political-representation-and-advocacy
Indlela Imithetho Ekhusela Ngayo Ilungelo Lakho Lokuxhasa Nokuzithethelela
Table of Contents
Ukuqhankqalaza nokuqhankqalaza ziintsika ezisisiseko zoluntu lwedemokhrasi, ezisebenza njengenkqubo ezibalulekileyo abemi abanokuvakalisa ngayo ukungavumelani, baphembelela inkqubo kawonke-wonke, kwaye babonise ukuba oorhulumente banokuphendula. Ilungelo lokuthelelana nabemi abangoorhulumente ekuvukeleni okanye kwindibano yoxolo libaluleke kakhulu kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo nakumthombo weSimi sokuQonga-mthetho sokuqala eUnited States, ngoxa kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, la malungelo akhuselwa phantsi kwemimiselo eyahlukeneyo yamalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda imigaqo esemthethweni ekhusela le misebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwimicimbi yezezolawulo-demokhrasi.
Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlolisisa indlela imithetho ekhusela ngayo ilungelo lakho lokuxhasa nokuqhankqalaza, ihlolisisa iziseko zomGaqo-siseko, imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, imiqathango esebenzayo, kunye nendlela egqwethekileyo yokuqhayisa amalungelo exesha lamanani. Nokuba uceba ukuba nenxaxheba kumboniso woxolo, uququzelela intlanganiso, okanye ufuna nje ukuwaqonda amalungelo akho entlalo, eli nqaku linikela inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ngesiseko somthetho onceda nokukhusela le nkululeko ingundoqo.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaLungelo
UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: ICernerstone Yamalungelo AseMerika
UMthetho wokuqala ohlaziyiweyo kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States uthintela iNgqungquthela ekwenzeni imithetho ephathelele ukusekwa konqulo; ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa konqulo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukunqanda inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yamaphephandaba, inkululeko yokuhlanganisana, okanye ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo. Yamkelwa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, njengenye yeziphelo ezilishumi ezibumba iBhili yamaLungelo.
UHlaliso Lokuqala loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lukhusela izenzo ezininzi zokuqhayisa ngokukhusela ilungelo lokuqhuba indibano yoxolo kunye nelungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Olu khuselo lubini lubangela ukuba kubekho ilungiselelo elinamandla lokuthembisana ngentlalo, kuqinisekisa ukuba amaMerika ahlanganisane ndawonye ukuze avakalise iimbono zawo kwimicimbi yoluntu ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezelela korhulumente.
IsiHlamlisi Sokuqala sikhusela ilungelo lakho lokuhlanganisa nokuvakalisa iimbono zakho ngokuqhankqalaza. Oku kukhusela kudlulela ngaphaya kwamazwi athethwayo ngokwesithethe ukuquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza. INkundla Ephakamileyo ikwagqibele ngokukwagqiba ukuba amalungelo enkululeko yokuthetha akhuselwe nguMphengululo wokuqala aquka igama elibhaliweyo nezinye iindlela zehambo echazayo. Umzekelo, ukuthumelelana iintetho kwi-t-shirt okanye ukunxiba imfazwe ebambe ingalo zombini ziintlobo zokuthetha okanye ukukhuselwa koMphengululo wokuqala.
Inkululeko Yabahlobo Nendibano
Ngapha koko kubhalwe ngokucacileyo koMphetho-mda wokuqala, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavuma ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo oluxhasa ilungelo lokuqhankqalaza. Inkundla ikwaye yagqiba kwelokuba intetho yenkululeko iquka inkululeko yokunxulumana. Nangona le nkululeko ingakhankanywi kuMgqibo wokuqala, iNkundla iye yathi "iyindlela esisiseko yokulondoloza" amanye amalungelo oQala Ohlaziyo. Ngoko ke, iNkundla iyawamkela ilungelo lokuzinzisa uLawulo lokuqala ukuze kungenelwe unxulumano olukhululekileyo kwingqungquthela, kwintetho, nakwezinye izinto zokuLamla koLuhlulo Lokuqala.
Le nkululeko yokudibanisa ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekumileni imibhiyozo kunye namaphulo okuqhankqalaza. Ikhusela ilungelo labantu abahlanganisanayo, babumbe imibutho, baze badibane ngokudibeneyo basukele iinjongo ezifanayo ezinxulumene nokutshintsha kwentlalo nezobupolitika. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokuseka amaqela obugcisa, ukuthelela imibutho yezobupolitika, nokuba nenxaxheba kwimiboniso elungelelanisiweyo.
Inkqubela Yembali Nezinto Eziphawula Ilizwe
Amaqhawe ebesoloko eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi baseMerika, eqeshwe ukutsalela ingqalelo kwimibandela erhabaxa, iziganeko, kunye nokungekho sikweni. Ukusuka kuhambo loxolo ukuya kwizenzo ezinamandla zokungathobeli kwabemi, kungafunyanwa phantse kwimibutho yonke yezopolitiko nezentlalo yenkulungwane edluleyo ukusuka kwiZiko lamalungelo abantu le-1950 kunye nowe-1960 ukuya kwimilo yokulwa nemfazwe yoo 2000.
INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yavelisa imizekelo ebalulekileyo ekhusela amalungelo okuqhankqalaza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. ETexas kunye noJohnson (19989), iNkundla yawisa umthetho ocacileyo wokuba ukutshiswa kweflegi kuluhlobo lwentetho ekhuselekileyo, ibonisa ukuba kwaneentlobo ezididayo zokuqhankqalaza komfuziselo zifumana ukhuseleko olungokomGaqo-siseko.
KwiSithili seSikolo soMbutho waBantwana (1969), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yadlulisela amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kubafundi esikolweni. Eli tyala lalibandakanya abafundi abaliqela ababohlwaywa ngokunxiba iintambo ezimnyama ukuze baqhankqalaze imfazwe yaseVietnam. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba isikolo asinakukwazi ukumisela imiqathango yokomfuziselo engaphazamisanga imicimbi yesikolo ngokusuka entliziyweni nangokunzulu. Eli tyala laseka ilungelo lokuqhankqala linwela nakubafundi abakwimimiselo yemfundo, ukuba amazwi abo awaphazamisangaphazamisangako ukungqongileyo kokufunda.
Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu Neminqophiso Yezizwe Ngezizwe
Ilungelo lenkululeko yokuhlanganisana nomanyano loxolo likhuselwa linqaku lama - 20 leSindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu. Olu xwebhu lwesiseko, olwamkelwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe - 1948, lumisela amalungelo okuqhayisa njengamalungelo abantu asisiseko agqalwa ehlabathini lonke.
Ngokomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, amalungelo enkululeko yomanyano, indibano kunye nokuboniswa koxolo kuqwalaselwa kwizivumelwano ezahlukeneyo, kuquka uMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe wamalungelo asekuhlaleni nawepolitiki. Nganye, la malungelo anelungelo lokuqhayisa. Izivumelwano ezininzi zezizwe ngezizwe ziqulethe izindululo ezicacileyo zelungelo lokuqhankqalaza. Izivumelwano ezinjalo ziquka iNdibano yeNkcubeko yeLungu yaseYurophu eNgamalungelo abantu, ingakumbi iMimiselo 9 ukuya kwe11; kunye neSivumelwano sezizwe Ngezizwe ngeManya eNtshona Koloni nakwezobupolitika, ingakumbi iMithetho 18 ukuya ku 22.
Oko Kubangela Indibano Yoxolo
Wonke umntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokuhlanganisana nomanyano olunoxolo, olubalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi. Ilungelo lendibano enoxolo liquka ilungelo lokuqhuba iintlanganiso, ukuhlalisana, ukubetha, izingqungquthela, iziganeko okanye izikhalazo, ngaphandle kwe-intanethi okanye kwi-intanethi. Le ngcaciso iquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezenzo nentetho edityanisiweyo.
IKomiti yamaLungelo abantu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo icace kakhulu koku kwiNgqabaza Jikelele 37 apho bachaza ukuba ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo likhusela indibano engenabudlova ngabantu ngeenjongo ezithile, ngokuyintloko ezichazayo. Oku kugxininisa ukuba injongo eyintloko yeendibano ezikhuselweyo lunxibelelwano kunye nokubonakaliswa kweengcamango, amaxabiso, okanye ukungavumelani.
Okubalulekileyo kukuba, indibano ayinakuthathwa njengenogonyamelo okanye engenaluxolo kuba ibandakanya ukuphazamiseka kwentshukumo okanye ukungathobeli kwemibutho yabemi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuqhankqalaza okubangela imingeni okanye ukuphazamisana kwemisebenzi eqhelekileyo okomzuzwana kusenokufaneleka njengeendibano zoxolo ezifanele ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuba nje azibandakanyeki kugonyamelo.
Indima Yamalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Ngezizwe
I-OHCHR inikwe igunya lokukhuthaza nokukhusela ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo. I-Ofisi yoMkhomishinala oPhakamileyo wamalungelo abantu isebenza emhlabeni wonke ukuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bayawahlonela yaye bawavulela uvuselelo amalungelo abo. IGeneral Gqirha No. 37 yeKomiti yamaLungelo oLuntu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ichaza ngokuphandle ilungelo lendibano yoxolo, ichaza iimbopheleleko zamazwe ekuqinisekiseni ilungelo kunye nokunika ukhokelo kumaqela alungelelanisa ukuqhankqalaza.
Inkululeko yendibano enoxolo kunye nomanyano isebenza njengesithuthi sokusetyenziswa kwamanye amalungelo amaninzi aqinisekisiweyo phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka amalungelo enkululeko yokuzichaza nokuthatha inxaxheba kwihambo yemicimbi kawonke-wonke. Olu hlobo ludityanisiweyo lwamalungelo lubonisa indlela ukuqhankqalaza okusebenza ngayo njengendlela yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi ebanzi.
Ukukhuselwa Ngokusemthethweni Kwingcinezelo Karhulumente
Ukuthintelwa Kwemiqathango Yolawulo
Urhulumente akanakukwalela ukuhlanganisana ngoxolo ngenjongo yezopolitiko. Nayiphi na imiqathango karhulumente kwiindibano ezinjalo kufuneka ifikelele imiqathango engqinelanayo engokwasemthethweni ukuze ibhenqwe njengomGaqo-siseko. Oku kumisela umqathango ophakamileyo wokungenelela korhulumente kwizenzo zokuqhankqalaza.
Oorhulumente babengenakuyithintela imibhiyozo ngokubeka "iimbekiselo ezithe ngqo kucwangco lukawonke-wonke okanye kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, okanye ubungozi obungachazwanga bogonyamelo. Abasemagunyeni kufuneka banikele ugwebo olucacileyo, olucacileyo ngayo nayiphi na imiqathango abafuna ukuyibeka kwiindibano zoxolo, kunokuba bathembele kwizinto ezingacacanga okanye ezingaqondakaliyo.
Umgaqo okhokelayo kwimbali yesizwe ngowokuba urhulumente nangaluphi na umgangatho angaphazamisa amalungelo ethu okuHlaziya kokuqala ngokubonisa imfuneko ephambili, njengesisongelo esikhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kwaye kuphela ngeendlela ezinokuba lula ukuphazamisa kwixesha elifutshane elifunekayo ukuhlangabezana nentswelo. Lo mgaqo wokuphazamisa okuncinane uqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na imiqathango ilungelelene ngokufutshane kwaye ilungelelanisa izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezifanelekileyo.
Ukukhuselwa Kumkhosi Ogqithileyo
Amagosa omthetho maxa wambi ayalichasa eli lungelo ngendlela ejolise ekuthinteleni ukuthethwa kwabantu ngenkululeko. Kwezinye iimeko, amapolisa ayayivala imiboniso ngokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, ngokusetyenziswa komkhosi okungekho mthethweni, okanye ngokumiswa kwexesha.
Amapolisa kufuneka akuphephe ukusebenzisa amandla naninina kunokwenzeka. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, njengokubanjwa, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezincinci, makungabekwa nxamnye nabaqhankqalazi ngaphandle kokuba kungenakuphepheka. Ukuba umkhosi usetyenziswa ngurhulumente kufuneka wenziwe ngokuvisisana nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.
Abaqhubi bajongene nomngcipheko okhulayo wokwenzakala okunzulu – kwanokufa ezandleni zemikhosi yokhuseleko. Oku kudla ngokubangelwa zizinto ezimbini; ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezixhobo ezilungiselelwe ukuthuthumbisa; ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamapolisa ezisetyenziswayo ngendlela ebeka abantu engozini engafanelekanga. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe isebenza ukuchaza oku kuxhatshazwa nokukhuthaza imilinganiselo efanelekileyo kwimicimbi yoqhankqalazo.
Umatshini onokuphendula
Xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuphula amalungelo abaqhankqalazi, iindlela zokuziphendulela ngokusemthethweni zikho ukunikela unyango. Ukuthembeka kwamalungelo abantu kufuneka kwandiselwe kumagosa amapolisa ngokulawula ukuqhankqalaza, xa engaphumeleli ukusebenzisa umyalelo nolawulo olusebenzayo. Izivumelwano kufuneka zinikelwe ngamaxhoba okanye abasindi bezenzo okanye izibhengezo ezinokuthi zichazwe kwimo-bume kwaye zibangela ukwaphulwa okugqithisileyo komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.
