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Iikomiti zephondo zisebenza njengesiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wowiso-mthetho kurhulumente wesizwe kulo lonke elaseUnited States. La maqela akhethekileyo asebenza ngenkuthalo kwimimiselo ukuze ahlole, acoce, alungise, alungise imigaqo ecetyiweyo ngaphambi kokuba afikelele kwigumbi elipheleleyo lemithetho ukuze aqwalaselwe. Ukuqonda indlela iikomiti zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo kunika uluvo olubalulekileyo ngendlela enokwenziwa ngayo imithetho nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kumgangatho karhulumente.

Yintoni Iikomiti ZikaRhulumente?

Iikomiti zesizwe ngamaqela akhoyo ngesiseko esisisigxina esisisigxina, ukusuka kwintlanganiso yowiso-mthetho ukuya kwiseshoni, aqwalasela aze acombulule iindleko zomthetho eziphantsi kombandela wekomiti. Iikomiti zomthetho zizizithuthi ezisembindini apho umthetho kufuneka udlule khona ukuze kuqwalaselwe, ingxoxo kunye nokuguqulelwa. Ezi komiti zivumela izikhululo zikarhulumente ukuba zilawule umthamo omkhulu wemithetho ecetyisiweyo ngokunempumelelo ngexa ziqinisekisa ukuba ityala ngalinye lifumana uhlolo olucokisekileyo ngabenzi bomthetho abanobuchule obufanelekileyo.

Umsebenzi omninzi weLegislature wenziwa kwiikomiti, apho kufundwa khona imiba, kuqwalaselwa inkqubo, kwaye kwenziwa umthetho. Kunokuyilwa ummisi-mthetho ngamnye ngokuhlolisisa zonke iingxelo ngokweenkcukacha, inkqubo yekomiti iyahlula phakathi kwamaqela akhethekileyo. Eli candelo lemisebenzi linceda abamisi-mthetho ukuba bakhulise ulwazi olunzulu kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo ethile baze bahlolisise iinkcukacha zobugcisa zemithetho ecetyiweyo ngaphandle kokuhluza iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho.

Umsebenzi wezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente awungobuninzi nje kuphela kwaye untsonkothileyo, usoloko ubandakanya imibuzo engaqhelekanga nengaqhelekanga yobugcisa. Ngoko ke, ngokwahlula-hlula umsebenzi owenziwe kwiikomiti, ikomiti nganye ijonge kwindawo enye yesihloko, kwaye, ngomsebenzi weekomiti, ngokufanayo nomthetho ngamnye owenziwe ngemithetho. Oku kubekwa komthetho kuvumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba babe ziingcali kwimimandla ethile, enoba ngumgaqo wemfundo, umgaqo wezonyango, izibonelelo zezothutho, okanye utshintsho lwezobulungisa.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yeekomiti Ekomelezeni Umthetho

Iikomiti zephondo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Inkqubo yekomiti ibaluleke kakhulu. Phambi kokuba nawuphi na umthetho uvotelwe yiNdlu epheleleyo okanye yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kufuneka idlule ubuncinane kwikomiti enye enegunya phezu kombandela wayo. Nangona izakhiwo zeekomiti ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokwemeko karhulumente, njengoko ii-akhawunti zomgaqo-siseko jikelele kufuneka zidlule kwiikomiti ezikhethekileyo zolawulo ngaphambi kokuba ziye kumgangatho wegumbi, ngokufanayo kwiBhunga loMbutho.

Ukubukeza Nokususa Umthetho

Iikomiti zisebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ekuqwalaseni umthetho ocetyiswayo. Iikomiti zihlola iindleko zetyala, zisoloko ziphethe amatyala okuqokelela ulwazi neembono, kwaye zinokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe iindleko ezifana nezisemyuthweni wemithetho ehlabathini lonke. Le nkqubo yokuhlola iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala akhutshiwe ngokucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokungena kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

Amatyala amaninzi akanakumiswa emthethweni de kubhekiswe kuwo, kuthathwe kuwo, kubuyeke kuwo, ikomiti emileyo kwindlu nganye. Oku kuyimfuneko kudala icandelo elibalulekileyo lokuhlola kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kuthintelwe ukuba kuqwalaselwe kakubi okanye kuthintelwe umthetho wengxaki ekudleni ixesha nengqalelo yendlu yowiso-mthetho epheleleyo.

Ngokufuthi ngeentsuku xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ingekho kwintlanganiso, iikomiti zendlu nganye ziyadibana zize ziqwalasele amatyala eziye zabhekiswa kuzo ukuze zigqibe enoba amatyala anikiweyo afanele achazwe ukuba athathe inyathelo elibhekele phaya. Oku kuvumela ukuba umsebenzi wekomiti uqhubeke naxa iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho lithe lwaphela, ukwenza inkqubo iyonke isebenze.

Ukuhlanganisa igalelo elinolwazi nobungqina bukawonke wonke

Enye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo zeekomiti zikarhulumente kukukwazi ukuqokelela ulwazi kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Iikomiti zeyona ndawo yokuqala abafaki-mthetho bahlolisisa ngayo iindleko ezicetyiweyo. IiKomiti zigcina iindlebe zikawonke-wonke ziqokelele igalelo kubaphathi betyala, iingcali nabemi. Ezi ndlebe zikhuthaza ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kwaye zivumela iimbono ezahlukeneyo ukwazisa izigqibo zemithetho.

Ngexesha lokuchongwa kwekomiti, amalungu aphulaphula ubungqina obuvela kumaqela ahlukahlukeneyo. Usihlalo uza kubuza ukuba nabani na kwabaphulaphuli ufuna ukugqabaza ngesi sicelo -- mhlawumbi ngeso sicelo okanye ngokuchasene naso. Loo mntu unokubuzwa. Le nkqubo yolwazi lukawonke-wonke iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uxelelwa ngobuchule bokwenene behlabathi kunye nenkxalabo yabemi abachaphazelekayo, hayi nje iimbono zabamisi-mthetho ngokwabo.

Ukuba nenxaxheba ngokungqalileyo kwinkqubo yekomiti ngokudibana ngqo namalungu ekomiti, ubungqina obusemgangathweni, okanye iingxelo ezibhaliweyo kunokuba nempembelelo enkulu. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuphembelela umthetho zifumanisa ukuba ukubandakanyeka kwiikomiti ngexesha lokuchonga kuphumelela ngakumbi kunokulinda ityala lide lifike kwigumbi lokuvota.

Iibhiliyoni Ezithe Tye

IiKomiti aziwavumeli okanye aziwalahli amatyala njengoko efakiwe. Oku kudla ngokuba apho kwenziwa khona izilungisi ezincinci (nangona zingenziwa rhoqo phantsi). Amalungu eKomiti aphikisana ngeemfanelo zemali kwaye asenokucebisa ukuhlaziywa. Eli qonga libalulekile ekucoceni ulwimi lwemithetho nokusingatha imibandela enokwenzeka.

Xa wonke umntu ethethile, ikomiti iya "kusebenza ityala."oko kuxa ikomiti ixubusha ngesindululo, iqwalasela ukuhlaziywa kwaye igqiba ukuba ngaba ityala lifanele lidlule okanye limiswe. Le nkqubo yokuzimela ivumela iikomiti ukuba ziphucule umthetho, zilungise iingxaki zobugcisa, zicombulule iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, zize zifake ingxelo evela kwiindlebe.

