Inkqubo yokuguqula ingcamango yenkqubo ibe ngumthetho onyanzelekileyo imele njengophawu oluchazayo lwayo nayiphi na idemokhrasi esebenzayo. Luhambo oluneenjongo ezininzi olulungelelanisa intsebenziswano, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphakamiso olucokisekileyo, nokuvelisa umthetho onceda uluntu olulungileyo. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda olu hambo lusuka kwisicelo sokudlulisa asiloqeqesho nje kuphela lwemfundo. ."Isiseko solwazi lommi welizwe."Isi sikhokelo esandisiweyo esineengcambulo ezibalulekileyo, ukusuka kwisiqalo sokuqala soluvo kukuphumeza ummiselo, ukukhankamisa, iinkqubo, iinkqubo, kunye nokukhusela okubumba imithetho elawula ubomi bethu.

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko: Inkqubo yeeHells nolungelelwano

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zale mihla, nokuba zikumgangatho wesizwe okanye wesizwe, zisebenza kumgangatho womgaqo-siseko owenziwe ngamacandelo omgaqo-siseko. EUnited States, Inqaku leqela lemithetho yecawa ekwiBhunga, iqumrhu le-bimeral eliyiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtsimi. Esi sakhiwo secandatho ezimbini siqinisekisa ukuba akukho qela linye elinokululawula umthetho. IiBhili kufuneka zidlule zombini amagumbi ngemo efanayo ngaphambi kokufikelela kumongameli. Ngokufanayo, izikhulu zikarhulumente zibonisa le misebenzi, ngokufuthi ngendlu esezantsi (i-Asbests okanye iNdmistry) kunye nendlu yabathunywa abaphezulu. Le nkqubo ibandakanya isebe eliphetheyo (ingi okanye irhuluneli) nangamaxesha, isebe elilawulayo kwicandelo elihamba ngomgqeba. Ukuqonda lomthetho kudla ngokunqanqabileyo kwaye ukungabikho kungabikho lula.

Inyathelo 1: Ukuqalisa Kwencwadi – Ingcamango Yokwazisa

Lo mthetho uqala njengengcamango, ingcamango isenokusuka kwimithombo emininzi ehlukahlukeneyo:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Abameli – Ilungu leBhunga okanye ummisi-mthetho wesizwe angachonga ingxaki okanye isithuba kumthetho okhoyo osekelwe kwimibandela edityanisiweyo, ubuchule bobuqu, okanye uphando lwenkqubo.
  • Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu-Oomongameli, iirhuluneli, kunye nabaphathi babo badla ngokumisela umthetho wokuqhubekisela phambili imimiselo yabo yenkqubo. Ezi zindululo zidla ngokubhaliswa ngabasebenzi bendlu yeWhite House okanye abaququzeleli kwaye ziziswa ngummisi-mthetho onobuhlobo.
  • Amaqela angenisa intelekelelo kunye neQela lobuNgesi – unxulumano lorhwebo, iingeniso, imibutho yemisebenzi, neminye imibutho esoloko ifumana intelekelelo yefashoni kunye nemithetho-siseko efuna ukuxhasa.
  • [[UMTL:0] IMasipala kunye namashishini – Ngezibongozo, ngamaxesha okuphendula kukawonke-wonke, okanye ngokungqalileyo ukuganana namagosa anyuliweyo, abantu kunye neenkampani bangacebisa imithetho emitsha.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho yemiqathango[[FT:1] – iqumrhu lolawulo lingacebisa utshintsho lomthetho olusekelwe kuzalisekiso lwemingeni okanye iimeko ezintsha.

Xa ingcamango ithe yaqalisa ukumila, kufuneka ifakwe kulwimi lwezigwebo ezisemthethweni. Oku kwenziwa ngokwesiqhelo ngesiluleko sowiso-mthetho . .Iigqwetha elinobuchule ekuguquleni iinkqubo zibe kokubhaliweyo okuthe ngqo okusemthethweni. Uxwebhu oluphumezileyo lubizwa ngokuba yi- bhill[. Luyabelwa inani elikhethekileyo (umz. H.R. 12341 eMzini, S.567 kumbhalo osemthethweni weNdlulo lweNtsimbiso) luze lufumane isihloko kunye nesishwankathelo. Kumgangatho worhulumente, izikwenziso sizakuvelwa kwigumbi ngalinye (kungekho ngeniso, nto leyo imele ivele ngokusemthethweni kwindlu). Ngosuku lwentshayezomthetho-mali ifundwa ngokusesikweni kubhalwe kwirekhodi kwaye kubhekiselwa kwikomiti (ikomiti).

Inyathelo lesi-2: Impinda yeKomiti – IHose yasemsebenzini yeeBhunga

Isenzo seKomiti kulapho uninzi olukhulu lweziphakamiso zowiso-mthetho lusenzeka khona. IiKomiti zingamacandelo akhethekileyo asingatha iindawo ezithile zenkqubo ekhethekileyo, ``Ii-Agricurical', iMali, iiNkonzo zeZixhobo, njalo njalo-njalo. Zisebenza njengezihluzi, zivumela kuphela ezona zibonelelo zithembisayo ukuba ziqhubele phambili kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Inkqubo yekomiti ibandakanya amacandelo amaninzi ahlukeneyo:

Ukubuyiselwa koMkhosi nokuLahliwa

Emva kwentshayelelo, ikomiti enye okanye ezingaphezulu ezisekelwe kwimibandela ekhoyo. Kwezinye iimeko, ityala lingabhekiswa kwiikomiti ezininzi ukuba ligquma imixholo ehambanayo (i-atting commental). Ikomiti nganye inegunya kwiinkqubo ezithile, amaqumrhu, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ethile. Umzekelo, irejista yezokhuseleko lwekhompyutha ingabhekiswa kwiKomiti yeHomeland Security kunye neKomiti yeJadiciary.

Ukuva

IiKomiti ziququzelela ukuchotshelwa kwengxelo yoluntu ukuze zifumane inkcazelo nobungqina. AmaNgqina asenokuquka amagosa karhulumente, iingcali, iingcali, abameli bamashishini, abameli, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo. Iindlebe zinika iqonga lokuhlola amandla emali, ubuthathaka, iindleko, kunye neziphumo ezingalindelekanga. Zikwavumela uluntu ukuba lubone abaqulunqi bomthetho besebenza kwaye luvavanye ngokuphuma komcimbiso obhaliweyo.

Ukuphawula

Emva kokuvalwa, ikomiti iququzelela intlanganiso ye-markpost ukuxoxa nokulungisa umgca wephepha. Amalungu acebisa ukuba kulungiswe ezinye iindlela, axubushe iingxoxo. Iikomiti ezingaphantsi zidla ngokuphatha incopho yokuqala phambi kokuba ikomiti epheleleyo ithathe indawo. Inkqubo yokunyusa isakhiwo senyani. Emva kokuba zonke iintengiso ziqwalaselwe, amavoti ekomiti ukuba ayafumaneka kusini na, i- i-operations'''''''' i-'''' i-'i-'i-'all'' iqala iqala i-' i-igumbi elipheleleyo. Uvoti-vote iyafuneka. Ukuba iikomiti zivota azikho, izibhaka kakuhle, ziyakwazi ukuphinda-ongonwa ngoncedo, isetyenziswa ekuthulweni kwe-proccdktoodkt.

Ingxelo yeKomiti

Ukuba ityala lixeliwe, ikomiti ikhupha ingxelo ebhaliweyo echaza injongo yetyala, iinguqu ezenziweyo, kunye nesizathu esisemva kwazo. Le ngxelo iba luxwebhu olubalulekileyo kwingxoxo yomgangatho kunye notoliko lwamva lwekomiti. Isenokuquka iimbono ezichaseneyo namalungu ekomiti awayechasa loo ngxelo.