La manyathelo okuziphendulela anceda ekuhlawuleni amaxhoba nokuthintela ukwaphulwa kwemithetho kwixesha elizayo, abonisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente akanakuthabatha isohlwayo xa ethintela izikhalazo ezisemthethweni, yaye kukho imiphumo yokwaphula amalungelo akhuselwe ngokusemthethweni.
Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu
ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko ukwenzela imiqathango enolwazelelelo
INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yamisela ukuba imiqathango esesikweni, indawo, nendlela ebekwe ngayo kumalungelo oQhubo lokuHlaziya i-Ofisi idla ngokuba ngumGaqo-siseko logama nje bengenalugaqo-nxaxheba. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona oorhulumente bengenakukumisela imiqathango esekelwe kwisigidimi esivakaliswayo, bangayibeka imimiselo esengqiqweni xa kusenzeka, apho, nendlela yokuqhankqala.
Imiqathango yokungathathi cala yileyo isebenza nokuba ngabaqhankqalazi bathini okanye bathini imbono abayibonisayo. Umzekelo, isixeko sisenokufuna iimvume zokuhlanganisa iimbutho ezinkulu kwiipaki zikawonke-wonke, silinganisela iiyure ekuthi ngazo isandi esinyusiweyo sisetyenziswe, okanye sichaze iindawo ezithile njengemida yokuqhayisa ngezizathu ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko. Le miqathango ivumelekile ixesha elide xa besebenza izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo kwaye beshiya eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano ivulekile.
INkundla iphuhlise imigaqo yomthetho kunye nemigaqo yokuhlola ukuba imiqathango karhulumente kula malungelo ayawuphula na uHlaliso lokuqala. Idla ngokubandakanya ukuvavanya umdla karhulumente owenzelwe ummiselo karhulumente ochasene nenkululeko yokuHlaziya kokuqala okuthweswe umthwalo yimiqathango. Olu vavanyo lokulinganisela luqinisekisa ukuba imiqathango iyagwetyelwa yaye iyalingana.
Iimfuno Zemvume kunye neenkqubo zokwazisa
Imimandla emininzi ifuna abaqhankqalazi ukufumana imvume yeentlobo ezithile zemiboniso, ingakumbi ezo zibandakanya inani elikhulu labantu, ukusebenzisa iindawo zikawonke-wonke, okanye ukuphazamisana kwezithuthi. Ezi nkqubo zivumela iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezifana nokuvumela abasemagunyeni ukuba bacebe ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, balungelelaniswe nezinye iziganeko, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba kukho oovimba abaneleyo.
Noko ke, imfuno ezifunekayo mazingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuhlola okanye ukukhanyelwa ngokungeyomfuneko kwamalungelo okuqhankqalaza. Abaququzeleli abaququzeleli-zingcelele akufunekanga babekwe tyala ngenxa yolungiselelo okanye iindleko zeenkonzo ezinjalo kwaye abafanele baphinde batyholwe 'umrhumo-mali wokuqhankqalaza. Ukugaxela imali kulingana nemali ehlawulwayo karhulumente efuna ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu asisiseko, kwaye oku akumele nanini nanini nakuvunyelwa.
Abasemagunyeni kufuneka kuqala basebenzise imiqathango encinane kwiindibano, ukuvalwa komthetho kufuneka kube yeyokuqala ukusetyenziswa. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bahlola zonke ezinye iindlela phambi kokuba bangafuni imvume yokuqhankqalaza.
Impahla yabucala
Eli lungelo lokuqhankqalaza ngoxolo lilinganiselwe kwaye lisebenza kuphela kwiindawo zikawonke wonke. IsiHlanzi sokuHlaziya Sokuqala sikhusela ilungelo lakho lokuqhayisa kwimiboniso kawonke-wonke enjengezitrato, iitrato, neepaki. Noko ke, ilungelo lokuqhankqalaza alidluliseli kwimpahla yangasese ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo.
Kubalulekile ukuba abaqhankqalazi baqonde ukuba, ngoxa unelungelo lomgaqo - siseko lokubonisa indlela kawonke wonke okanye kwiipaki (ngokubhekisele kwixesha elifanelekileyo, kwindawo nangendlela engafanelekanga), awunalo ilungelo lokungena kumashishini afihlakeleyo, kwiivenkile ezinkulu, okanye kwenye indawo yabucala ukuze ubangele iqhankqalazo ngaphandle kokuba umnini wempahla uyavuma.
Abaqeshi ababucala abanyanzelekanga ukuba uhlaziywe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, bangakuqesha okanye bakukhuphele ngaphandle kwesizathu sokungangeni mthetho. Noko ke, amanye amaphondo anemithetho ethintela abaqeshi abasemagunyeni ukuba bangabadubuli abaqeshi babo ngenxa yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo okuQala IsiHlaziselo. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona urhulumente engenako ukukohlwaya ngenxa yemisebenzi yakho yokuqhankqalaza, abaqeshi abazimeleyo banokuba nenkululeko engakumbi yokusabela kwisenzo sobuqeshwa, nangona oku kwahluka ngokwamandla.
Imfuneko Yendibano Yoxolo
Ukuchaza Ukungabikho Koxolo, Uqhankqalazo Olunogonyamelo
Urhulumente angakuphelisa ngokusemthethweni ukuqhankqalaza okukhatshwa lugonyamelo kunye nosoyikiso. Oku kungenxa yokuba ilungelo likukukuhlanganisa "ngoxolo". UmGaqo-siseko kunye nokhuseleko lwezizwe ngezizwe lomthetho wokuqhankqalazo lufuna ukuba iindibano zibe noxolo kwindalo.
Indibano 'yoxolo' ihluke ngokungafaniyo naleyo iphawulwa ngogonyamelo olusasazekileyo nolunzulu. Ilungelo lendibano yoxolo lingasetyenziswa, lingachazwa, lingasetyenziswa, hayi ukusebenzisa ugonyamelo. Izenzo zobundlobongela zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwabalwayo abasebenzisa amandla omzimba nxamnye nabanye abanokuba neziphumo zokwenzakala okanye ukufa, okanye umonakalo onzulu kwimpahla.
ISiHlayisho Sokuqala asisikhuseli ngokusemthethweni kwityala logonyamelo, umntu ngamnye okanye njengenxalenye yehlokondiba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sikhuthaza okanye sijongene nezobupolitika. Ugonyamelo lululwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mda ucacileyo ubonisa ukuba nangona ilungelo lakho lokuvakalisa ukungavumelani kukhuselwe, loo nto ayibhekiseli kwizenzo zogonyamelo.
