Yintoni Umthetho Wezobupolitika?

Umthetho wezobupolitika yingcamango esisiseko kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika negunya. Ichaza ilungelo lequmrhu elilawulayo lokusebenzisa igunya phezu kwabantu nokumkelwa kwalo lelo gunya lilawulwa. Xa urhulumente ebonwa njengosemthethweni, abemi bayayithobela ngokuzithandela imithetho yakhe, bahlawulela irhafu, kwaye bathobele izigqibo zabo, hayi ngenxa yoloyiko, kodwa ngenxa yokuba bekholelwa ukuba le nkqubo ilungile kwaye ifanelekile. Le nkolelo yiyo eyahlulayo, esebenzayo kweyabantu abaxhomekeke ekunyanzelweni. Imithetho ayilophawu oluzinzileyo; lulwalamano olunamandla phakathi kwabalawuli nabalawulwayo, olubunjwe yimbali, ukwenza izinto, nemilinganiselo yempucuko. Ngokusisiseko, iphendula umbuzo obalulekileyo wezobupolitika: isizathu sokuba nabani na umele athobele urhulumente?

Ukuqonda ukufaneleka kwezobupolitika kubalulekile ekuhlolisiseni indlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo, isizathu sokuba imigaqo-nkqubo iphumelele okanye ingaphumeleli, kunye nento ebangela isiphithiphithi sezobupolitika. Eli nqaku landisiweyo lihlolisisa imvelaphi yalo, intlobo, imisebenzi, imingeni, kunye nemizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene. Ekupheleni, abafundi baza kuba nolwazi oluphandle ngesizathu sokuba imicimbi esesikweni nendlela ebumba ngayo izenzo zoorhulumente ehlabathini lonke.

Ukuchaza Umthetho Wezobupolitika: Ukuvumelana, Umthetho, Nesivumelwano Sentlalo

Esisekoni salo, ukumiselwa kwezobupolitika kubhekiselele ekuthetheleni igunya. Akuthethi ukuba unegunya kuphela, oku kuxhomekeke kwizizathu ezingokokuziphatha nezisengqiqweni zalo mandla. Ingcamango ingadilizwa ibe zinxalenye eziliqela ezingundoqo, kunye, ezenza isakhiwo sokuhlola enoba urhulumente ufanelwe kukuthobela kusini na.

Ukuvunyelwa Kwabo Balawulwayo

Ingcamango yokuba igunya elisemthethweni lixhomekeke ekuvumeni kwabantu banemvelaphi enzulu kwingcamango yezobupolitika yaseNtshona. Intanda-bulumko njengoJohn Locke zaphikisa ngelithi abantu bayavuma ukuseka oorhulumente ukuze bakhusele amalungelo abo emvelo, nokuba oorhulumente baphulukana nelungelo xa bewaphula loo malungelo. Kulawulo-lwazi lwamagunya lwanamhlanje, imvume ibonakaliswa ngonyulo, ii-arhente, nokuthathi-nxaxheba kawonke wonke. Noko ke, ingcamango ayipheleli kunyulo; ikwanokwenza uhlobo lwemvume yokuhlala ngokuvuma ngaphakathi, apho ukuqhubeka nokuhlala okanye ukusetyenziswa kweenkonzo zikawonke wonke kubonakalisa ukwamkelwa.

Umthetho

Urhulumente osemthethweni usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yemithetho esebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi, kuquka nabalawuli ngokwabo. Umthetho uqinisekisa ukuba amandla asetyenziswa ngokuqhindekileyo nangokungagwebeliyo, uthintela ukusetyenziswa komthetho ngokungekho mthethweni. Xa iinkokeli zingaphezulu komthetho, ukulingana nokusemthethweni kuyantlukwano. Abaphengululi abaninzi baphikisa ngelithi ukulandelela imithetho emiselwe ngokwesithethe, “‘ kungumbandela oyimfuneko kodwa ongengowaneleyo wokufumana igunya. Umzekelo, ulawulo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe lungalandela eyalo imigaqo kodwa lungasamkelwa ngabantu abaninzi.

