i-mali ukuze i-mali yenze i-mali esebenzayo. Ukungabi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na

Isiphelo: Ukufunda Kwiintlobo Ezahlukahlukeneyo

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho igqibeleleyo; nganye imela urhwebo phakathi kwemiqathango ekhuphisanayo efana nokumela, ukulula, ukuzinza, nokhuseleko. Iinkqubo ze-FPTP ze-US ne-UK zinika uxanduva olucacileyo kodwa zisoloko zishiya abavoti nabaphumeleleyo bengakhethanga ngqo. Iinkqubo zepropotiontive eYurophu zivelisa imidibaniso ebanzi kodwa zinokudityaniswa. Iimodeli ezixutyiweyo ezifana nezama kweJamani ukudibanisa ezingcono kakhulu kwezo zombini ihlabathi. Okwangoku, iindlela zokulawula zinikezela ngobhaliso lwevota ukuqulusa uphindo lwemithetho elandelwa ekhankanyiweyo ukuze iphiniswe ngokungqalileyo.//shape ukuba abemi bangayisebenzisa ngokwenene ekuvoteni kwabo ukuvota.

Uhlolisiso lonyulo oluthelekisayo lubonisa ukuba akukho cwangciso enye yedemokhrasi. Yintoni le ibalulekileyo eyenzekayo ukuba i- I-IDA, i-Indiya ingayamkela ngokwayo kunye nokuzimela; i-Endiya ingahamba isiya ekuvotelweni kwe-grain yecandelo lemizimba yobulali; i-Brazil ingenza uphicotho lwephepha. Ii-operate yehlabathi lonke olufana no-[FLT:] I-IDA[FLD , i-ACEECLARLT], umbangolwazi olukwindawo yolwazi olubanzi [, kunye [indlela yorhwebo] ne-EFLTMMMGUS inika izibonelelo ezingcono zobugcisa obuninzi, njengoko kuthe kuphuculwezo lwezobuxhaka-odwa, ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe lonke, nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezopolitiki, neyokuba i-odwa, i-EvalvPFLGreactive