Ukulawula Iagenda Elawula Umthetho

IiKomiti zinamandla abalulekileyo okuthi ngawaphi amatyala aphambili nangawaqhubiyo. Ikomiti nganye inomphathi-sihlalo olawula kakhulu oko kwenzekayo kwikomiti ngokugqiba ngezinto ezifana nezithi ziviwe, ezo zingaze zikhuliswe, kwaye ucwangciso lwezo zinto luyenzeka. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango unceda ukusingatha umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba ezona zicetyisiweyo zibalulekileyo okanye zisebenzayo zifumana ingqalelo ephambili.

Amagunya e-pocket aveto aqhelekile, avumela ikomiti ukuba "ibulale" isindululo, maxa wambi ngaphandle kwevoti kawonke-wonke. Ngoxa eli gunya linokuphikisana, lisebenza injongo esebenzayo yokuthintela umthetho ongasebenziyo okanye ongathandwayo ekudleni ixesha lomthetho-mthetho. Xa ikomiti ingavumi ukuvota ityala ngaphandle kwekomiti, isicelo sokukhulula sinokudluliselwa ngamalungu abanzi.

Emva kokuba ikomiti igqibile ukusebenza kwityala lemali, inikela ingxelo yetyala kwindlu efanelekileyo ngexesha "iingxelo zeekomiti" kulandelelwano lwemihla ngemihla loshishino. Emva kokuqwalasela, ikomiti ivota ukuba ingawuhambisela na umrhumo kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Ukuvota okulungileyo kuyafuneka ukuba inikwe imvume. Ukuba iyavunywa, ikomiti ikhupha ingxelo eshwankathela izinto ezifunyanisiweyo kunye necebiso, elikhokelela kwicandelo elisegumbini.

Iintlobo zeeKomiti zoMgaqo-siseko weSizwe

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisebenzisa iintlobo eziliqela ezahlukeneyo zeekomiti, nganye iphumeza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo zeekomiti kunceda kucacise indlela oorhulumente abalungelelanisa ngayo umsebenzi wabo wowiso-mthetho.

Iikomiti Ezimileyo

Ikomiti emileyo yendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe yikomiti ekhoyo kwisiseko esisisigxina esisisigxina, ukusuka kwiseshoni yowiso-mthetho ukuya kwiseshoni, eqwalasela ize icombulule iindleko zowiso-mthetho eziphantsi kombandela wekomiti. Ezi ngamahashe asebenzayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, aphatha inkoliso yemali yetyala evezwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yorhulumente.

Ikomiti nganye imiselwe ukuqwalasela amatyala anxulumene nombandela othile. Iikomiti ezikhoyo zibekwa ityala lomthwalo obalulekileyo wokuhlola amatyala nokuncomela isenzo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso okanye kwiNdlu. Inani leekomiti ezimileyo liyahluka-hluka ngokohlobo lwesizwe. IBhunga leNtlanganiso ngoku linamakomiti angama-41, ngoxa iNdibano ineekomiti ezimileyo ezingama-39 kunye neekomiti ezizibophelele ezahlukeneyo. (Lo mzekelo usuka eNew York, kodwa amanani ayahluka-gqabaxa kuwo onke amazwe.)

Iikomiti ezimile zidibana ngoLwesibini ukuya kuLwesihlanu xa iMithetho ikwintlanganiso. Ucwangciso lwentlanganiso oluthe rhoqo luvumela ezi komiti ukuba zisebenze ngokucwangcisayo kwii-asethi ezibhekiswe kuzo ebudeni bentlanganiso yowiso-mthetho.

Imimandla yemiba ekhoyo exhaphakileyo yeKomiti

Ngoxa amagama akhethekileyo kunye nolawulo lwahlukene ngokwemeko, iikomiti ezithile ezimileyo zivela phantse kuzo zonke izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente:

[[NKQUBO:0] Iikomiti zoluvo, Imali, kunye noHlahlo-mali: Kumazwe amaninzi, ezona komiti zinamandla zisebenza ngezemali, iipetroli kunye nerhafu. Ezi komiti zigquma uqingqo-mali, iintengiso, irhafu kunye nenkcitho-mali ezinxulumene nayo. IKomiti yeCante yemali kunye neKomiti yeNkqumrhu ijonge umthetho onxulumene nemali kwaye iphumeze indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yoqingqobhato lukarhulumente. Zombini zigcina uthotho lweengxelo zonyaka oluphezulu zoqingqohlalo lwemali kunye neendleko ezithenjiso-mali ezimanyeneyo zelizwe, yenza iikomiti phakathi kwezixhobo zelizwe ezinamandla.

IiKomiti zokufundisa: Ngokufuthi zihlulwa zibe yikomiti yemfundo ephakamileyo kunye neyokwesibini. Amaphondo ambalwa akwaneekomiti ezahlukeneyo zomgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo kunye nenkxaso-mali yemfundo. Ezi komiti ziphatha umthetho ochaphazela izikolo, iiyunivesithi, abafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye nenkxaso-mali yemfundo.

IiKomiti ze- Ezinamandla: Iikomiti zeBhunga lezonyango lesizwe kunye neNdibano zisebenza ngokuphendula imicimbi yempilo echaphazela urhulumente. Ezi komiti zihlola umthetho onxulumene nokufikelela kwempilo, i-inshorensi, impilo kawonke-wonke, ukunyanzelwa kwezonyango, kunye nomgaqo wezonyango.

Iikomiti zothutho ezinxulumene nezithuthi kunye nohambo. Oku kungaquka iindlela, iindlela zohola-ndlela kunye nezithuthi zikawonke-wonke kunye nothutho lomthwalo. Le isoloko iyikomiti enye.

IiKomiti zoququzelelo: Ikomiti yeJadi iza kusoloko iphendula amatyala anxulumene nobume benkundla kunye nemiba enxulumene nokukhethwa kwekomiti yomthetho. Ezi komiti zikwawuphatha umthetho onxulumene nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo yoluntu, kunye neziguqulo ezingokwasemthethweni.

[[UMVULO:0] IiKomiti ze-Ilaphu: IBhunga leNtlanganiso kunye neekomiti zemisebenzi yeNdibano zijongene nokucombulula imicimbi nabasebenzi kulo lonke elaseNew York, kuquka umvuzo omncinci, intlawulo efanelekileyo, ukhuseleko lwabemisebenzi kunye ne-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa.

IiKomiti zokulima: ilungisa iindleko ezinxulumene noshishino lwezolimo kwaye zisoloko zibotshelelwe kwizinto zendalo.

Iikomiti zemithetho ezimisela iikomiti zeNdlu yeNdlu okanye yeNtlanganiso yeNdlu yeNdlu yowiso-mthetho. Ichaphazela inkqubo ekhutshwa ngayo amatyala, evezweyo kwaye ivotelwe. Ngokufuthi ikomiti yeMimiselo ijongene nokuseka ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho, nangona kungesoloko. Ikomiti yeBhunga yeSizwe nemithetho yeNdibano ibalulekile kwinkqubo yeBhunga leMithetho. Ikomiti inomthwalo wokumisela umgaqo wekhalenda yeminxeba, ukugcina indlu-mthetho kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungu abasebenzi agcina imigangatho. Ikomiti isoloko ibekwa izitulo yinkokeli ye-Canternal kunye nesithethi kuphela, intloko yokhokelo.