ISebe

Isithethe sombutho, ukusuka kuThomas Hobbes ukuya kuJean-Jacques Rousseau, amaposi athi abantu bayavuma ukunikezela ngenkululeko ethile ukuze bafumane ukhuseleko nocwangco. Esi sivumelwano sipheleleyo sidala iimfanelo eziphindiweyo: abemi bathobela imithetho, kwaye urhulumente unikela ukhuseleko nempahla kawonke-wonke. Xa urhulumente engaphumeleli ukuzalisekisa icala lakhe lentengiselwano, le sivumelwano siyaphulwa, kwaye siyaphelelwa ngokusemthethweni. Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo-ntle inwela kwimithetho yomhlaba wonke kunye nemithetho esemthethweni yamaziko ehlabathi lonke.

Ukunconywa Ngamanye Amazwe

Umthetho asingombandela wangaphakathi kuphela. Ukuqashelwa kwezizwe ngezizwe. /_Ngonxulumano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ubulungu kwimibutho efana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kunye nezivumelwano ```i-reinforce' karhulumente kwigunya. Noko ke, eli gunya langaphandle lingangqubana nokusemthethweni kwangaphakathi, njengokuba kubonakala xa ulawulo lwedemon lufumana uluvo lwezizwe ngezizwe nangona lungenankxaso yasekhaya.

Kwindlela enzulu yokusebenzisa ezi ngcamango, i-[FLT] Sttanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ichaza uphando lwezopolitiko olusemthethweni inika ushwankathelo olulungileyo lwezitshixo ze-injingalwazi kunye neengxoxo.

Iindidi Zomthetho Wezobupolitika: Ubuchule Bokunxibelelana Kwamaqela Oomatshini Beenqwelo - mafutha Nezongezelelwe Ngaphaya Kwawo

Isazi ngentlalo uMax Weber sachaza iindidi ezintathu ezifanelekileyo zokufaneleka kwezobupolitika, nganye isekelwe kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yegunya. Ezi ntlobo zisaluncedo ekuqondeni indlela ezithiwa ngokusemthethweni ngayo zigcinwe zikwinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika.

Umthetho Wesithethe

Igunya elisekelwe kumasiko, izithethe, kunye nemeko ezuzwe njengelifa. Ukusesikweni kufana nolawulo lookumkani, isikhulu, kunye neenkqubo zesizwe apho amandla ehla khona kwiintsapho. Ukuthobela kunikwa umntu onegunya kuba yiloo ndlela izinto ebezisoloko zenziwa ngayo. Imizekelo iquka ulawulo lwamaBritane (olugcina igunya elifuziselayo) kunye nobukhosi bamandulo obufana noo-Ottoman okanye amaTshayina. Ubuthathaka baloluhlobo kukuba lungaqina luze lusilele ekuziqhelaniseni neenguqulelo zentlalo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxaki xa izithethe zivavanywa.

Umthetho Ongokwasemthethweni

Olu hlobo luxhomekeke kwiempawu zomntu ezingaqhelekanga, ubuqhawe, okanye umbono wenkokeli. Abalandeli batsalelwa kwisavetisi senkokeli kunokuba bafumane imithetho esemthethweni okanye isithethe. Igunya loburhalarhume lisoloko livela ngexesha lengxaki okanye lenguquko. Ngokuqhelekileyo lifana no Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr., okanye Simón Bolívar exemplifig le nto. Noko ke, i-charma iyatshintsha, kufuneka “iphinde yenzeke” kwifomu eqinileyo (edla ngokuba ligunya elisemthethweni) emva kokuba inkokeli ihambile. Ucelomngeni kukuba iinkokeli ze-Propolisa zinokuba zenziwe nge-agracracta ukuba isibheno sazo zobuqu zisetyenziswa ukukhangela iinkonzo.