Izenzo Ezizodwa Ezichasene Nogonyamelo Olwasasazekayo
Umahluko obalulekileyo ekuvukeleni umthetho unxulumene nendlela izenzo zogonyamelo eziphathwa ngayo ngokwahlukileyo. Izenzo zogonyamelo ezikwanti zabanye abathathi-nxaxheba azifanele kutyholwa kwindibano enje. Ngoko ke, maxa wambi kwaye ziqulethe izenzo zogonyamelo akufunekanga zisetyenziselwe ukuchitha lonke uqhankqalazo. Noko ke, abo bathabatha amandla atshabalalisayo abakhuselekanga nelungelo lokuqhayisa. Yaye ukuqhayisa okupheleleyo kungasasazwa apho ugonyamelo luba ngaphezu kokuba lukho emehlweni esizwe.
Lo mgaqo ukhusela amalungelo abo baqhankqalazi abanoxolo xa abantu abambalwa bebandakanyeka kugonyamelo okanye ekutshabalaleni kwempahla.
Ukungathobeli Kwamakhaya Nokuchasa Okungenagonyamelo
Abaqhankqalazi nabaxhasi bamazwe nabo baye baxhasa utshintsho ngezenzo zokungathobeli kwabemi, okanye ukungathobeli imithetho ngabom. Izenzo zokungathobeli kwabemi zabonakala ziphambili ebudeni bombutho wamalungelo abantu woo-1950 nawoma 1960. Ngokusebenzisa ukungathobeli okungenabundlobongela kwabemi ngokwendlela yokuzingela, imisebenzi, kunye nabacuphi, abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu, babonakalisa ngamandla inkcaso yabo enamandla kwimithetho elawula amatyala, ikhethe, kunye nogonyamelo kubantu abamnyama.
Noko ke, ukukhalaza akunabundlobongela okanye akusosisongelo kwiminqweno yokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye yokhuseleko loluntu. Akukuko nokungathobeli kwabemi, xa ukuqhankqalaza kungaquki ukwaphula imithetho yesizwe. Amaphulo, kwanephulo okuxhathisa okungenabundlobongela, okanye ukuchasa abemi, ngokufuthi anokuba nalo (ukongezelela ekusebenziseni iindlela ezingenabugrogrisi) zokuxhasa ngokunyanisekileyo umgaqo-demokhrasi nomgaqo-siseko.
Ukungathobeli kwamakhaya kunendawo ekhethekileyo ekuvukeleni umthetho. Ngoxa abathathi-nxaxheba besenokujamelana nemiphumo esemthethweni ngokwabo (njengokungathobeli okanye ukuvala izithuthi), izenzo zabo zisenokugqalwa njengoxolo ukuba ababandakanyeki kugonyamelo kubantu okanye kwimpahla. Ezinye izenzo zokungathobeli kwamakhaya zibandakanya ukwaphulwa okumiselwe kwangaphambili komthetho othintela ngokungeyomfuneko iinkolelo ezithile, uthintela ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu okanye ngokunjalo nakungqubana namalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abasemagunyeni akufunekangabo bachasa izikhalazo ezibandazelekileyo ekuvukeleni izikhalazo zezo, okanye baphinde bawubeke umthetho olungele ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo umthetho olungeleneyo womthetho nemilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe.
Amalungelo Okuqhambuka Kumaxesha Okuzalwa Kwamanani
Iindibano Ezisemgceni Neenkqubo Zokuhlola Amanani
Ilungelo lendibano yoxolo likhusela iindibano ze-intanethi. Oku kuphawulwa ukuba ukuqhatha ngamalungelo adluliselwa kwindawo ye-apply kubalulekile kwixesha apho ulungelelaniso oluninzi nokusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo kukwi-intanethi. Oorhulumente "abakwazi kuzivala ii-intanethi okanye ukuvala nayiphi na iwebhsayithi ngenxa yokufuna ukuhlanganisa okanye ukucela indibano yoxolo".
Amazwe akanakuvala unxulumano lwe-intanethi ngokunxulumene neendibano ezinoxolo. Oku kuthintelwa kwe-intanethi kukhusela amandla abaqhankqalazi okulungiselela, ukunxibelelana, kunye neziganeko zoxwebhu ngexesha lokwenene. Ukunxibelelana kwe-intanethi kuye kwaba sisiseko esibalulekileyo kwimibutho yanamhlanje yokuqhankqalaza, inceda ukulungelelanisa umgama wendalo kunye nokusasazwa ngokukhawuleza kolwazi.
Ngokuqwalasela kakhulu ekudibaniseni ubugcisa bemichiza kunye nelungelo lokudibana ngoxolo, iGeneral Gqitha 37 iveza indlela ecacileyo yokukhusela oku kubalulekileyo kwixesha lamanani. Iyigqiba ngokuqinileyo impikiswano yokuba ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo linwenwela kwimisebenzi ye-intanethi, itsho ukuba oorhulumente abamele bathintele okanye bathintele unxulumano lwe-intanethi xa kuthelekiswa neendibano eziseluxolweni, kwaye bathandabuza iziphumo ezicaphukisayo zobugcisa bokuhlola.
Inkxalabo Eninzi Neyobuqu
Ubugcisa obutsha bokuhlola buye banikwa abantu abamsulwa, buqokelela inkcazelo ngemisebenzi yabo ngokunxulumana okanye ngokusondelelana nokuqhankqalaza. Ukusetyenziswa kolwazi ngobuso, ukuthungatha icell phone, kunye nezinye ii-teknoloji zokuhlola ukuqhatha kunyusa inkxalabo enzulu yobuqu nemicimbi yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni.
Abaqhankqalazi banelungelo lokunxiba amagqubuthelo okanye izigqumo zokufihla ubuso babo nokuba oorhulumente abafanele baqokelele inkcazelo yobuqu ukuze bahlasele okanye boyikise abathathi-nxaxheba. Oku kukhusela kuphawula ukuba ukungazi nokuba bayazi banokuba luncedo kubaqhankqalazi ababoyika ukuphindezela, yaye ukugadelwa kwabo kunokuba nemiphumo ebuhlungu ekuqheliseleni amalungelo okuqhankqalaza.