Iikomiti ezizodwa okanye eziKhethayo

Khetha iikomiti zequmrhu ngalinye zenzelwe ukusingatha imiba ethile nokunikela ingxelo ngeengxelo zeziphumo zazo kunye naziphi na izincomelo kwiqumrhu elipheleleyo. Ekugqityweni kwemisebenzi yayo echaziweyo, ikomiti ekhethiweyo ikhutshwa kwimisebenzi yayo ize itshitshiswe ngumphathi-mikhosi wequmrhu elingumzali. Ngokungafaniyo neekomiti ezimileyo eziqhubeka zisekho, iikomiti ezikhethekileyo ziyimizimba yexeshana emiselwe iinjongo ezithile.

Ezi ziikomiti zokwexeshana ezenzelwe ukusingatha imibandela ethile okanye imisebenzi engaphandle komgangatho weekomiti ezimileyo. Khetha iikomiti ezisoloko zihlola imiba evelayo okanye zongamela imisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Umzekelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ingenza ikomiti ekhethiweyo ukuze ihlole ihlazo elithile likarhulumente, ihlole umba ontsonkothileyo ovelayo njengomgaqo wobuchule owenziweyo, okanye ihlolisise indlela urhulumente asabela ngayo kwintlekele yemvelo.

La mandla ophando aluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kwimisebenzi yobuveleli engaphaya komsebenzi oqhelekileyo wekomiti emileyo.

IiKomiti ezidityanisiweyo

Iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo ziquka amalungu akwindlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi (okanye nokuba ngawaphi na amagumbi amabini abizwa kwiphondo elithile). Abaququzeli nabameli baquka iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo, ezisoloko ziqhutywa lilungu elinye elisuka kwicandelo ngalinye. Ezi komiti zisebenzisana phakathi kwamagumbi amabini owiso-mthetho kwaye zinokwenza inkqubo yemithetho isebenze kakuhle.

Amanye amazwe asebenzisa kakhulu iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo. i-Connecticut neMaine nganye isebenzisa iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo ezili-17. Kula maphondo, iikomiti ezimanyeneyo zisingatha umsebenzi omninzi wekomiti eqhelekileyo, namalungu asuka kumagumbi omabini asebenza kunye ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunokuba igumbi ngalinye lisebenze ngokwahlukeneyo.

Iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo zingafeza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye ziikomiti ezizimeleyo ezisebenza rhoqo kwishishini lowiso-mthetho. Ezinye zisekwa ngenjongo yokusebenzisana, njengokuvelela inkqubo yoqingqo-mali karhulumente okanye ukulawula imicimbi echaphazela omagumbini.

IiKomiti zoMncedisi

Iikomiti zeSifundo zenzelwe ukuhlolisisa imbambano engundoqo ejongene nephondo kwaye zincomela umthetho wenkqubo ezayo.

Malunga nesihlandlo esinye ngenyanga ngexesha eliphakathi kweentlanganiso ezithe rhoqo - i-interim - i-Legislature ihlanganisana eCharleston (okanye kwenye indawo erhulumenteni) kangangeentsuku ezintathu zeentlanganiso zeekomiti. IiKomiti ze-Interim zidla ngokuba ziikomiti ezidibeneyo, kunye namalungu eNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zabathunywa asebenza kunye njengamaqela ahlukeneyo.

Injongo eyintloko yeekomiti ezingaphakathi kukulungiselela i-comments yofundisiso oluqhubekayo lwemiba enxulumene nekamva lorhulumente. Ngexesha lentlanganiso nganye, amalungu axubusha aze aphulaphule amagqabaza kawonke-wonke ngemibandela enokuthethwa ngayo ebudeni bentlanganiso eqhelekileyo ezayo. Ezi komiti zidibana kunye ngoLwesithathu lwenyanga nganye phakathi kweentlanganiso eziphakathi koNovemba ukuya kuNovemba kwaye zisebenza njengethuba lokuba abantu abathe thathi-nxaxheba bathethe baze banike igalelo labo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuphathelele imicimbi eqwalaselwayo. Ukunikela ulwazi olubalulekileyo kunye neembono eziphathelene neentlanganiso eziqwalaselweyo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho.

Iintlanganiso eziphakathi zivumela iMithetho ukuba ijonge iziphumo zomthetho wangoku nowakutshanje. Umzekelo, ukuba ityala lidlule eliguqula imigaqo-nkqubo yemekobume karhulumente, ikomiti edibanisayo ingabelwa ukuhlolwa kweziphumo zayo eziqhubekayo kwizoqoqosho, impilo yabemi bethu, neminye imibandela enxulumene nayo.

IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela, ezibunjwe ngabameli abathathu kunye namaSenator amathathu, ziququzelelwa ngasekupheleni kwentlanganiso. Injongo kukuba amalungu axubushe iingxabano zawo nokuvumelana kwisivumelwano esiza kunikelwa kumacandelo omabini afuna ukuvota. Iikomiti zeNkomfa zisekwa xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNtlalo zidlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zemali enye kwaye kufuneka kuxolelwane neemvolo-cako.

Ukuba isivumelwano sifikelelwe kwaye ukuba zombini izindlu zimkela ingxelo yekomiti yenkomfa, ityala liyadluliswa. Ukuba nayiphi na indlu ayivumi ukwamkela ingxelo yekomiti yenkomfa, kunokwenziwa intshukumo yokuqhuba ingqungquthela ebhekele phambili. Ukuba ikomiti yenkomfa ayikwazi ukufikelela kwisivumelwano, isenokukhululwa, kwaye ikomiti entsha yenkomfa ingamiselwa. Ezinye iindleko zempikiswano ezinkulu zingathunyelwa kwiikomiti eziliqela zenkomfa ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba isivumelwano asize sifikelelwe kwingquthela ngaphambi kokuphela kwentlanganiso yemithetho-Rhulumente, ityala lilahlekile.

Izivumelwano eziPhambili

Kukho iikomiti ezincinci ezilishumi eziqengqelekayo, ezityunjwe ngamalungu onke eNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu kunye noMlawuli weNdlu yeNdlu yeMikhosi kunye noMthethi weNdlu. Ngamnye wamalungu asezantsi owiso-mthetho ajonga inxalenye ekhethekileyo yoqingqo-mali kwaye ancomela ikomiti ephetheyo equlunqwe yizo zonke iinkokeli zemithetho eququzelela onke amaqela ooGawulayo kwiNdluna neNdlu.

Esi sakhiwo sivumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba baphuhlise ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yoqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, njengemali yemfundo, ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango, izibonelelo zezithuthi, okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ikomiti encinci icebisa ukuba umsebenzi wekomiti yezicelo ezipheleleyo ulwenze uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lokugqibela.

Ukhokelo lweKomiti namalungu

AbaHluleli beKomiti

Isitulo sekomiti sinegunya elibalulekileyo kwikomiti nganye. Ikomiti nganye inomphathi-sihlalo olawula kakhulu oko kwenzekayo kwikomiti ngokugqiba izinto ezifana nezithi ziviwe, ezo zingaze zikhutshwe, kwaye ucwangciso lwezo zinto lungaze luvele. Isitulo simisela imimiselo yekomiti, simisela ixesha lokuva, simisela ixesha eliya kuba khona, siqwalasela izithethi ezikwientlanganiso zekomiti, kwaye sikhokela umsebenzi wekomiti.

Inkokeli zowiso-mthetho kwigumbi ngalinye – iNdibano uCarl Heassie norhulumente weBhunga loMlawuli weQela u-Andrea Stewart-Cousins – zinegunya lokumisela ukubekwa kweekomiti. Ubukhulu kunye nobuchule bomphathi-mthetho bunganceda xa kuqwalaselwa kwiinqanawa zosihlalo – nangona iinkokeli zingachazi ukuba zikhethe ngubani. Zonke ziphethwe nguDemocrates, iqela elilawulayo.