Umthetho-siseko osemthethweni

Olu luhlobo olubalaseleyo kumazwana olawulo-mpukane anamhlanje. Igunya libekwe kwimithetho, iinkqubo, neeofisi, kunokuba libe ngabantu ngabanye. Abami bathobela umthetho ngenxa yokuba bayayamkela inkqubo emiselwe kwaye inyanzeliswe ngayo. Unyulo, imimiselo, kunye neejaji ezizimeleyo ziphawuleka. Umthetho osemthethweni ulungelelaniswa kakhulu kwaye ulungelelaniswa, kodwa unokuba ngowona mkhethe wezobugcisa kwaye ungabikho kwiimvakalelo eziqhelekileyo ukuba abantu bavakalelwa kukuba inkqubo ayisabeli kwiimfuno zabo.

Isakhiwo se Weber sinyuswe ngabaphengululi bexesha linye. Umzekelo, abanye bahlula ukumiselwa ngokwasemthethweni (kusekelwe kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo) kunye nomthetho osemthethweni okhoyo (osekelwe kwiziphumo nje). Abanye bangenisa ukwenziwa komthetho [[FLT], owenzelwe ukuphumeza unyuko, ukhuseleko, neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Iqela lamaTshayina, umzekelo, lixhomekeke kumsebenzi osemthethweni, ukuphikisa okokuba ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza nokukhula kwemigangatho ephezulu kuthethelela umgaqo walo.

Indima Yolawulo Lwezobupolitika

Umthetho awuyongcamango nje engacacanga, kodwa uneziphumo ezinzulu kwindlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo nendlela abakhula ngayo abantu. Abaphengululi baye bachaza iindima ezininzi ezingundoqo ekulawuleni ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuzinza nolungelelwano

Urhulumente ogqalwa njengofanelekileyo unokuxhomekeka ekuthobeleni ngokuzithandela kunokuba anyanzele ukugcina ucwangco. Abahlali bamkela igunya lamapolisa, bahlawule irhafu, balandele imimiselo ngenxa yokuba bakholelwa ukuba le nkqubo ilungile. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokunyanzelisa nokuthoba amathuba okuvukela. Uphando lwembali lubonisa ukuba amaxesha okungagunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni anxulumene nesantya esiphantsi sesiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-phithi. Ngokuchasene noko, xa kuwiswa umthetho, kwanezixhobo zokhuseleko ezinamandla zingazama ukugcina ulungelelwano, njengoko kuboniswe kuwe19799, iMvukelo yeIran okanye imvukelo yowama-2011 eLibya.

Ukuthobela Imithetho Nemigaqo

Ukuba ngumthetho kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo enoba abantu balandela imithetho. Uphando lwezifundo zomthetho luqinisekisa ukuba abantu badla ngokuthobela umthetho xa bejonga inkqubo yomthetho njengefanelekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ubungozi besohlwayo. Oku kwaziwa ngokuthi “kukuthobela irhafu kwanobuhlanga.” Umzekelo, ukuthotyelwa kwerhafu kukhulu kumazwe anegunya elinamandla, kwanaxa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kubuthathaka. Kwicala elingekho mthethweni, imigaqo ethathwa njengengekho semthethweni .

Ukuzalisekiswa komgaqo-nkqubo nokuphumelela

Oorhulumente abanegunya eliphezulu bangazalisekisa iinkqubo ezinamabhongo zokwenza amaphulo onyango lukawonke-wonke, iprojekthi yezezibonelelo, okanye iziguqulo zezoqoqosho qha, kuba abemi bekholose ngeenjongo ezisemva kwabo. Isifo seCHOVID-19 sinikela umboniso ocacileyo: amazwe akholose kakhulu kurhulumente (njenge-New Zealand, eMzantsi Korea, kunye neJamani) abona ukuthotyelwa okuphezulu kwamaphulo okutshixa kunye namaphulo okugoma. Ngokuchasene noko, amaphondo asezantsi (njengeBrazil phantsi koMongameli Bolsonaroro, okanye inxalenye ye-United States) ejongeneedenti, inkohliso, kunye nomthetho engekho mthethweni.