Ezinye iintlobo zophuhliso lobugcisa zikwenza kube yingozi ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuqhankqalaza. Amapolisa namanye amagunya aseburhulumenteni adla ngokusebenzisa i-software yokwazisa ubuso kunye ne-CCTV kunye ne-IMSI ukulandelela iifowuni. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule bokuhlola abantu abaninzi njengale akuchaphazeli nje kuphela ilungelo labaqhankqalazi lokuba bangabi nanto yakwenza nto ukuze bafune ukuya kwimibhiyozo.
Ukuqokelelwa nokulungiselelwa ngamaphondo nangamagosa asemthethweni olwazi lobuqu, afana namaziko okushicilela, iTV evaliweyo kunye namapolisa angaphantsi, kufuneka athobele zonke imigaqo yokukhusela ukuphazamisana nokuzimela okungekho mthethweni. Oorhulumente kufuneka balungelelanise imicimbi yomthetho esemthethweni namalungelo abo baqhankqalazi, kwaye abanakukwazi ukujongwa njengesixhobo sokoyikisa.
Ilungelo Loxwebhu Neenkqubo Zoshicilelo
Ukuze aqinisekise ukuba uya kuphendula kwaye ukhuthaza amalungelo enkululeko yokuhlanganisana nokuthetha, wonke umntu unandipha ilungelo lokuqwalasela, ukuqwalasela, ukuqhayisa nokushicilela, enoba bayinxalenye yeqhankqalazo ngokwalo okanye akunjalo. Eli lungelo liquka ilungelo lokubhala ingxelo yomthetho onyanzelisiweyo nokubhala ingxelo yegosa elikushukumayo.
Ilungelo lokushicilela okanye ukunikela ingxelo ngokuqhankqalaza alisebenzi kuphela kwiintatheli ezinconywayo. Iintatheli zabami kunye namalungu abantu basekuhlaleni banokubhala izikhalazo, ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokugunyaziswa okanye imvume. Oku kubekwa koxwebhu ngomgangatho ophantsi kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe nokuphendula, njengoko ubungqina bevidiyo bunokuba luncedo ekubhaleni ukuqhankqalaza koxolo kunye nawaphi na amalungelo akhoyo.
Kwakhona yagxininisa ilungelo leentatheli nabezobuntatheli abajonge amalungelo abantu lokubhala phantsi nayiphi na indibano, kuquka eyogonyamelo nengavumelekanga.
Imida Nemiqathango Efanelekileyo
Izizathu Zomthetho Zokuthintelwa
Isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe samaLungelo aMasipala nawamaProtiliti sivumela uthintelo lwenkululeko yokuhlanganisana ukuba kuyimfuneko "kwibutho ledemokhrasi ukwenzela ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ulungelelwaniso lukawonke wonke, ukukhuselwa kwempilo kawonke-wonke okanye ukuziphatha okanye ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo nenkululeko yabanye". Noko ke, ezi zizibonelelo zokusikelelwa zilinganiselweyo kwaye zimele zigwetyelwe ngokweemeko ezithile.
Nayiphi na imiqathango kufuneka ihlangabezane nemilinganiselo emininzi: kufuneka imiselwe ngumthetho, ifezekise injongo esemthethweni, iyimfuneko kwibutho ledemokhrasi, kwaye ilungelelane nenjongo ephunyeziweyo. Oorhulumente abanakuyisebenzisa imiqathango engacacanga okanye ebanzi ukuphelisa ukungavumelani okanye ukuthulisa iimbono ezingathandwayo.
Amazwe anembopheleleko yokungaphazamisani neendibano zoxolo ngaphandle kokuzithethelela, anyanzelekile ukuba azenze zikwazi. Oku kuguqula indlela engagqibekanga ukusuka kolu thintelo ibe yeyokuxolelwa, kubeka umthwalo koorhulumente ukuze kuthethelelwe nakuphi na ukuphazamisana namalungelo okuqhankqalaza.
Impilo Kawonke - wonke Neemeko Ezingxamisekileyo
Ekuhlangabezaneni nale ngxaki, amagosa asekuhlaleni kunye nelo lizwe kulo lonke ilizwe abeke imida okanye avala iziganeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zamaqela, imibhiyozo neenkonzo zonqulo. Amagosa empilo akhankanya isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yowe-905 esixhasa ukwahlukaniswa kwamalungu orhulumente (nawokugonywa). Iimeko zexesha likaxakeka njengezifo ezibulalayo zinokuba yimiqathango yexeshana yamalungelo endibano.
Ngoko, naxa kungxamisekile, imiqathango kufuneka icetywe, ilungelelaniswe, kwaye ibekwe umda wexesha. Oorhulumente abanakusebenzisa impilo kawonke-wonke okanye ezinye izinto ezingxamisekileyo njengezizathu zokucinezela ngokungenasiphelo amalungelo oqhankqalazo okanye ukujolisa iimbono ezithile. Nayiphi na imiqathango yongxamiseko kufuneka ihlolwe iphakanyiswe kwaye iphakanyiswe ngokukhawuleza xa iimeko zivuma.
Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo Aqokelelwayo Nentsalelo
Amalungelo okuzithethelela maxa wambi kufuneka alungelelaniswe nxamnye nezinye izilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo namalungelo. Nawaphi na amanyathelo aboniswa kwindawo kawonke-wonke asenokubangela umgangatho othile wokuphazamiseka kubomi obuqhelekileyo, kwaye iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba ukunyamezelana okuthile kuyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo anenjongo okuqhankqalaza.
Ukuphazamiseka kwezithuthi, ingxolo, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwabanye kudla ngokuba yimiphumo engenakuphepheka yokuqhankqalaza kukawonke-wonke. Ngoxa oorhulumente benokumisela imithetho esengqiqweni yokunciphisa ezi mpembelelo, abanako ukunqanda ukuqhankqalaza ngenxa nje yokuba bebangela iingxaki. Maxa wambi ilungelo lokuqhatha ngokunempumelelo lifuna amandla okuphazamisa indlela eqhelekileyo yokwenza izinto nokutsalela ingqalelo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo.
Iinkundla kunye namalungelo abantu ziyaqonda ukuba ukubaluleka kokuqhankqalaza kwibutho ledemokhrasi kugwetyelwa umgangatho othile wokuphazamiseka nokuphazamiseka. Umbuzo ongundoqo ngowokuba imiqathango ilungelelaniswa ngokufutshane na nokuthetha ngenkxalabo engqalileyo, esemthethweni lo gama ugcina amathuba afanelekileyo okuqhankqalaza.
Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Kwabakhalazi
Wazi Amalungelo Akho Ngaphambi Kokuzithethelela
Unelungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa nelungelo lokukhalazela. Ukuba wenzakala, unelungelo lokufumana unyango. Amapolisa kufuneka akuphephe ukusebenzisa ingcinezelo. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba ube nenxaxheba ekuvuneni kunokukunceda uwasebenzise ngokunempumelelo loo malungelo kwaye usabe ngokufanelekileyo ukuba aphulwe.