Isibakala sokuba ukutyunjwa kweekomiti ezimileyo kubaluleke kakhulu phantsi kolawulo lwecaucus enkulu yendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe sesinye isizathu sokuba kubekho ulawulo oluninzi lwemiba ethile yemithetho-mthetho ngokwemithetho eya kuqwalaselwa neyamkelekileyo. Ulawulo lweqela loninzi kwiziqendu zekomiti kunye neenqanawa zosihlalo luyinika impembelelo eqinileyo kucwangciso lomthetho.

Iikomiti ezinqwenelekayo zisaza nesabelo sazo solawulo nempembelelo. Izihlalo zekomiti zidla ngokuba ngabasemagunyeni abanempembelelo kwezobupolitika, ziphuhlisa ubuchule kwimimandla yazo yezomthetho kunye nokwakha ulwalamano nabo basebenzi, amaqela olawulo, namagosa aphezulu esebe.

Ilungu leKomiti

Ngokufuthi bamisela izabelo zeekomiti zabamisi-mthetho, baze bagqibe ukuba yiyiphi ikomiti enconyelweyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe. Iinkokeli ezilawula umthetho zisebenzisa izabelo zeekomiti ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, zibeka amalungu kwiikomiti apho kufuneka ukuba zinobuchule, izilangazelelo, okanye zivumelane nemithetho yekomiti.

Inkoliso yamagumbi owiso-mthetho asebenzisa indlela yokufumana umlinganiselo olinganayo weqela kwiikomiti. Icandelo, umelo lolungelelwaniso, kuthetha ukuba ipesenti yamalungu amaninzi nambalwa akwikomiti emalunga nepesenti yomzimba opheleleyo olawulwa liqela ngalinye. Umzekelo, ukuba ulawulo lwegumbi lokwahlulwa ngama-69% ukuya kuma-31 ekhulwini, ngoko ikomiti enamalungu elungu eli-10 inokuba namalungu amaninzi eqela kunye namalungu amathathu amancinane.

Umelo lweprojekthi kwiikomiti lusetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi. Enyanisweni, amagumbi angama-45 adla ngokulandela olu qheliselo nangona lungafunwayo naliphi na ilungiselelo lomthetho. Kwizindlu ezingama-25, kufuneka umgaqo wowiso-mthetho. Olu melo lolwahlulo luqinisekisa ukuba iqela elincinane linelizwi elithile kwiingxoxo zekomiti, nangona iqela elininzi ligcina ulawulo.

Ngokwe-avareji, abamisi-mthetho babelwa kwiikomiti ezintathu, kodwa kumagumbi angama-25 amalungu asebenza kwiikomiti enye okanye ezimbini. Inani lezabelo liphakame kakhulu kwamanye amazwe. Inani lezabelo zeekomiti lichaphazela ixesha nengqalelo abanokuyinikela kumsebenzi wekomiti nganye.

Inkqubo YeKomiti: Indlela Iibhiliyo Ezihamba Ngayo Ngayo Iikomiti

Ukuqonda inkqubo yenyathelo ngalinye yendlela iikomiti eziphatha ngayo umthetho kunika ukuqonda kweli nqanaba libalulekileyo lokwenza umthetho.

I-Bill Referal

Okokuqala, ityala liziswa lilungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo into elandelayo eyenziwa lilungu le-senate okanye ukhokelo lwendlu kukulibhekisa kwikomiti. Xa kuvezwe ityala, libhekiswa kwikomiti esekelwe kumbandela wayo. Igosa elilawulayo kwigumbi ngalinye limisela isalathisi.

Isalathisi sidla ngokulandela ukufundwa kokuqala kwemali-mali. Isigqibo sokuba yiyiphi ikomiti efumana ityala lemali singabaluleka, njengokuba iikomiti ezahlukeneyo zinokuba neembono ezahlukeneyo kulo mbandela mnye. Maxa wambi iinkokeli ezisemthethweni zisebenzisa amandla azo okuchaza ngokucwangcisa ukuphembelela ityala.

Ulwazelelelo lweKomiti

Amalungu ekomiti amele anikele ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha zetyala. Xa isindululo sibhekiswe kwikomiti, isitulo sekomiti sigqiba ukuba simiselwe na yaye siza kumiselwa nini na ukuba sichongwe. Xa sele sithunyelwe kwikomiti, usihlalo wekomiti angamisela umhla nexesha lokuchongwa kweso sicelo.

Asiyoendleko zonke ezibhekiselwa kwiikomiti ezifumana amatyala. Iikomiti zifumana amatyala amaninzi kunalawo zinokuwaqwalasela ngokucokisekileyo. Izihlalo zekomiti kufuneka zicwangcise amatyala afuna ixesha nengqalelo yekomiti. Ezinye iindleko zisenokufana nezinye ezisele ziqwalaselwe, ngoxa ezinye zisenokungafumani nkxaso eyaneleyo yokufuna ukuchongwa.

Uluntu Lonke

Ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kuququzelelwa. Iikomiti zilungiselela ukuhlanganisa inkcazelo nokuvumela ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ekuhleni kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iintlanganiso zekomiti ezikhoyo ziqhutywa yiNdlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeMibutho yowiso-mthetho ngexesha lentlanganiso yowiso-mthetho. Zinika abemi ithuba lokuphulaphula nokugqabaza ngemibandela yemithetho.

Ngexesha lokuchongwa, iikomiti zilandela iinkqubo ezimisiweyo. Naliphi na ilungu lekomiti lingabuza umxhasi wemibuzo. Okulandelayo, abanye abamisi-mthetho bangathetha kwaye bangabuzwa. Oku kuvumela amalungu ekomiti aqonde injongo yemali, iimakhakheni, kunye neempembelelo ezinokwenzeka.

Unokuqwalasela imicimbi okanye unikele inkcazelo eyongezelelekileyo kwikomiti okanye uxelele amalungu indlela ovakalelwa ngayo ngesi sicelo. Kulapho ummi anokuba negalelo elingqalileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho nawuphi na umthetho ocetyisiweyo. Ithuba lokunikela ubungqina kuwonke-wonke lenza ikomiti ivelise inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokufikelela kubami abathathi-nxaxheba kurhulumente.

ISindululo neSindululo seKomiti

Zigqitywe izigqibo ezimalunga nemali entle zenziwe kwaye zigqitywe. Emva kokuchongwa, ikomiti igqiba ngesiquphe kwityala. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kwetyala okanye kwintlanganiso yekomiti elandelayo.

Xa kuqwalaselwa, amalungu ekomiti axubusha ngamandla nobuthathaka bemali, aqwalasele ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngexesha lokuchongwa, acebise ukuba kulungiswe. Ikomiti ingenza utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwimali, ulungiso lobugcisa obuncinane, okanye ishiye ingatshintshi. Kwezinye iimeko, iikomiti ziphinda zibhale amatyala ukuze ziphendule imicimbi ephakanyisiweyo ngexesha lokuva.

Ekugqibeleni, ikomiti ivota ukuba ingawuchaza kakuhle na lo myalelo kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Emva kokuqwalasela, ikomiti ivota ukuba ingayihambisela na ityala kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Ukuvota okulungileyo kuyimfuneko ukuba inikwe imvume yokuqhuba. Iikomiti zingavota ukuchaza isibhengezo esifanelekileyo, ukuyixela ngokungafanelekanga, okanye zingathathi nyathelo (ngokufanelekileyo ukubulala isibham-mali).