Isisombululo Esichaseneyo

Oorhulumente abasemthethweni baxhotyiswe bhetele ekuchaseni iimpikiswano zemedias-media . ngokuchaseneyo, phakathi kwamaqela eentlanga, amaqela ezobupolitika, okanye amaqela eepolitiki, okanye ikomkhulu kunye nekomkhulu (ngokuba babonwa njengabaxhasi abangoondilele. Xa abemi bethemba ukuba urhulumente uya kusebenzisa imithetho ngendlela elungileyo, basengozini yokwamkela imithetho yenkundla, iziphumo, okanye iindawo zoxolo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, urhulumente ongasemthethweni udla ngokubhenela phambili, njengoko amaqela angenaluvo lwamaqela anokufumana uncedo ngaphandle kogonyamelo. Inyaniso neKhomishini yokwayanyathela emva kocalu lwabiwo-calulo yaphumelela kakhulu ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wepost-apid wamkela umthetho obanzi.

Uhlalutyo olunzulu lwendlela echaphazele ngayo uzinzo lwezopolitiko, ulindixesha wemfundo unika uphando lomzekelo oluninzi; inqaku lokungena elifikelelekayo linqaku elikwi lingummiselo kunye nobuchule bombuso .

Iingxaki Zobugqwetha Bezobupolitika

Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba oorhulumente bawe nesizathu sokuba ezinye iingxaki ziphembelele.

Urhwaphilizo

Ukunganyaniseki okusasazekileyo − nokuba kuphehlwa ucengo oluncinane okanye kuxhotyiswe ngesantya esiphezulu⁠⁠) kutshabalalisa inkolelo yokuba urhulumente ulungile kwaye uphethe. Abami bayabona ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokungafaniyo kwaye isebenza ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye iofisi kawonke-wonke isetyenziselwa inzuzo yobuqu. Amahlazo orhwaphilizo orhwaphilizo awehlise oorhulumente eBrazil (Operation Car Shash), eMzantsi Korea (ukuphekwa kwePaki yeGeun-hye), nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Naxa iinkokeli zizama ukugcina ulungelelwano oluluvo oluyimfuneko oluyimfuneko kwixesha elide.

Ukuchaswa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Oorhulumente abawaphula ngokucwangcisiweyo amalungelo abantu . njengokubulalana okugqithisileyo, ukuthuthumbisa, ukunyanzelwa kokunyamalala, okanye ukucinezelwa kokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo okungenakuphepheka bajamelana neemeko ezimanqam. Ukugwetywa nokugwetywa kwezizwe ngezizwe nokuvunywa komthetho kungalandela, kodwa inkcaso yangaphakathi idla ngokukhula. Imvukelo yangaphakathi yabangelwa ngamapolisa anenkohlakalo angazange anike malungelo namathuba amancinane ezoqoqosho. IBhunga lamaLungelo oluntu kunye nemibutho enjenge-Amnesty International ibhala ezi mpatho zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezi bungqina “ityala zokungalawuleki.”

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho

Ukungalingani okuphezulu nokunyukayo kungakhuthaza imbono yokuba inkqubo ijoliswe kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Xa izityebi zibonakala zithenga impembelelo yezopolitiko zize ziphephe irhafu, ngoxa amahlwempu ezama ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko, ukuwa kokholo kumaqumrhu. Ingxaki yezoqoqosho yehlabathi lonke kunye nokukhutshwa kweebhanki ezalandelayo zezonyango kwakhuthaza ukunyuka kwemibutho yepopulist eYurophu naseUnited States. Uphando lwe-OECD lubonisa ukuba ukukholo kurhulumente lusezantsi kumazwe anengeniso ephezulu.