IsiHlanzi sokuHlaziya soQala sichaza ilungelo labantu lokuqhayisa njengenkululeko yokubonakalisa, kwaye kukho ezinye izinto ezisisiseko ongathanda ukuziqhelanisa nazo ngaphambi kokuba uchaze loo malungelo. Hlola imithetho nemigaqo ekhethekileyo ekwigunya lakho, kuquka nayiphi na imfuno, iindawo ezimiselweyo zokuqhankqalaza, kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni enokuthi isebenze.
Kodwa ke, akuzange kukhuselwe yonke into esiyithethayo okanye esiyenzayo ngenxa yokuthetha okunjalo. Ngaphezu kwamashumi eminyaka, kuye kwamiswa iikhompathiswa ezisemthethweni ezibonisa apho amalungelo ethu okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo aphelela khona nalapho urhulumente enokukwazi ukungena khona ukuze ohlwaye izikhalazo okanye athintele ukuqhankqalaza nokuqhankqalaza. Ukuqonda le mida kunceda abaqhankqalazi bahlale bekwinkonzo ekhuselekileyo.
Ukuceba Nokulungiselela
Khangela ukuba ukhalaza uzama njani uze ufumane inkcazelo ngoko umele ukukulindele.
Qwalasela ukuba imvume iyimfuneko kumsebenzi wakho ocetyiweyo kwaye vumela ixesha elaneleyo lokuyifumana ukuba kuyimfuneko. Yazi abaqwalaseli abasemthethweni okanye ukwazi indlela yokuqhagamshelana nenkxaso esemthethweni ukuba iyafuneka. Qonda indlela ecwangcisiweyo okanye indawo, kwaye qonda nayiphi na imimandla esenokuba ingekho okanye iphantsi kwemiqathango ekhethekileyo.
Zisa inkcazelo yolwazi kunye nenkcazelo yonxulumano yongxamiseko. Cinga ngokuzisa amanzi, ukutya okuncinane, kunye nawo nawaphi na amayeza afunekayo. Ukuba uxhalabele ukujongwa, khumbula izixhobo oziphetheyo kunye nolwazi oluzakuba nalo. Abanye abaqhankqalazi bakhetha ukusebenzisa iifowuni zokutshisa okanye ezinye izilumkiso zobuqu.
Ebudeni Bomlozi
Khumbula ukuba uMphetho Wokuqala awusikhuseli ngokusemthethweni kwizenzo zogonyamelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Nokuba akuvumelani nezenzo zamapolisa okanye uvakalelwa kukuba amalungelo akho aphulwa, ukusabela ngogonyamelo kuya kuphazamisa ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni yaye kusenokuphumela kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
Ukuba amapolisa anika imiyalelo yokugxotha abantu, qonda ukuba ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela kunokuphumela ekuboshweni. Noko ke, unelungelo lokuphuma kuloo ndawo ngokukhuselekileyo, kwaye amapolisa kufuneka anikele inkcazelo ecacileyo ngendlela yokuchitha izithuba nendawo afanele aye kuyo. Ukuba ukhetha ukubandakanyeka ekungathobelini kwemibutho ngokungavumi ukuchitha izithuba, qonda ukuba ungabanjwa kwaye ugwetyelwe iziphumo ezingomthetho.
Uxwebhu olubonisayo, kuquka nayiphi na intsebenziswano nokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Ubungqina bevidiyo nemifanekiso bungafuneka ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo akho kwaye kuphendulwe amagunya. Khumbula ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokuqwalasela, ukuqwalasela nokubhenela izikhalazo.
Ukuba Amalungelo Akho Aphulwayo
Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aye aphulwa ngexesha loqhankqalazo, bhala yonke into ongayikhumbula ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Bhala phantsi amagama kunye namanani ebheji awo nawuphi na amagosa abandakanyekileyo, ixesha nendawo yezehlo, amagama kunye nenkcazelo yokuqhagamshelana kwawo nawaphi na amangqina. Imifanekiso, iividiyo, kunye nobunye ubungqina bungabaluleka.
Qwalasela ukumiswa kwetyala lombutho ofanelekileyo wokwahlula-hlula imicimbi yangaphakathi okanye ibhodi yabaveleli. Usenokunqwenela ukunxibelelana nemibutho yenkululeko yabemi enjenge-American Civil Libersions Union (ACLU), enika oovimba kwaye ekwazi ukuncedisa kwisenzo esisemthethweni. Kwezinye iimeko, usenokuba namalungelo asemthethweni amangalelwa amagosa karhulumente awaphula amalungelo akho esiseko.
Jongana negqwetha elinolwazi ngamalungelo abantu okanye umthetho wokuQala woMyezo-nzonzonzo-ntle ukuze uqonde ukhetho lwakho. Imibutho emininzi yamalungelo abantu inikela uxilongo lwasimahla okanye ingakuxelela ukuba ufanele usebenzise ubuchule obufanelekileyo. Imida yexesha ingasebenza ekufakeni izikhalazo okanye ekumangaleleni, ngoko kubalulekile ukwenza ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuqwalaselwa Ngokukhethekileyo Kweendidi Ezahlukileyo Zobufundisi
Ukuqhankqalaza Nokuqhambuka Kwemisebenzi
Ilungelo lenkululeko yonxulumano libandakanya ilungelo labantu lokusebenzisana nokulungelelanisa ukuze badibane, bakhuthaze, baphicothe baze bakhusele izilangazelelo ezifanayo. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokuseka imibutho yezorhwebo. Ukuqhankqalaza nokubetha kwemisebenzi kufumana ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo phantsi komthetho-siseko kunye nomthetho okhethekileyo wemisebenzi.
Abasebenzi banelungelo lokulungiselela, ukuqulunqa, nokusebenza kunye kunye kunye nokuhlasela nokuchola amatyala. INkundla yavuma ukuba "ulwamkelo loxolo luyindlela yonxibelelwano lomntu osebenzayo". Noko ke, izikhalazo zabasebenzi ziphantsi kwemimiselo eyahlukeneyo phantsi komthetho wempangelo, kwaye ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo kunye nemiqathango ingahluka-hluka kuxhomekeka ekubeni abasebenzi bakwicandelo likawonke-wonke okanye elomntu, kwaye nayiphi ishishini abasebenza kulo.