Ingxelo zeKomiti

Ukuba ivunyiwe, ikomiti ikhupha ingxelo eshwankathela izinto ezifunyenweyo kunye noncomo lwayo, olukhokela ukuqwalasela okubhekele phaya kwigumbi. Ezi ngxelo ziquka: iingcebiso zekomiti, kunye nokuvota kwe-yay kunye ne-nay kwimali; okubhaliweyo kwemali njengoko kuxelwe ngaphandle yikomiti; uluhlu lwamangqina angengomalungu abonisa inkxaso okanye ukuchasa kwawo kwimali.

Le ngxelo inika abalawuli bemithetho ababengekho kwikomiti, ibanceda baqonde injongo yemali, imiba yayo, kunye nenkxalabo ephakanyiswe ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa kweekomiti. Le ngxelo iba yinxalenye yengxelo yowiso-mthetho kwaye isenokubuzwa kamva ukuba kuphakama imibuzo ngenjongo yemali.

Amandla Nempembelelo Yeekomiti ZikaRhulumente

Umsebenzi Wokugcina Amasango

Iikomiti zisebenza njengabagcini-sango kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, zimisela ukuba zeziphi iindleko eziphambili nezingaxelwanga. Ukuba ityala alixelwanga kwikomiti okanye aliqwalaselwanga yindlu epheleleyo, lo mthetho uyawoyiswa. Eli gunya lokugcina amasango likhulu. Uninzi lwamatyala akhutshwe kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho alunakuze luyikhuphe kwikomiti.

Ngeli xesha oku kusenokubonakala kungenademokhrasi, umsebenzi wokugcina isango usebenza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo. Kuthintela indlu yowiso-mthetho epheleleyo ukuba ingathwaliswa ziindleko, ivumele ukuhlolisiswa koogqirha ngaphambi kokuqwalaselwa komgangatho, kwaye ihluze umthetho ocacisiweyo okanye wokuphinda-phindwa kakubi. Ukuba kuvela imfuneko, amalungu endlu nganye anganyanzela ikomiti ukuba ithathe inyathelo lomthetho, okanye bangakuhoyi ukunconywa kwekomiti. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iikomiti azinagunya elipheleleyo kumthetho.

Uphuhliso

Ngokuyahlula umsebenzi owenziwa ziikomiti, ikomiti nganye igxininisa kummandla omnye wemibandela, yaye, ngomsebenzi weekomiti, ngokufanayo nommisi-mthetho ngamnye. Abenzi bomthetho banokuba ziingcali kwezinye iindawo kwaye bayakwazi ukuhlolisisa imibandela emincinane ngaphandle kokuba... baxatyiswe luludwe lwemibandela ejongene norhulumente.

obu buchule benza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibe luncedo. Amalungu eKomiti asebenze iminyaka emininzi kwinkqubo yemfundo, ngokomzekelo, ayabuqonda ubuntsonkotha beendlela zokuxhasa iimali zesikolo, iimfuno zoqinisekiso, kunye nemigangatho yoqeqesho ngendlela abalawuli bemithetho-mikhosi abangenakukwazi ukuyiphucula. Olu lwazi lunempumelelo luphucula umgangatho womthetho.

Impembelelo Kwizinto Eziza Kuqala Kwinkqubo

Ulawulo lwemithetho ludla ngokuba namandla kakhulu. Ngokufanayo nendlela uMy McConnell noPaul Ryan abasebenzisa ngayo amandla amakhulu kakhulu kwimali ehlawulwayo eyibonayo kukukhanya kwemini kwiBhunga, iinkokeli zegumbi ngalinye lowiso-mthetho zinamandla amakhulu. Zisoloko zimisela izabelo zeekomiti zabamisi-mthetho, kwaye zigqibele ukuba yiyiphi ikomiti ecetyisiweyo ekufuneka yabelwe ukuqwalasela. Zingakwakho nangamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kokuphinda zifumane ityala kwaye zilithintele ekuhambeni phambili.

Ngolawulo lwazo kwizabelo zeekomiti, ii-arhente zemali, nezihlalo zeekomiti, iinkokeli zemithetho zingaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo ukuba yiyiphi imibandela efumana ingqalelo kwaye yiyiphi imigaqo ehambela phambili. Oku kubekwa kolawulo kukwanda kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukwenza izabelo zeekomiti kunye neenqanawa zolawulo ezibalulekileyo.

Ummi Unenxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yekomiti

Iikomiti zemithetho zikarhulumente zinika abemi amathuba abalulekileyo okuba babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho.

Ukuya KwiKomiti Yokuchongwa

Ukuba unomdla kwimali ethile, kufuneka ube kwigumbi lekomiti xa kucwangciswe ukuchotshelwa kwetyala. Xa ufika kwigumbi lentlanganiso, ungacelwa ukuba utyikitye iphepha elibonisa ukuba ubukho kwintlanganiso. Iikomiti ezininzi zivulelwe uwonke wonke, zivumela abemi ukuba baluphawule ngokwabo uwiso-mthetho.

Uza kusoloko wamkelekile kuyo nayiphi na intlanganiso yekomiti. Amalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho afuna ukuba ube nenxaxheba ekhutheleyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Abenzi-mthetho bezomthetho baseburhulumenteni badla ngokusixabisa igalelo lomanyano kunye negalelo loxabiso kubantu abameleyo.

Ukunikela Ubungqina

Ukuba unomdla kwimali ethile yetyala, ungaqhagamshelana nesihlalo sekomiti ethile emileyo ukuze ucwangcise ubungqina bakho. Iinkqubo zokutyikitya-magama ukungqinela ukwahluka kwemithetho nekomiti, kodwa iikomiti ezininzi ziyalwamkela ungeniso lukawonke-wonke.

Xa unikela ubungqina, abemi kufuneka balandele imigaqo-nkqubo yekomiti. Yima ukuba ufuna usihlalo wekomiti akutyelele ukuba uthethe. Xa usihlalo ekuqaphela, lichaze ngokucacileyo igama lakho, nangokucacileyo igama leqela okanye umbutho oza kuthetha ngawo, ukuba ukho. Ungaphindi oko kuthethiweyo. Ukuba uthe wathetha into efanayo, chaza nje ukuba uvumelana nesithethi esidlulileyo.

Ukuba uthetha wedwa, akuyomfuneko ukuba ubhalise. Ukuba umela iqela okanye umbutho, kunjalo. Unobhala welizwe ulawula ubhaliso lwengingqi. Lo mahluko ubalulekile kubemi ukuba baqonde xa beceba ukunikela ubungqina.

Iingxelo ezibhaliweyo nobungqina obuthe ngqo

Nokuba abemi abanako ukuya kwimicimbi echongiweyo, bayakwazi ukunikela ingxelo ebhaliweyo ukuze kuqwalaselwe ikomiti. Iikomiti ezininzi zamkela ubungqina obubhaliweyo nge-imeyili okanye nge-intanethi. Ezi zimdlalo zibhaliweyo ziba yinxalenye yerekhodi yekomiti kwaye zifumaneka kumalungu ekomiti ngexesha lokucinga kwazo.

Abami baseburhulumenteni bangaqhagamshelana namalungu ekomiti ngokungqalileyo ukuze bachaze iimbono zabo ngomthetho obekiweyo. Abamisi-mthetho baseburhulumenteni badla ngokungaqhelani nokuphulaphula abameli abakhoyo. Ngokungafaniyo (njengokuba ityala eliyimpikiswano liyashukuma), izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zelizwe azifumani ngqalelo enkulu ye-media — nto leyo ethetha ukuba abantu abaninzi abakwazi oko kwenzekayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba uqhagamshelwano lwe-ocentiumgate lunokuba nempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo kumgangatho karhulumente.

Umahluko kwiinkqubo zeKomiti Ngaphaya Kwamazwe

Ngoxa zonke izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisebenzisa iikomiti, izakhiwo neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo ziyahluka kakhulu ngokwesizwe ngesizwe. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isebenza ngokwahlukileyo kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Inani leeKomiti

Inani leekomiti ezimileyo kufuneka lilawuleke. Kufuneka kubekho iikomiti ezaneleyo ukuze iqumrhu ngalinye lowiso-mthetho likwazi ukuphuhlisa ubuchule kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo nokuhlolisisa izicelo zomntu ngamnye ngeenkcukacha.

Amanye amazwe aneekomiti ezimbalwa ngokwentelekiso, nganye isingatha iimbambano ezininzi. Ezinye zineekomiti ezininzi ezikhethekileyo, nganye inegunya elimxinwa. Inani leekomiti lisoloko libonisa ubukhulu bendlu yowiso-mthetho, ukuntsonkotha korhulumente, kunye nezenzo zembali zelo phondo.

Imithetho yeKomiti

Imithetho emileyo yekomiti inceda ekukhuthazeni iinjongo zokuvula ityala nokuphendula kwiinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, kukhokelela kulawulo olunexesha elifanelekileyo..., kwaye kusekwa iinkqubo ezicacileyo zemisebenzi yeekomiti. Imithetho ekhoyo iyanceda ekukhuthazeni iinjongo zokungafihlisi nokuphendula kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ikhokelela ekusebenziseni ixesha elifanelekileyo nasekuqiniseni imisebenzi yeekomiti nezihlalo zazo. Phantse ii-ancithathu eziphengululi zixe ukuba amagumbi azo anemithetho ehlala ihleli.

Le mithetho ilawula imicimbi enjengendlela eqhutywa ngayo ukuva, indlela okucetyiswa ngayo ukuhlaziywa kwetyala, iinkqubo zokuvota, iimfuno ze-demodum, kunye neemfuno zesaziso sikawonke-wonke. Amazwe anemithetho yeekomiti enenkcukacha adla ngokuneenkqubo ezicace ngakumbi nezicacileyo.

IMimiselo yeSiqendu soMgaqo-siseko

Ezinye izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinemiqathango yangaphakathi kwintlanganiso yazo ukuze kudluliswe amatyala ngaphandle kwekomiti okanye ukunqumla ukuya kwindlu yesibini. Ezinye azinayo imiqathango yangaphakathi kwaye inkqubo ayinyanzelekanga kuzo zonke. Abanye banemithetho emalunga nokuba amatyala afanele athathe ixesha elingakanani ukunyakazisa kwinkqubo, ngoxa amanye engakwenzi. Oku kwahluka kwesakhiwo kuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela iikomiti esebenza ngayo nendlela umthetho onokuthi uhambe ngayo ngokukhawuleza ngayo kwinkqubo.

I-Adryana ineentlanganiso ezifutshane zowiso-mthetho (ezinye zidibana iinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela nyaka ngamnye) isoloko ineenkqubo ezithe chatha zeekomiti ezicinezelweyo kwaye kufuneka isebenze ngokunempumelelo. I-oves-mthetho yonyaka ejikelezayo ingathabatha ixesha elingakumbi lokuqwalasela ikomiti entsonkothileyo.

Imithombo

Urhulumente ngamnye uyahluka kubungakanani boovimba kunye nabasebenzi abanabo. Abaququzeleli bemithetho eKhalifoniya baneetoni zoovimba kwaye ummisi-mthetho ngamnye unemibutho emininzi nabancedisi, ngeli xesha abamisi-mthetho abasuka eNew Hampshire benokuba nethamsanqa lokuba nomntu omnye ohlawulwayo kwaye banokusebenza ngokupheleleyo ngamatsha - ntliziyo. Le mithetho ichaphazela ubuchule beekomiti.

Iikomiti ezineziqeshwa ezifanelekileyo zingaqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo, zenze ulungiso oluntsonkothileyo, zinikezele inkxaso engcono kumalungu ekomiti. IiKomiti ezinabasebenzi abalinganiselweyo kufuneka zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimithombo yangaphandle ukuze zifumane ulwazi nohlalutyo, olunokuthi luchaphazele ubunjani nokuzimela ngokwawo umsebenzi weekomiti.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kwamakomiti Nezinye Iinxalenye Zorhulumente

IKomiti kunye neSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Iikomiti zemithetho karhulumente zisebenzisana rhoqo nesebe elilawulayo. IiKomiti zidla ngokumema amagosa esebe alawulayo ukuba angqine umthetho ocetyiswayo, achaze indlela iinkqubo ezikhoyo ezisebenza ngayo, okanye anike ubuchule kwimibandela yenkqubo. Ezi ntlanganiso zincedayo ziyakuqonda oko kuthethwa ngumthetho ocetyisiweyo nendlela oza kumiselwa ngayo.

Iikomiti zolawulo zijonge imisebenzi jikelele yamasebe athile karhulumente. Amagosa aphuma kuloo masebe nezinye iindwendwe ezimenyiweyo ahlaziya amalungu ekomiti eququzelela inkqubela yeenkqubo, iimbopheleleko zemali neminye imibandela. Lo msebenzi wokongamela uqinisekisa ukuba isebe elilawulayo limisela imithetho njengoko indlu yowiso-mthetho izimisele kwaye ichitha imali efanelekileyo.

IKomiti kunye noRhuluneli

Ngoxa iikomiti zingasebenzisani ngqo nerhuluneli njengakumasebe aphetheyo, inkqubo yerhuluneli ichaphazela umsebenzi obalulekileyo weekomiti. Ngokufuthi iGavera-mikhosi icebisa umthetho obhekiswa kwiikomiti. Inkxaso okanye ukuchaswa kwerhafu kumthetho wetyala kungayichaphazela indlela iikomiti eziwuphatha ngayo.

IiBhili kufuneka zidlulise omabini amagumbi endlu yowiso-mthetho zize zityikitywe yiRhuluneli ukuze ibe ngumthetho. IiKomiti ziyaqonda ukuba nokuba ziyayivumela ityala kwaye zidlula zombini amagumbi, irhuluneli isenokulisebenzisa. Le nto iyinyaniso maxa wambi iphembelela ukuqiqa kweekomiti, ingakumbi kwimibandela ephikiswayo apho irhuluneli ichaze iimbono ezomeleleyo.

IKomiti kunye namaqela anomdla

Amaqela anomdla, imibutho efuna ukurhwebelana ngezakhono, amashishini, amaqumrhu asebenza nzima, kunye nabanye abasebenzi abasebenza ngokusemthethweni banikela ingqalelo esondeleyo kumsebenzi weekomiti. La maqela asoloko engqinelana nokuchotshelwa kweekomiti, anika inkcazelo kumalungu ekomiti, afune okanye afune iindleko ezithile.

Imicimbi yemisebenzi iphakathi kwezona zikhulu kwiphondo, ingakumbi ngempembelelo yamaqumrhu amakhulu kwiinkqubo, kwezobupolitika nakukhetho. Kwimimandla apho izilangazelelo zocwangco zisebenza kakhulu, iikomiti ziba ziindawo zokuthelekelela apho izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo ziveza izimvo zazo zize zizame ukuphembelela isimo somthetho.

Iingxaki Eziqhelekileyo Kwinkqubo Yekomiti

Ukucaca kunye nokufikelela

Ngoxa inkoliso yezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zinemithetho efuna iintlanganiso zekomiti ezivulekileyo, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kuhlala kungucelomngeni. Ucwangciso lweekomiti lusenokungapapashwa kakuhle, lwenze kube nzima ngabemi ukwazi xa kusenzeka ukuva. Ezinye iikomiti zidibana ngesaziso esifutshane, zithintela ukuthathi-nxaxheba kukawonke-wonke. Ubuchule okanye ukuntsonkotha kwenkcaso yendalo kunokwenza ukuba iingxoxo zekomiti zibe nzima ukuba zilandelwe yiyo iingcali ezingeyo.

Amazwe amaninzi aye aphucula ukubonakala okukhoyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngokuqukuqela kweekomiti ekuchotshelweni kwi-intanethi, ngokubeka iinkqubo zekomiti nezinto ezikumaziko ewebhsayithi e-widget, nangokunika izibhengezo ezingcono zikawonke-wonke zeentlanganiso zeekomiti.

Name

Ukwanda kokudityaniswa kwemimandla kuchaphazela umsebenzi weekomiti kumazwe amaninzi. Xa amaqela ahlukene ngokunzulu, iikomiti zinokuba ziindawo zokulwa ezilwayo ezininzi kunemizimba engakwaziyo ukulwa. Oku kungenza umgangatho wokucinga kweekomiti kwaye kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukulalanisa.

Ulawulo lweqela elikhulu kwizabelo zekomiti kunye nosihlalo weenqanawa lunganyusa amacandelo amaqela alwahlulo. Amalungu eqela elincinane asenokuziva ekhutshwe ekuthabatheni inxaxheba enenjongo kumsebenzi wekomiti, ngeli xesha amalungu amaninzi eqela asenokuziva enengcinezelo yokuxhasa isikhundla seqela lawo kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iimfanelo zetyala elithile.

Ixesha Elinzima

IiKomiti zisoloko zijongene neengxaki ezimandundu zexesha, ingakumbi kumaphondo anemimiselo emifutshane yowiso-mthetho. Xa amakhulukhulu amatyala ebhekiswa kwikomiti ebudeni beseshini ehlala iinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela, ikomiti ayinako ukunikela ingqalelo epheleleyo kuzo zonke. Eli xesha ingcinezelo ingakhokelela kwizigqibo zengxamiseko, ukuva okungaphelelanga, okanye iindleko ezifayo kwikomiti kuba nje bekungekho xesha lakuziqwalasela.

Imisantsa

Ngeli xesha inkqubo yekomiti yenzelwe ukuphuhlisa ubuchule bomthetho, izithuba zisekho. Iingxaki zobugcisa ezintsonkothileyo zisenokudlula ubuchule bamalungu ekomiti, kwanabo baye basebenza kwikomiti kangangeminyaka. IiKomiti kufuneka zithembele kwiingcali ezingaphandle, kodwa zigqibe ukuba ziziphi iingcali ezinokuthenjwa yaye zinokuvavanya njani ubungqina obuphikisanayo.

Kumaphondo anezithintelo zexesha, ingxaki yobuchule iqatha kakhulu. Kanye njengokuba abamisi-mthetho bephuhlisa ubuchule bokwenene kummandla okwilungu lekomiti, basenokunyanzeleka ukuba bayishiye indlu yowiso-mthetho ngenxa yemida enikwa izithuba. Le jiko lizinzileyo linokunciphisa ulwazi lwamaqumrhu kwaye lenze iikomiti zixhomekeke ngakumbi kubasebenzi, abaququzeleli, nakumagosa esebe aphetheyo ukuze afumane ulwazi.

Imisebenzi engcono kwiiKomiti

Iinketho zegama leqela leenkwenkwezi (iyodwa) GRUSobject name (optional)

Iinkqubo zekomiti ezisebenzayo zinemida ecacileyo enciphisa ukudibana nokudideka malunga nokuba yiyiphi ikomiti emayiyiphathe amatyala. Xa amagunya abekwe phantsi, iinkokeli zowiso-mthetho zingabandakanyeka ekuthengeni "ekuvuneni," ukubhekisa ii-partum kwiikomiti ezinokunikela iziphumo ezifunekayo kunokuba zibe zezona zinobuchule bufanelekileyo.

Isaziso Esaneleyo Nesicwangciso

Ezinye iinkqubo ezingcono ziquka ukunikezela isaziso esaneleyo seentlanganiso zekomiti, ukubeka izicwangciso zentlanganiso kusengaphambili, nokugcina ucwangciso lweekomiti ezithe rhoqo ezivumela abantu abanomdla ukuba bacebe ukuya. Amanye amazwe afuna inani elincinane lesaziso seentsuku phambi kokuba ikomiti igcine ityala kwityala, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagcini-maplanga banexesha lokulungiselela ubungqina.

Inkxaso yabasebenzi abangoogcisa

IiKomiti zisebenza ngokunempumelelo xa zinabasebenzi abangoogcisa, abangathathi-nxaxheba abaqhuba uphando, bahlalutya amatyala, balungise imizobo, kwaye banikele inkxaso yobugcisa. Abasebenzi abanolwazi banganceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izigqibo zeekomiti zisekelwe kwinkcazelo echanileyo nohlalutyo lwesandi kunokuba baqulunqe iingongoma okanye izixhobo zokukhuthaza iindwendwe.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwintsebenziswano Enentsingiselo

Ngoxa iqela elininzi lilawula ngokuyimfuneko, iindlela ezifanelekileyo ziquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqela elincinane linenxaxheba enenjongo. Oku kungaquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu amaqela ambalwa anelungelo lokubiza amangqina ekuthethweni, kufuna igalelo lobugqeba obuncinane kwiinkqubo zekomiti, okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zeqela elincinane ziqwalaselwa ngokusesikweni.

Ufikelelo lukawonke-wonke

Ubugcisa bale mihla bunceda abantu bafumane iikomiti ezifuna ukuchongwa. Ukuthothoza kwezi ngxelo zekomiti, ukuthunyelwa kwezinto zekomiti kwi-intanethi, ukuthotywa kwezixhobo ze-octal, ukuthotyelwa kobungqina, kunye nevidiyo egcinwe kwimicimbi yangaphambili konke kukwenza kube lula kubemi ukulandela nokuthatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi weekomiti. Amazwe amkela obu bugcisa atyekele ekubeni abe ngabemi abathelekelene ngakumbi nabanolwazi.

Ikamva leeKomiti zoMgaqo-mthetho kaRhulumente

Iikomiti zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yokuguquka kweemeko, ubugcisa obutsha, kunye nokutshintsha kolindelo lukawonke-wonke.

Ulwandiso lobuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwenyani

Isifo se-COVOID-19 senza ukuba ulwamkelo lobugcisa benyani kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente lukhawuleze. Ngoku iikomiti ezininzi zinika ubungqina obunokukhethwa, zivumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ekuchotshelweni ngaphandle kokuya kwikomkhulu lephondo. Le nkqubela-lwazi inokuba negalelo eliphawulekayo ekunyuseni inxaxheba kuluntu, ingakumbi kubantu abaneziphene, abo bahlala kude nekomkhulu, okanye abo banemisebenzi okanye iimbopheleleko zentsapho ezenza kube nzima ukuya kubemi abakwiphondo.

Noko ke, ukuba nenxaxheba kwenyani kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelele ukulondoloza umgangatho ongafanelekanga womsebenzi weekomiti, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko noqinisekiso olwaneleyo lwabathathi - nxaxheba, nokugcina iincoko ezingacwangciswanga ezidla ngokubakho kwiintlanganiso zeekomiti.

Ukwanda Kobunzima Bemibandela Yezomgaqo - siseko

Njengoko imiba yenkqubo isiya intsonkotha kwaye isebenza ngobuchule, iikomiti zijamelana nocelomngeni olukhulayo ekuphuhliseni ubuchule obufanelekileyo. Iziphumo ezifana nokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha, ubukrelekrele obungeyonkqubo, ulawulo olufihlakeleyo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kufuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo olunokugqitha kuluphi ulungiso-mthetho lwexesha elithile olunokufumaneka ngokufanelekileyo.

Amanye amazwe asabela ngobuchule obukhulayo bamalungu ekomiti, ukuyila iikomiti ezikhethekileyo zofundisiso ezinexesha elide lokuhlola imiba entsonkothileyo, okanye ukuzisa iingcaphephe ezingaphandle ukuze zidibane neendlela ezithe kratya. Amanye atsala nzima ukuhambisana neemfuno zobugcisa zokwenziwa kwenkqubo yale mihla.

Iimfuno zokuBhalisa nokuQonda

Ulindelo lukarhulumente lokuba kubekho imbonakalo ecacileyo. Abami balindele ngakumbi ukuba bakwazi ukufikelela kwiikomiti, amaxwebhu neengxelo zokuvota kwi-intanethi. Bafuna ukwazi ukuba ngubani onikela ubungqina kwiikomiti, ukuba ngawaphi amaqela anezikhundla eziphambili, nendlela abavota ngayo abameli babo kwiikomiti.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ziphendula ngeewebhsayithi eziphuculiweyo, iinkqubo ezingcono zezaziso zikawonke-wonke, kunye noovimba beekomiti abakwi-intanethi ababanzi.

Ukulungelelanisa Ubuchule Nokukhululeka

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zijongene noxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kwemfuneko yokulungelelaniswa komthetho ngokufanelekileyo nomnqweno wokuqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo, ngeli thuba. Iingcinezelo zexesha zityhalela kwiinkqubo ezichaphazelekayo nakwisenzo sekomiti esikhawulezileyo. Inkxalabo yomgangatho iqhubela phambili kwiindlebe ezithe xhaxhe, amaxesha okucinga athe xhathise ngakumbi, kunye nohlalutyo olucokisekileyo.

Ukufumana ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Amanye amazwe azama iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezinjengokwandisa iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, ukwenza ixesha elingakumbi leentlanganiso zeekomiti, okanye ukusebenzisa ubugcisa ukwenza umsebenzi weekomiti usebenze kakuhle ngaphandle kokuncama umgangatho.

Isiphelo

Iikomiti zemithetho yesizwe zibalulekile kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Zisebenza njengamahashe asebenzayo ezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, ziqhuba uhlolo kunye nokucocwa okuzinzileyo kwemithetho ecetyisiweyo eyenza ukuba ilawule ngokunempumelelo. Ngogxininiso lwazo olukhethekileyo, iikomiti ziphuhlisa ubuchule, ziqokelela igalelo lomthetho olwahlukileyo, ziphucule ubunjani bomthetho phambi kokuba zifikelele kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze ziqwalaselwe.

Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukuba zilawule umqulu omkhulu womthetho ocetyiswayo eziwujongana nentlanganiso nganye. Ngokwahlula umsebenzi phakathi kweekomiti ezikhethekileyo, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zingaqwalasela ngenyameko imiba entsonkothileyo ngaphandle kwemimiselo emininzi yomntu ngamnye okanye igumbi elipheleleyo. Iikomiti zisebenza njengabagcini-mthetho, zihluza umthetho ocaciswe kakubi ngoxa ziqhubela phambili iingcamango eziqwalaselwe kakuhle.

Ukuqonda indlela iikomiti zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kurhulumente kunye nenkqubo. IiKomiti zilapho umsebenzi wokoqobo wokwenza umthetho uyenzeka khona, apho igalelo lommi linokuphembelela kakhulu khona, nalapho iinkcukacha zomgaqo-nkqubo zikhutshwa khona. Enoba ungummi oxhalabileyo, umbutho wobugqeba, umnini-shishini, okanye umfundi karhulumente, owaziyo ukubandakanyeka kwakho kwinkqubo yekomiti zingenza ukuba ungenelele ngakumbi kwidemokhrasi.

Ngoxa iinkqubo zeekomiti zahluka kwiimeko ezingamashumi amahlanu, ziyabelana ngeempawu ezifanayo: iikomiti ezimileyo ezisingatha ishishini lemithetho elithe rhoqo, iikomiti ezikhethekileyo eziyilwe ngeenjongo ezithile, iikomiti ezimanyeneyo ezilungelelanisa iigumbi, kunye neenkqubo zokuchotshelwa nokucaciswa kwabantu. Ezi ziqalelo zibonakalisa ucelomngeni olungundoqo ezijamelene nalo zonke izikhululo zendlu zowiso-mthetho ekuqulunqisweni komthetho ngempumelelo ngoxa zigcina ukuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi.

Iikomiti zemithetho yezowiso-mthetho yesizwe ziza kuqhubeka zibhenela ekuphenduleni imingeni emitsha, ubugcisa, kunye nolindelo lukawonke-wonke. Noko ke, indima yazo esisiseko kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho isenokuhlala ihleli. Lo gama nje iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zifuna ukuhlolisisa ngokucokisekileyo imithetho ecetyiweyo, ukuphuhlisa ubuchule bemigaqo-nkqubo, ukuqokelela uluntu, nokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho enzima, iikomiti ziya kuhlala zisemgangathweni ukuze zikwazi ukwenza imithetho oorhulumente.

Kubemi abanomdla ekuphembeleleni inkqubo karhulumente, ukubandakanyeka kwiikomiti zowiso-mthetho kunika amathuba abalulekileyo. Ukubakho kweekomiti zokuchotshelwa kweekomiti, ukunikela ubungqina, ukuthobela amagqabaza abhaliweyo, kunye nokuqhagamshelana namalungu ekomiti zizindlela zonke abemi abaqhelekileyo abanokuba nenxaxheba kuzo kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Kwixesha apho abantu abaninzi beziva behlukanisiwe norhulumente, iikomiti zemithetho zikarhulumente zibonelela ukuba kulula ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngendlela iikomiti zowiso-mthetho ezisebenza ngayo kwilizwe lakho, tyelela i-website yendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, enika iinkcukacha malunga nolawulo lwekomiti, amalungu, izicwangciso, neenkqubo. Iintlangano ezifana neNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures yeSizwe[ zikwanikela noovimba abaxabisekileyo malunga neenkqubo zemithetho-mthetho. Imithetho yowiso-mthetho emininzi yamazwe inikela ngezinto zokufundisa kunye nohambo ezichaza indlela inkqubo yemithetho esebenza ngayo, kuquka nendima yekomiti.

Ukuqonda iikomiti zikarhulumente nendlela ezinceda ngayo ekwenzeni imithetho inika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kurhulumente wabo. Enoba uxhalabele inkqubo yemfundo, unyango, ezothutho, iirhafu, okanye nawuphi na umcimbi ocetywa ngurhulumente, ukwazi ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yekomiti kunokukunceda wenze ilizwi lakho liviwe kwaye uphembelele imithetho echaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.