Ukungabi Nanxaxheba

Ukugxotha abemi kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo — ngoxinzelelo lomvoti, ukwenza inkqubo ejingayo, okanye ukudibanisa okucacileyo, okanye ukuchasa ulawulo olusemthethweni. Abantu bafuna ilizwi, hayi nje ukuvota. Ubuchule obufana noqingqo-mali, uphando lukawonke-wonke, kunye nee-arhente zoburhulumente zinokuqinisa ilungelo ngokunika abemi ipatroli ipatroni. Xa oorhulumente bengaluhoyi uluvo, bamema ukungakhathali okanye umsindo. Imibhiyongo yowango-2011 eChile (iNguquko yePiguin” yabangelwa kukungangeneli kwabafundi kwinkqubo yemfundo.

Izizathu Zangaphandle: Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nokungenelela Kwamazwe Asemzini

Abadlali bangaphandle bayakwazi ukucell ’ umngeni ukufaneleka kukarhulumente. Ukuvunywa kwezizwe ngezizwe, ukungenelela komkhosi, okanye kwanoncedo lwamanye amazwe olunemibandela kungenza buthathaka ukuzibanga korhulumente ukuba ulawula. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuxhomekeka kumagunya asemzini . Ngokungathi amazwe axhomekeke kakhulu kwimali-mboleko yamaTshayina esisiseko, angenza ingqiqo yokuba urhulumente ulawulwa ngaphandle, ophazamisa igunya lamakhaya. Urhulumente weposi ka-2003 Iraq wazama ukuzuza inxalenye esemthethweni ngenxa yokuba wabonwa njengemveliso yemisebenzi yangaphandle.

Impembelelo Yomthetho Wezobupolitika Kubumi

Ulwalamano phakathi kogunyaziso kunye nokuganana kwabemi sisitrato esihamba macala amabini. Umthetho oqinileyo ukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba esebenzayo, ngexa inxaxheba ngokwayo inokuqinisa ukufaneleka.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ngokuzimisela

Xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba unyulo lukhululekile, lulungile, kwaye lunentsingiselo, bavota ngamanani aphezulu. Ukujika okusezantsi kusoloko kubonisa amanqam afanelekileyo. Umzekelo, unyulo lwePalamente yaseYurophu ngokwembali luye lwabonwa lusezantsi kunokhetho lwesizwe, ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yengqiqo yokuba iEU ikude kwaye ayinademokhrasi. Ngokuchaseneyo, amazwe anjenge Denmark neSweden, ngokuthembana okuphezulu kurhulumente, ngokusoloko ubona ukujika ngaphezulu kwama-80% kunyulo lwesizwe.

Ukuthemba Iziko

Ukuthemba amaziko kawonke-wonke .i-courts, amapolisa, iinkonzo zasekuhlaleni, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, isalathisi esithe ngqo sokugunyaziswa. Ukukholosa okuphezulu kukhokelela kwintsebenziswano engakumbi yentlalo, iindleko eziphantsi kwentengiso yezoqoqosho, kunye neziphumo ezingcono zempilo kawonke-wonke. i-OECD's Sums Survice on Trust in Government[ ibonisa ukuba amanqanaba okuthemba aye ehla kwidemokhrasi ezininzi ukususela ekuqaleni koodemokhrasi yoopu, enxulumene nokungaqinisekiswe ekuphumeleni kwezithembiso.

Uluntu Lwasekuhlaleni

Ukungagunyaziswa komthetho akuthethi ukuququzelelwa ngokupheleleyo. Kwinkqubo ezisemthethweni, abemi baziva benikwe amandla okuthetha ngokungavumelaniyo ngemijelo engokwasemthethweni("intetho, ukuqhankqalaza koxolo, ukuqhankqalaza kwe-NGO. Oku kuyingenelo kwidemokhrasi. Noko ke, xa iindlela zokubonakalisa uxolo zivalekile, zikhukuliseka ngokusemthethweni, kwaye izikhalazo zingaguqula ubundlobongela. I-Hong Kong yaqalisa njengombutho wokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, ebonisa ukungabina kwemithetho esemthethweni ekulawuleni kommandla waseBeijing.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lokungawi Ngomthetho Wezobupolitika

Imizekelo yembali neyexesha langoku ibonisa indlela eyakheke ngokufanelekileyo ngayo, igcinwe ilungile, ilahlekile ize yakhiwe kwakhona.

IUnited States: Ukufunyanwa Komthetho NeeNtetho Zanamhlanje

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wenzelwe ukwenza urhulumente onegunya eliphuma ebantwini. Kwimbali yakhe emininzi, i-United States yanandipha ukusetyenziswa ngokuphezulu, ixhaswa ngumthetho, uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso, kunye nempumelelo yezoqoqosho. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje amashumi eminyaka aye abona iingxaki ezinyukayo: ukuhlahlelana kwemimandla, ukunyathela i-ankile, ukutyhola ukucinezelwa kwabavoti, uhlaselo lukaJanuwari 6, 2021 Capitol, nokungathenjwa yimibutho. Umthetho weNkundla ePhakathi ePhakamileyo uye wathandatyushwa ukulandela ukumiswa nokulawulwa kwemimiselo kunye nemithetho ephambili. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngengqibelelo yonyulo ibonisa ukulwa kwemigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Intlakohlaza YaseArabhu: Xa Ukungagunyazi Kuwa

NgoDisemba 2010, umthengisi wesitrato waseTunisia Mohamed Bouazizi wadubula emva kokuhlaselwa ngamapolisa, eqhankqalaza into yokuba urhulumente kaZine El Abidine Ben Ali waqhutyelwa phantsi kwiiveki ezimbalwa. Imvukelo zomvukelo kuMbindi Mpuma kunye naseMntla Afrika zatyhila oorhulumente ababelawula kade ngokucinezelelwa kunye nobuqhetseba, bengenayo imvume yokwenene. EGiputa, eLibya, e-Siriya, e-Yemen, naseBahram, abavukeli babefuna ukunyuselwa ngonyulo nangesidima. Ukungaphazamisiswa: iTunisia yayibona i-dentina i-de i-democrac, i-Syria yabona ukubhukula imfazwe, kwaye ingena kwimfazwe yamakhaya. I-Arabhuan Springs ibonisa ukuba kwanoburhulumente bobuzwide begunya likarhulumente bangalahlekelwa lingumntu xa kunokwenzeka.

UMzantsi Afrika: Ukusuka eIllegitimat ukuya eDemocratic Legastimacy

Urhulumente wocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika yayilityala lencwadi elisetyenziswayo lorhulumente ongasemthethweni: wasebenza ngengcinezelo yobuhlanga, wakhanyela uninzi lwabemi abasisiseko kunye nobumi, kwaye wasebenzisa ugonyamelo ukugcina igunya. Ngaphakathi, wajamelana nenkcaso engapheliyo kwimibutho enjenge-African National Congress (ANC). Ngaphandle koko, yagwetywa ngemiqathango yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe kunye nokuzikhetha. Ukuguqukela kwidemokhrasi yodidi lwesizwe ngo19949, phantsi kolawulo-mthetho lweNelson Mandela, wayila urhulumente onobunewumelo obuphezulu, owakhiwe kwidemokhrasi, inyaniso nomanyano epheleleyo. Amava oMzantsi Afrika abonisa ukuba ukufaneleka kunokwenziwa kwanasemva kweyantluko enkulu, kodwa kufuneka ulungiso lweziko lokwenyaniso nokuzinikela kumalungelo kubantu.

ITshayina: Umthetho ongokwasemsebenzini

Iqela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina (CCP) ligcine umthetho walo omnye wecandelo ngokudibanisa ubuchule boqoqosho, ubuzwe, kunye nokulawula ngamandla ulwazi kunye nokungavumelani. Ukwanda kwezoqoqosho okukhawulezileyo, ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yengqameko yesiseko yesiseko yendalo ibangele ukuba kwenziwe ngendlela efanelekileyo, ingakumbi phakathi kwamakhaya kunye namagumbi aphakathi. Uhlolisiso lucebisa ukuba abemi abaninzi baseTshayina bamkele ulawulo lweCCP njengolusemthethweni kuba lunika ukuzinza nokuphumelela. Noko ke, imodeli inezinzo ezitheza: ukuthomalalisa, ukungalingani, ukuwohloka kwemekobume, kunye nemeko eyandayo. Ukuchasana okuqhubekayo kwe-CPPricen eHymond eHong Kong.[202020] Ukugweba okungagwebiswayo kokusebenza kwamalungelo e-yopolitiki xa kukhanyisiwe.

IEuropean Union: Iingxaki Zobugqwirha Bomthetho Ongawiyo

I-European Union ingumzekelo okhethekileyo: isiko lobuhlanga elilawula amazwe angama-77 kodwa lingabi namdla weemvakalelo kunye nowenkcubeko wesizwe. Abahlalutyo abaninzi bathetha ‘ ngetyala ledemokhrasi” ye-EU. "ukuphosa amanyathelo okumiswa kwe-'technocratic', kwaye lijongene nokuphembelela izilangazelelo ezityebileyo zobutyebi. Umvoti urhoxisa kunyulo lwePalamente yaseYurophu (ngokufuthi ngaphantsi kwama-50%) nokunyuka kwamaqela e-Eurosceppulisticas. I-EU iye yaphendula ngotshintsho, njengeNgqungquthela yexesha elizayo ye-Rhulumente, imimiselo yokubonakala kobugrogridio. Kodwa uxinelo oluseludlalw'ukileyo phakathi kolawulo lwe-demokhrasi nolawulo lwe-demokhrasi luhlala luludala phakathi kolawulo lwaseYurophu.

Isiphelo: Ubuchule Obunamandla Bokuba Nesandla Esiphezulu

Umthetho osemthethweni wezobupolitika asingowosigxina; usoloko wakhiwa, uvavanywa, kwaye uhlaziywa. Oorhulumente kufuneka bafumane baze bagcine ilungelo ngokudityaniswa kobulungisa obuqhelekileyo, ukwenza, ukuvumelana, nokunamathela kwimigaqo yokusesikweni. Ezona nkqubo zinyamezelayo zivumela ukuba abemi babe nenxaxheba, bahlonele amalungelo abantu, bagcine ulawulo lomthetho, baze baqhelane nokutshintsha izilangazelelo zentlalo. Xa naziphi na ezi ntsika zibuthathaka, zinokubekwa phantsi ngokusemthethweni, maxa wambi ngesantya esineentlekele.

Kubemi, ukuqiqa okugunyazisayo kunika amandla: kucacisa isizathu sokuba oorhulumente bafanele baphendulwe kwaye kwenza igunya lamkeleke. Kwiinkokeli, sisikhumbuzo sokuba amandla angenagunya ekugqibeleni abuthathaka. Njengoko abantu bexabana neengxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukujongwa kwamanani, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, nokungaguquguquki kwezobupolitika, ukufunwa kolawulo olusemthethweni kuya kuhlala kusezintliziyweni zezobupolitika.

[[FLT: 0] iphinda ifunde ngokuphinda-phindeneyo [: kwabo banomdla ekujuleni nzulu, Encclopædia Britannica ungeno lwenzululwazi yendalo [ inikeza uqwalaselo olufutshane lwembali, ngexesha incwadi yakutshanje [[FLT:]] Ligitacy: Ilungelo lokulawula kwi Ihlabathi[[[FLT:]] ngu-Allenbon Buchanan inikeza ukhuseleko lwentanda-ntanda-bulumko yexesha elinye. Kwakhona bona uphengululo lwenzululwazi yezopolitiki kwinqaku elingo lobupolitiki kwi-ligastical progial [FLT:] [12]]