Ukuqhatha Kwabafundi Nomthetho Wecampes
Abafundi banelungelo lokufumana uHlaziyo lokuqala lweSigqibo kwisikolo nakwizindlu zaseyunivesithi, nangona la malungelo esenokungangeni kwimiqathango eyongezelelekileyo enxulumene nothumo lwemfundo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yanika abafundi amalungelo okuthetha ngenkululeko esikolweni. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba isikolo asinakukwazi ukumisela imiqathango yokuthetha okufuziselayo okungaphazamisani nokwenza imisebenzi yesikolo ngokwezemali.
Iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke, njengamaziko karhulumente, kufuneka ziwahlonele amalungelo abafundi okuQala uMmiselo wokuHlaziya nokuxhasa. Amayunivesithi obuqu anenkululeko engakumbi yokumisela imiqathango, nangona abaninzi bekhetha ukukhusela ukuchazwa ngokukhululekileyo njengomcimbi wenkqubo. Abafundi kufuneka baziqhelanise nemigaqo yeziko labo emalunga nemibhiyozo, imibhiyozo, nokusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo zesikolo.
Intetho Yonqulo Nobuqhetseba
UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela inkululeko yonqulo nenkululeko yokuthetha, yaye umfundisi ufumana ukhuseleko olunzulu lomgaqo - siseko.
Noko ke, ingcamango yonqulo iphantsi kwemiqathango efana neyonqulo, neyohlobo olunye loqhankqalazo.
Indima Yokulawula Uluntu Kwidemokhrasi
Ukuqhankqalaza Njengoko Kunenxaxheba Ekwedemokhrasi
Ilungelo lokuthelela abanye abemi ekuvukeleni okanye kwindibano yoxolo libalulekile kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo nakumthombo woMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala. Uvavanyo lusebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwibutho ledemokhrasi, lunika imijelo yokungavumelani, lubangela ukuba kuviwe amazwi aphantsi, luze lubangele ingcinezelo yokuguqula intlalo nezobupolitika.
Iingxoxo zihlala zifanelekile . Zibonisa iindlela ezibalulekileyo zokuthetha ngemicimbi yezobupolitika nangabulungisa. Ukutyhubela imbali, imibutho yokuqhankqalaza iye yanegalelo ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo abantu, ekupheliseni iimfazwe, ekukhuseleni imekobume, nasekufumaneni ezinye iinguqu ezininzi zentlalo. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lokuqhankqalaza luyayiqaphela le ndima ibalulekileyo kulawulo-demokhrasi.
Abantu banelungelo lokuvakalisa izikhalazo zabo nenkxalabo yabo, kuquka nokuqhankqalaza ngoxolo. Eli lungelo libaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwabo bangenalo igunya okanye impembelelo kwezobupolitika. Uvavanyo lunika abemi abaqhelekileyo indlela yokuthetha nokucel ’ umngeni imigaqo karhulumente okanye imisebenzi yeshishini abakholelwa ukuba ayilunganga.
Imiphumo Ebangela Inkcitho Yemiqathango
Kwanangaphandle kwesithintelo esisebenzayo samalungelo okuqhankqalaza, imiqathango kwelolungelo okanye kukoyika uloyiko lwamapolisa ingenza umsebenzi ocacileyo ubangele ukuba abantu bazive benoloyiko. Xa abantu besoyika ukuziphindezela, ukujongwa, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwegunya okugqithisileyo, basenokukhetha ukungawasebenzisi amalungelo abo okuqhankqalaza kwanaxa imisebenzi yabo isemthethweni ngokupheleleyo.
Le miphumo ikhwankqisayo ingenza ingabi nanxaxheba kwidemokhrasi kwaye ithobe imbilini. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lokuqhankqalaza lungajongi nje ekuthinteleni ukucinezelwa ngqo kodwa kwakhona lubangela imekobume apho abantu baziva bekhuselekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo ngaphandle koloyiko lweziphumo ezingathethekiyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwegunya ngexesha lezenzo zokungathobeli kwabemi kunempembelelo ekhwankqisayo kumalungelo enkululeko yokuzichaza nokuhlanganisana koxolo. Xa abasemagunyeni besabela kuqhankqalazo loxolo ngegunya eligqithisileyo okanye ngezohlwayo eziqatha, kuthumela isigidimi esidimazayo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi zexesha elizayo.
Ucelomngeni Lokunconywa Kwamalungelo
Ilungelo lethu lokuqhankqalaza liyahlaselwa, lisongelwa ngabo basemagunyeni abo boyike ukuguquka kwabantu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo iye yamisela imithetho ethintela amalungelo okuqhankqalaza ngokuphathelele iindlela, kuquka izigwebo ezongezelelekileyo kwimisebenzi ethile yokuqhankqalaza, iinkcazelo ezandisiweyo zengqungquthela engekho mthethweni, nemiqathango yokuqhankqalaza kufuphi nezibonelelo ezicetyiweyo.
Kwimbali yakutshanje, ucelomngeni lwelungelo lokuqhayisa luye lwavela ngeendlela ezininzi. Olu celomngeni luquka ukusetyenziswa kweengingqi zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ezithi abaqhankqalazi bangabikho phakathi kwabaphulaphuli abacetyiweyo, ukujongwa kwabantu abaninzi abahamba bebalaselele, nokutshutshiswa ngogonyamelo kwezono ezinxulumene nokuqhankqalaza.
Imibutho yenkululeko yamakhaya iyaqhubeka icel ’ umngeni le miqathango enkundleni yaye ixhasa ukukhuselwa okunamandla kwamalungelo okuqhankqalaza. Ukuqonda indlela esemthethweni ebekwe ngayo nokuhlala wazi ngenkqubela yomthetho wokuqhankqalaza kubalulekile kuye nawuphi na umntu obandakanyekileyo ekusebenziseni igunya kunye nakuqheliselo.
Oovimba nolwazi oluthe vetshe
Imibutho yokuxhasa esemthethweni
Imibutho emininzi inikezela ngoovimba, inkxaso engokwasemthethweni, kunye nokugaxelelwa okunxulumene namalungelo okuqhayisa. Inkululeko yangaphakathi yaseMelika (ACLU) inikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi ngamalungelo abaqhankqalazi kwaye inika uncedo olusemthethweni kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukuphulwa kwenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Iwebhsayithi yayo iquka ukwazi-amalungelo akho, ulwazi olunzulu lombuso, kunye nobuncwane beengxube.
ISizwe iGuiyders Guild siqhuba inkqubo yabaqwalaseli esemthethweni kwaye sixhasa ngokusemthethweni abaqhankqalazi ngamagqwetha aso amatsha - ntliziyo.