Inyathelo 3: Ingxoxo Engoonobangela Abaninzi — Inqaku Elinoluvo Lokuyekelela

Xa ibhodi yemali icacisa, ibekwa kwi- Calendar yegumbi elipheleleyo. Kwindlu yabameli, i-arhente enamandla i-Rules Committee [ imisela indlela nexesha isivumelwano esiza kuxutyushwa ngalo. Icwangcisa ubude bengxoxo, inani lemiphetho evumelekileyo, kunye nolandelelwano. KwiNdlukwano, ingxoxo idla ngokuba ivuliwe, kwaye imithetho ivumela ukuxoxa okubanzi, i-Pionbusters, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zesivumelwano esihambelanayo kwisakhiwo.

Ngexesha lengxoxo yomgangatho, amalungu aphikisana okanye aphikisana nomthetho, acebisa ukulungiswa, kwaye azama ukuyekelela abo asebenza nabo abangakhange batshate. Eli qonga libalulekile ekukhuliseni uluntu nokulungisa umgaqo-siseko. Izinyusi zinokuba germane[ (ukungavumelani nombandela), okanye, kwezinye iimeko, abakhweli-mabhayisi abadi abangadileyo abaqhotyoshelwe kumthetho omele ubekwe ngaphandle. Endlwini, iziphengululo kufuneka zisoloko zikho; kwiNxalamlo, isithethe sengxoxo engenakugwetywa sivumela ii-mentene ukuba zifake amalungiselelo angqubanayo.

Ingxoxo iyahluka-hluka. Ezinye iingxoxo zineziphene ezincinci, ezineengxubusho ezineenkcukacha zemigaqo-nkqubo kunye neziphumo ezichaphazelekayo. Ezinye zinabantu abahlukene kakhulu okanye zifuna uncedo. Kodwa ke, ingxubusho yomgangatho isebenza umsebenzi wedemokhrasi wokukhupha iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwaye yenza ingxelo yomthetho kawonke-wonke.

Inyathelo 4: Ukuchaza Isigqibo

Emva kokuqukunjelwa, igumbi liyaqhubeka livota. Iindlela eziliqela zokuvota ziyasetyenziswa:

  • [[FLT: 0] ivoti yeVoti – Igosa eliphetheyo licela abo bakhethayo ukuthi "ewe" nabo bachasayo ukuthi "hayi" abagwebi begosa elikwicala elikhulu. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kwityala elingadibaniyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivoti yenani [[FLT: 1] - Amalungu amele ukubalwa. Isetyenziswa xa ilizwi livota alicacanga.
  • ivoti ebhaptiziweyo- – ukhetho ngalunye lwelungu lubhalwe nganye nganye ngovoto lwe-elektroniki (endlwini) okanye ubizo olugobileyo (eCaten). Le ndlela isetyenziselwa umthetho obalulekileyo okanye okhuphiswano. Endlwini, amalungu anemizuzu eli-15 ukuvota; kwiBhunga, ucingo lomqulu lungathatha ixesha elide.

Uninzi olulula lwabo bakhoyo kunye novota lufuneka ukuze kudlule. Noko ke, amanye amanyathelo afuna intlawulo enkulu kakhulu (umzekelo, ezimbini-ntathu ukudlula iveto, ezintathu-fith ukubiza ihlwili kunye nokuphelisa i-nvironster kwiBhunga, okanye ii-3-isithathu zomva wesiphekephelo somgaqo-siseko. Ukuba uthe wadlula, uyadityaniswa (ubungqina obupheleleyo) kwaye uthunyelwe kwelinye igumbi.

Inyathelo 5: Elinye Icandelo – Inkqubo Efanayo

Kwinkqubo ye-bimaral, irejista kufuneka ngoku iphinde yonke inkqubo kwigumbi lesibini. "Indlu okanye iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, njengoko imeko injalo." Oku kuthetha ukuba ikomiti ibhekisa, indlebe, isandi, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nevoti. Igumbi lesibini lingagqitha ityala kanye njengoko lifunyenwe, livume ngokulungisa, okanye lilamkele. Ukuba igumbi lesibini lidlulisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo, amagumbi amabini kufuneka alungelelanise ukungavisisani kwawo.

Le nkqubo iphinda-phindiweyo ye-"%track kukuhlola ngabom. Iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwa ngokweembono ezininzi kwaye akukho gumbi elinye elinokunyanzela ukuba likwazi ukunyanzelisa ukuba lingaphinda liphinde lifumane. Umahluko phakathi kwegumbi . "ifana nemithetho engqongqo yendlu kunye nemiyalelo emifutshane ephikisana nemeko ebanzi yendlu yendlu yecawa `````isoloko ivelisa umahluko ofunekayo kwingxoxo.

IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Xa amagumbi amabini engavumelaniyo kwimali yetyala, ikomiti evumelana nengxelo iyahlanganiswa. Le yindawo yolawulo yexeshana eyenziwe ngamalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi (ngokuqhelekileyo amalungu aphezulu ekomiti ezinxulumeneyo). Abanikazi baxubusha inguqulelo yolalaniso ethetha ngokwahluka. Iziphumo zengxelo zithunyelwa emva kuwo omabini amagumbi evoti ngaphandle kokuphinda ilungiswe. Ukuba ziyavunywa zombini, izibhengezo zihambelana nomphathiswano.

Kumgangatho karhulumente, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zikwasebenzisa iikomiti zenkomfa okanye inkqubo efanayo yoxolelwaniso.

Inyathelo 6: Isenzo solawulo – Umongameli okanye umlawuli Ugqiba

Xa la magumbi omabini ephumeze umthetho ofanayo, ityala liyabhaliswa lize linikwe intloko yesebe eliphetheyo, -- uMongameli we-United States okanye irhuluneli karhulumente. Isikhulu esiphetheyo sineendlela ezininzi esinokukhetha kuzo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Uphawu loxwebhu [[FLT: 1] – Kuba ngumthetho ngoko nangoko okanye kumhla ochaziweyo osebenzayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibhalisa i - Isebe eliphetheyo libuyisela umthetho kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuphikisa. A serto ingaba [ izele[ (ukukhupha irekthi yonke) okanye, kwezinye iindawo nakumgangatho wezwe okwimeko ethile eneemeko ezithile, iline protem à to (ukukhupha izinto ezithe ngqo ezichithayo). (Note: uMongameli akanawo umgca we- 06 wocangcingo ye-to; iNkundla ephakamileyo yenze ukuba ingabinanto i-'iprovitaltine.)
  • vumela uxwebhu lube ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo - kwi U.S., ukuba umongameli akathathi nxaxheba kwientsuku ezilishumi (ezigqithayo ngeCawa) ngexesha iCongress iseseqesheni, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuba i Congress i-apply i-awunt ngexesha elo xesha, ityala alibi ngumthetho [[FLT:] lento i-[FLT] i-packett"veto.

Iveto ingangahoywa ngamavoti amabini anesithathu kumagumbi omabini eBhunga (okanye kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe apho imithetho efana nayo ephezulu isebenza khona). Ukuba impumelelo yeNgqungquthela, ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphandle kwemvume yesigqeba. Imigudu yokusebenzisa kakubi inqabile kwaye inqabile, inikwe imfuneko enkulu kakhulu.

Inyathelo Le - 7: Ukuthobela – Ukuguqula Umthetho Ube Yisenzo

Ukudlula kwemali akuzizisi zitshintsho ezicetyiweyo. Ukufakelwa linyathelo elibalulekileyo elibandakanya abadlali abaninzi namanyathelo amaninzi:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Umiselo lwenkqubo – amasebe anegunya ajongene nokunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba ubhale imithetho nemithetho echaza iinjongo zomthetho kunye nokunika ukhokelo lokusebenza. Le nkqubo yomthetho iquka isaziso sikawonke-wonke kunye namagqabaza.
  • uhlawulo lwemithombo – iNgxowa-mali kufuneka isetyenziswe (ukuba umthetho udala ukusetyenziswa kwemali) kwaye abasebenzi kufuneka babelwe. Uhlaziyo lweeofisi kunye namasebe asebenza ukudibanisa oovimba ngeemiyalelo ezintsha.
  • Uqeqesho kunye noqeqesho – Imisebenzi yezandla, izinto zoqeqesho, kunye nemiyalelo yenkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaqeshwa noluntu bayazi iimfuno ezintsha.
  • [[Umthetho:0] unyanzeliso kunye nongamelo – abahloli boRhulumente, abaphicothi-zincwadi, kunye neenkundla ziqinisekisa ukuthobela. Iikomiti zomthetho zikwaneewehlolo ukuqwalasela ukwenziwa kokwenziwa nokucombulula iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.

Ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kufuna ucwangciso olucokisekileyo, ukugada abatshati-mali, nokuxilonga okuqhubekayo. Umthetho ongaphunyezwanga kakuhle ungasilela ukufikelela usukelo lwawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba wacetywa kakuhle kangakanani na ngexesha lowiso-mthetho.

Indima Yamalobbytes, Amaqela Anomdla Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke

Kulo lonke uhambo lowiso-mthetho, abadlali banempembelelo engaphandle. Iingcali ezihlawulwayo ezixhasa izilangazelelo ezithile", zinikela ubuchule, ulwimi oluzotywayo, kunye nokwakha imibutho. Amaqela anomdla asuka kwiAmerican Medical Association ukuya kwi-Sierra Club Moderac avule amaphulo okukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwengca, kunye negalelo lokulungisa iziphumo.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, oku kulula ukuphembelela kukuphembelela uMthetho weLobbing Displayive. Kwelinye icala, kuvumela ukuba kuviwe amabinzana ahlukeneyo. Kwelinye icala, kunyusa inkxalabo ngamandla emali kwezobupolitika kunye nomngcipheko wokuba iimfuno eziphambili zingalawula kuluntu ngokubanzi. Imithetho ecacileyo, efana neLobbing Displasure Act, ifuna ukubhaliswa nokuxelwa kwemisebenzi ekhuthazayo. Abami bangawulandelela lo msebenzi kwiisiseko seesiseko sogcino-lwazi .

Isiphelo: Ummangaliso Onenjongo Wokwenza Umthetho

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho inzima ngabom. Yenzelwe ukukhusela ukungxama, ukucingisisa, ukwenza izinto ezingalunganga, kwaza kwakha uvumelano kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo. Jonga zonke izicwangciso. "ukuququzelela, ukuqwalasela ikomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ingxoxo ye-bimeral, uphando lolawulo, kunye nokuzalisekisa"iiintsalela yokucinga nokuphendula. Ukuqonda olu hambo kunika abemi amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba, ukusuka ekunxibeleleni abameli babo ekuthetheni okanye ekuvoteleni kunyulweni. Kubafundisi-mfundo kunye nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indlela imithetho ekwenziwa ngayo ilinyathelo lokuqala lokuzibandakanya, ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwibutho ledemokhrasi.

Ukuhambela phambili kokuhlola, qwalasela ukutyelela [[FLT: 0].gov ukufumana umsebenzi womthetho wexesha lokwenene we-196, okanye USUSA.gov's isikhokelo sokufumana indlela imithetho eyenziwe ngayo[ ngoshwankathelo olufutshane. Iinkqubo zemithetho yemithetho yesizwe zingahlolwa nge-website yendlu yowiso-mthetho esemthethweni okanye Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Gegislatures[, enika oovimba beenkqubo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho ogqitha wonke ama-50.