Oovimba Bemfundo
I- Inkululeko inikezela ngezinto zokufundisa ngamalungelo oLawulo lokuqala, kuquka izinto ezijoliswe ngokukhethekileyo ekuvukeleleni nasekufuneni amalungelo endibano. Izinto zabo ziluncedo kubafundi, abafundisi-lwazi, nakumntu nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ukuze achaze.
Izikolo zomthetho zaseYunivesithi zidla ngokuba neekliniki okanye iinkqubo ezijoliswe kwimibandela yamalungelo abantu neyokuHlolelwa koMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala onika iinkonzo ezisemthethweni kunye nee-asethi zemfundo.
Imibutho yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge Amnety International kunye noxwebhu lwamalungelo abantu oluqhankqalaza ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo ehlabathi lonke kwaye lunika ubuncwane kwimilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe enxulumene nenkululeko yokuhlanganisana nokuchaza.
Ukuhlala Unolwazi
Umthetho ogunyazisayo uyaqhubeka uguqula izigqibo zenkundla, umthetho omtsha, kunye nokutshintsha kwemeko yentlalo. Ukuhlala wazi ngenkqubela-phambili yomthetho kwigunya lakho kubalulekile ekusebenziseni nasekukhuseleni amalungelo akho ngokuphumelelayo. Landela imibutho yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, imithombo yendaba esemthethweni, namaqela olawulo asebenza kwiimbambano ozikhathaleleyo.
Imibutho emininzi inika amaphetshana e-imeyili, uhlaziyo lwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nezilumkiso malunga nezisongelo zokuqhatha ngamalungelo okanye amathuba okuqhayisa. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ekuqeqesheni imvume yakho yokwazi kunye neenkqubo zobugcisa ezisemthethweni kunokukunceda uqonde ngakumbi uze ukhusele amalungelo okuqhayisa kuluntu lwakho.
Isiphelo: Ukukhusela Nokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho
Ilungelo lokuxhasa nokuqhankqalaza lisisiseko kwibutho lolawulo-bume yaye likhuselwe zinkqubo zomthetho eziqinileyo kumgangatho wesizwe nowezizwe ngezizwe. UMthetho wokuHlaziya Wokuqala uthintela ukuba imithetho yenzelwe ukudamba inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yamaphephandaba, inkululeko yokuhlanganisana, okanye ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuphelisa izityholo, ngoxa umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe uwagqala la malungelo njengayimfuneko kwisidima sabantu nakwinxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.
Oku kukhuselwa okusemthethweni kubangelwa kukuba ukuqhankqalaza kusebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwibutho labantu: kunceda abemi balapho ukuba babonakalise ukungavumelani, baphendule oorhulumente, bathethele iinguqulelo, baze babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukusuka kumbutho wamalungelo abantu ukuya kwimibutho yanamhlanje, ukuqhankqalaza kuye kwanegalelo ekuhambiseleni phambilini impumelelo yobulungisa nenkqubela yentlalo.
Noko ke, la malungelo akaphelelanga yaye aziswa ziimbopheleleko. Amaqhankqalazo kufuneka abe noxolo, yaye abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka balihlonele ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, nendlela yokusebenza. Ukuqonda imida yomsebenzi okhuselweyo kuyanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubhaliswa kuhlala kusebenza yaye kusemthethweni.
Ukuma komthetho okungqonge ukuqhankqalaza kuyaqhubeka kuguquka, kuvela imingeni emitsha evela kubugcisa, ukutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, kunye neengcinezelo zobupolitika. Kufuneka ubuchule bokukhusela la malungelo asisiseko ekukhukulisekeni. Xa abasemagunyeni bechasa amalungelo ngokuqhayisa ngamandla agqithisileyo, ngemiqathango engekho mthethweni, okanye ngezinye iindlela, iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ekuchazeni imigaqo-mvume ngokubonelela ngezonyango nokuthintela ukwaphulwa kwekamva.
Nokuba uceba ukuba nenxaxheba kumboniso, ulungiselela amaphulo okulwa, okanye ufuna nje ukuqonda amalungelo akho, ukwazi indlela imithetho ekhusela ngayo ilungelo lakho lokuxhasa nokuqhankqalaza ekunikezeleni ubuchule bokuzibandakanya nedemokhrasi. Le mikhuseli ixhomekeke kumntu wonke kwaye ikhonze umnqweno odibeneyo ekulondolozeni ukukhululeka, ukuvula, kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi apho intetho eyahlukeneyo inokuviwa khona kwaye apho umahluko woxolo uhlonelwa kunokuba ucinezelwe.
Ngokuwaqonda amalungelo akho, uwasebenzise kakuhle, nangokuwamela kakuhle xa esongelwa, ufak' isandla ekulondolozeni ezi nkululeko zibalulekileyo kwizizukulwana zangoku nezizayo. Ilungelo lokuqhayisa alilolo nje ilobucukubhede-mbali elisemthethweni, ligumbi ledemokhrasi kwaye lisixhobo esinamandla sokutshintsha intlalo ekufuneka ikhuselwe kwaye isetyenziswe ukuze ihlale inentsingiselo.
Abathathi-nxaxheba
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- I-Istatista yamazwe ngamazwe: Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo livunywa kumthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iSindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu neSivumelwano sezizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo aBami Nawamapolitiki
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- AmaLungelo e-Digata akhuselwe: Amalungelo okhutshelo anwenwe kwi-intanethi yeendibano, kwaye oorhulumente abanako ukuvala okanye ukuvala ii-website ukunqanda indibano enokuthula
- Amalungelo oxwebhu: Wonke umntu unelungelo lokuqwalasela, ukuqwalasela, kunye nokurekhoda, kuquka izenzo zamapolisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaphathi-ndaba abanconyelweyo
- Ukhuseleko kuMkhosi ongaphaya: umthetho onyanzelekileyo kufuneka uphephe ukusebenzisa amandla nxamnye nabaqhankqalazi abanoxolo, kwaye iindlela zokuphendula zikhona xa amalungelo ophulwa
- Akukho projekthi i-Proces: Oorhulumente abanako ukubiza iindleko zokusebenzisa ilungelo elisisiseko lokuqhankqalaza, nangona iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zemvume zisenokufuneka kwiimbutho ezinkulu
- Ukhuseleko lwePrivacy:[ Ababhexeshi banelungelo lokuzifihla nokungabonwa; uphando lobuninzi kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kufuneka kuhambelane nokhuseleko olusemthethweni ekuphazanyisweni ngokungekho mthethweni
- I-democratic Edictal: Ilungelo lokuqhankqalaza libalulekile ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi, linceda abemi bakwazi ukuvakalisa ukungavumelani, ukuxhasa utshintsho, nokuba nenxaxheba kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke