Indlela Imithetho Exhasa Nayo Imithetho: Oko Ufanele Ukwazi

Abasebenzi basebenza ekudibaneni kwamalungelo eenqanawa kunye nemida yolawulo. Imithetho yelizwe inganika abemi amandla okunyanzela utshintsho okanye indawo imiqobo eyenza kube nzima. Nokuba ngaba unegalelo kwimibhiyozo yasekuhlaleni, uphumeza iphulo lobugxwayiba, okanye uxhasa umbutho woluntu, uqonda indlela eziluncedo ngayo zombini kwaye zithintele ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yezomthetho, akuncedi ngako. Eli nqaku lihlola izixhobo ezisemthethweni ezikhusela i-ctivitism, imithetho emiselayo, kunye neendlela eziluncedo zokuqhuba olu bume buntluntluntlukwano.

Ukuxhasa Isenzo Esisemthethweni

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lwesenzo lusoloko lukwintsika ezintathu: inkululeko yokuthetha , inkululeko yendibano, kunye ilungelo lokucela urhulumente [[FLT:]. La malungelo adityanisiwe kwimimiselo yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nemithetho yasekhaya. Xa enyanzelekile, adala isithuba apho abantu ngabanye namaqela banokuvakalisa khona ukungavumelani, alungiselela ukugxeleza, kwaye afuna ukuphendula ngaphandle koloyiko lwesohlwayo.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko nolwezizwe ngezizwe

IsiHlalisi sokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ngomnye weyona mizekelo yaziwayo yenkxaso esemthethweni yokusebenza. Ikhusela kungekuphela nje amagama athethwayo kodwa kwanezenzo zomfuziselo ezifana nokutsha kweflegi, ukunxiba iintambo zengalo, kwaye ukuba nenxaxheba kuhambo. Umnqophiso wezizwe ngemithetho yeSizwe kuMalungelo kaNontlalonke neyopolitiko [[FLTCR]], ogunyaziswe ngamazwe ali-173], ngokufanayo uqinisekisa amalungelo endibano kunye nenkululeko yokubeka izibhengezo. Ezizixhobo zomthetho zimisela isiseko esilandelwa ziintlanga ezininzi, nangona umgangatho wokhuseleko lokwenene.

[[FLT: 0] AmaChoort enza indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni ezi nqanaba. Imithetho yephawu ``njengewonga eliphezulu leNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S.'' isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo NAACP v. Alabama[[FLT]] [1958]] [ukukhusela ilungelo lokunxulumana ngokungaziwayo] ekuququzeleleni uk'amalungu. [i-Romatilkthi] ivumela amaqela ukuba alungelelanise ngaphandle koluhlu lwamalungu. Kumazwe amaninzi, imizekelo esemthethweni ifuna ukuba imithetho ethintela intetho eshwayekileyo kwaye ikhonze inzala enyanzelekileyo karhulumente. Oku kwenza isicwangciso apho i-Fluvio ithelekelelwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba imeko ibonise umonakalo.

Izixhobo Ezisemthethweni Ezinika Abenzi Bokugunyazisa Ulawulo

Iinkqubo eziliqela ezingokwasemthethweni zixhasa ukwenziwa komsebenzi:

  • Imfundiso ye- ekholisayo yemfundiso ye- – inyulwa izitrato, iipaki, kunye neendlela zomkhondo njengeendawo zikawonke-wonke apho intetho nendibano zifumana ukhuseleko oluphezulu.
  • iProcest ivumela iinkqubo – Xa zisetyenziswa kakuhle, ivumela ukhuseleko luvumele iziganeko ezinkulu ziqhubeke ngaphandle kokungenelela kwamapolisa.
  • Izixhobo zokukhusela i-Whistleer [--Mithetho kumazwe athile ikhusela abantu ababhenca urhulumente okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenkampani ekuziphindezeleni.
  • Uncedo olusemthethweni kunye nomelo lwe-probono - Iintlangano ezinjenge ACLU kunye ne inikeza inkxaso esemthethweni kungenelo olusemthethweni kugqalwano netyala okanye ukuvavanya imithetho engqongqo.

Xa ezi nkuselo zomeleleyo, izenzo zobuGcisa zinokuchuma. Ngokomzekelo, umbutho wamalungelo abantu eUnited States wathembela kakhulu ekukhuselweni koMphetho-nkqubo Wokuqala, kwananjengokuba abaxhasi bezopolitiko bajamelana nenkcaso enogonyamelo. Ukukwazi ukumangalelwa kwezono phantsi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu (njengo-42 U.S. . 1983) wanikela uncedo olusemthethweni nxamnye nehambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa, ekhuthaza ukuba aqhubeke elungelelanisa.

Imiqathango Esemthethweni Ekuthabatheni Inyathelo

Kwanakumazwe anezithethe ezikhululekileyo zokuthetha, imithetho emisela imiqathango kwisenzo. Le miqathango isoloko ifanelekile njengoyimfuneko kukhuseleko lwabucala, ukhuseleko lohlanga, okanye ukhuseleko lwamanye amalungelo. Kodwa imithetho efanayo inokuba, kwaye isetyenziswa rhoqo, ukuchasana koxinzelelo . Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi komgaqo onolwazelelelo kunye nommiselo oxhaphazayo kungundoqo womntu ngamnye ophambili.

Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu

Oorhulumente bangalawula ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yoqhankqalazo ngaphandle kokwaphula inkululeko yokuthetha, ukuba imithetho iqulathekile, ilungelelaniswe ngokucuthekileyo, kwaye ishiye eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka imfuneko yokuvumela ukuhamba okuvala iinqwelo-moya, imimiselo yengxolo elinganisela ukuvaleka kwesandi, kunye nemimandla ephakathi ejikeleze izindlu zenkundla okanye ikliniki yokukhupha isisu. Ngelixesha le mithetho isenokubonakala ingathathi cala, idla ngokujolise amaqela angathandwayo.

KuManyano eUnited Kingdom, UMthetho wePublic Order 1986 unika amapolisa amandla okumisela iimeko kwiindibano zikawonke-wonke, kuquka ukufuna abaququzeleli ukuba banikeze isaziso sangaphambili kwaye bavumele amapolisa atshintshe indlela yokuhamba. Esi senzo sisetyenzisiweyo ekuthinteleni ukuchasana kokusingqongileyo [, kunye nokuvala isantya esihambayo okanye imiqathango yokufika kwemiqathango. Ulungiselelo olufanayo lukhona kumazwe amaninzi phantsi kwelebhile “yokulawula ulawulo lukawonke."

Imithetho yokulwa noProfethi kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, oorhulumente abaliqela baye bamisela imithetho engqalileyo ehlasela amaqhinga abahlaseli:

  • Imithetho yezibonelelo yenkcitho ye- – Amanye amazwe ase-U.S. ayenze yalungela ukumeneza kwizixhobo zamandla okanye “ukusebenzisa imibhobho”, ngokuphumelelayo ukonakalisa iindlela ezininzi zokwenza into ngqo.
  • [ umthetho we-Anti-bott – imithetho ebohlwaya abantu okanye iinkampani zamazwe athile (ngokufuthi uSirayeli) ilinganisela ukusetyenziswa kwengcinezelo yezoqoqosho njengesixhobo sokuqhayisa.
  • Imimiselo e-Surveillance - Kumazwe amaninzi, oorhulumente bangaqokelela imetadata kwintsebenziswano okanye imonitha eendaba zentlalo phantsi kokhuseleko lwesizwe olungacacanga. Umthetho wobuntlola (FISA) ku-U.S. usetyenziswe ukuqokelela ulwazi lwasekhaya kumaqela e-advocacy.
  • "I-Riot” kunye nenkcazelo ezingekho mthethweni” – Vague okanye iinkcazelo ezibanzi zivumela abasemagunyeni ukuba batyhole abaqhankqalazi abanoxolo ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluthwele izisohlwayo eziqatha.

IKomiti yamalungelo abantu [[[FLT: 0] isoloko ivakalisa inkxalabo ngemithetho elwaphula umthetho eqhayisa ngoxolo, iphawula ukuba amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa iimpikiswano zokhuseleko lwesizwe ukuthethelela ukucinezelwa. Kubantu abalwayo, ukuqaphela le migibe ikhethekileyo esemthethweni kubalulekile.

Ukuthiya Intetho Nemithetho Yokuvuselela

Phantse onke amazwe athintela ukuthethwa okubangela ugonyamelo okanye ukucatshulwa kwentetho. Nangona imithetho enjalo ijolise ekukhuseleni abantu ababuthathaka, adala ithambeka elibutyibilizi. Abenzi bemithetho abakhuthaza ukuvela kwezikhundla ezinamandla("ukufuduka, utshintsho lwamapolisa, okanye inkululeko yonqulo (*] zingazifumana zityholwa ngokuvuselela. Lo mgca usoloko usolwa ngokwahlukileyo ziinkundla: eUnited States, [[FLT:]] Branburg ]] ifuna ukuba intetho ishukuthelekele “izenzo zolwaphulo mthetho,” kanti eYurophu, imithetho ingumthetho ingumsebenzi owenziwe ngokunwela.

Oku kubethana kuthetha ukuba abaxhasi kufuneka baziqonde iinkcazelo zasekuhlaleni. Ingoma yokuqhankqalaza egqalwa njengenkululeko yokuthetha eNew York isenokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho eParis okanye eBerlin. Abameli abasemthethweni badla ngokuncomela ukuba uphephe ulwimi olufuna ugonyamelo olucacileyo okanye olusebenzisa ii-piepithets zobuhlanga, kwanokuba injongo ikukuphendula.

Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo Nemiqathango

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kokwenza i-activeism kunye nokuyilinganisela kusembindini womthetho wezi mini. Ikhokeli yeenkundla xa kungqubana amalungelo (umzekelo, xa uqhankqalazo luphazamisa iinqwelo-mafutha okanye xa intetho efuziselayo iphazamisa iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke. Imigaqo engundoqo yomthetho iquka:

  • Iprojekthi i-- Imiqathango kufuneka ilungelelane kwingozi abayithintelayo. Umthetho onqanda yonke imibhiyozo embindini wesixeko ungalungaphumeleli olu vavanyo; umthetho ofuna imvume yentlanganiso ezinkulu ungangenjalo.
  • I-Iyimfuneko – urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba akukho enye indlela engqongqo kakhulu. Ukuba inkqubo yemvume inakho ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, uvalo olupheleleyo aluyomfuneko.
  • Ubundilele obumileyo--Oyal ayinakukhetha iimbono ezithile kwabanye. Isixeko esinika imvume yeentlanganiso zezorhulumente ongcelele kodwa siwakhanyela ukulwa norhulumente ochasene nalo mgaqo.

Abaququzeleli bangaluvavanya uthintelo ngokucela olu vavanyo enkundleni. Ukunika ingxengxezo ecacisa ububanzi bomsebenzi okhuselweyo. "Indawo yomthetho ekwandisiweyo" ngokwembali yesithuba sokwenziwa kwentshukumo. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. i- . Johnson [1998] uqinisekisa ukuba ukutshiselwa kweflegi kukhuselwe ukuthetha, umthetho owacaphukisa abaninzi kodwa waqinisa umgaqo wokuLamla koLungiso.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Indlela Imithetho Eguqula Ngayo Umthetho Ehlabathini Lonke

IQumrhu laMalungelo aMasipala laseUnited States

Ngexesha loo1950 kunye no 1960, abaxhasi banyanzelekile ukuba balwe nomthetho wocalulo qobo, njengamalungelo omthetho wengingqi. Jow imimiselo] kwaye yabanjwa. Eli cebo ukungathobeli [ ukungathobeli [ amatyala anyanzelelwa ukulwa nongquzulwano phakathi komthetho wongingqi kunye namalungelo omthetho-siseko. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [4] Amalungelo e-CILT kunye noMthetho osemthethweni we-UTRANT] we-195] Awumthetho [[FLT] [FLT]'OLT] wabek'iphumele iziphume ezithe ngqo kulo kulo monakalo kulo mthetho womthetho womthetho. Ukuziko lomthetho woqhatho lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho wawokulwayokulwa

Uvavanyo lwemozulu noMthetho woLuntu we-UK

Amaqela afana Uvukelo oluthe kratya. Urhulumente we-UK waphendula nge- kunye Phumeza i-Oyile wasebenzisa iindlela ezithi ngabom zaphule imithetho kawonke-wonke, zithintele iibhulorho ezihamba kancinci, zize zinikezele kwisiseko senkqubo. Urhulumente we-UK waphendula nge-[[FLT:] Price, Crige, i-Prime, i-ICrime, i-Pintensign neNkundla zale, ezithi zifake ulwando lwezigwebo “i zendlu, ezithi ze-ogrop" ezinika amandla amapolisa okuthiyakhesa igce ingce-ognogno. Iingxaki ezisemthethweni zinyuselwe kuyo yonke imiqatha yemithetho esetyenziswayo, izenze ngoklkl.

Umthetho Wokhuseleko Lwesizwe WaseHong Kong

Ngo-2020, i-Tshayina yamisa umthetho wokhuseleko lwesizwe kwiHong Kong yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukubhukuqa, ubugrogrisi, kunye nokungqubana kwamazwe asemzini. Umthetho uye wasetyenziswa ukuthintela ukulwa kwe-pro-democracy kunye nenkxaso yabaxhasi. Ngaphambili, iHong Kong yayinezinto ezinamandla zokukhusela inkululeko yengqungquthela phantsi koMthetho osisiseko; umthetho omtsha ususa amalungelo amaninzi. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela umthetho omnye onokuthi ngayo ngokuphawulekayo uguqule ibala elisemthethweni lokwenza isenzo, ushenxise kwinkxaso ebanzi kwimiqatha yomthetho phantse. Amaqumrhu angabantu aye awugweba umthetho, kodwa ayaqhubeka nokunyanzelwa kwemibutho yasekhaya.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngezakhelo Zasemthethweni

Ubume obusemthethweni bokwenza izenzo zahluke kakhulu kwiingingqi eziqengqelekileyo. I-UNICEF ekhethekileyo ebhekisele kumalungelo enkululeko endibano yoxolo kunye nomanyano iqwalasela ezi mpawu kwaye ipapashe iingxelo ngemisebenzi elungileyo. Umahluko ongundoqo uquka:

  • ICivil-'umthetho. umthetho oqhelekileyo - amazwe angomthetho wabemi (umz., France, Germany) isoloko inemiqathango edityanisiweyo engakumbi, ngelixesha amazwe aqhelekileyo (umz., US, UK, Canada) exhomekeke kakhulu kwimizekelo egwebayo.
  • Izikhuseli ezisemthethweni zokhuselo - Amazwe anemithetho eqinileyo yomgaqo-siseko yamalungelo (njengeMzantsi Afrika okanye iKhanada) adla ngokuvavanywa ngokuphakamisa okuphezulu kwemiqathango yokuqhankqalaza.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. – Kumaphondo alawula ngegunya, imithetho isoloko isetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokucinezela, nolawulo-mthetho oluncinci oluzimeleyo. Kwanakwidemokhrasi, amandla ongxamiseko angancedwa ukunqanda umkhosi we-activas ngexesha lamanqam.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe umisela umgangatho omncinci, kodwa ukunyanzelisa akunamandla. Isibhengezo esingahambelaniyo samaLungelo oluntu [umzobo 20]) (umthetho) uqinisekisa inkululeko yokuhlanganisana koxolo, kodwa ayibopheleli ngokomthetho. Iingcebiso ezifana ne-ICCPR zineexPR ezijonge amaqumrhu ancomelayo, kodwa ukuthobela kungokokuzithandela. Kulwazo ezobudlelane benkxaso zisebenza ngaphaya kwemidaba, eli cala lifuna uhlalutyo olusemthethweni phambi kwaso nasiphi na isenzo.

Izindululo Ezisemthethweni Zezabelo

Ukwazi umthetho akwanele, -- abo basebenza nabo kufuneka bavelise iindlela ezisebenzisekayo zokusebenzisa ukhuseleko olusemthethweni nokuphepha imigibe esemthethweni. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo ziyacetyiswa ngokubanzi:

Wazi Amalungelo Akho

Phambi kokuba uthathe inxaxheba nakweliphi na iphulo okanye iphulo, yenza uphando ngemithetho ekhethekileyo ekulawuleni kwakho. Wazi amakhadi akho amalungelo okanye ubuncwane bamanani bungakunceda ukhumbule iingongoma ezingundoqo ukuba umiswe ngamapolisa. Umzekelo, kwi U.S., unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile nokucela igqwetha. Kumazwe amaninzi, unelungelo lokufota amapolisa kwizithuba zikawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda ezi siseko kunciphisa ubungozi bokusetyenziswa kwe-escation.

Phendla InjiniName

Ucelomngeni lwasemthethweni lusoloko luxhomekeke kubungqina. Ukuqhankqalaza okukhoyo (kukwimida esemthethweni) kwaye kugcine imibhalo yemvume, unxibelelwano namagosa, kunye neengxelo zokunikela ubungqina. Olu xwebhu lungabaluleka ukuba kamva ufaka ityala elichaza ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo. Ukhuseleko lwamanani lubalulekile.

Ukusebenza Namaqumrhu Axhasayo Ngokomthetho

Amaqela afana [[FLT: 0] ALU, LIBRITY , Amalungelo abantu Watch[[[FLT:], kunye [[FLT:] ne [FLT]] Amnesty International [[ inika abaqwalaseli abasemthethweni, ukwazi- amalungelo akho, kwaye maxa wambi umelo oluthe ngqo. Abaninzi basebenzisa iilayini ezishushu kulwamsholo olubanjwayo. projekthi ekhethekileyo kumalungelo abantu anganceda iimeko zobuhambi.

Ucwangciso loMsebenzi

Amanye amadabi asemthethweni afanele ukulwa kungekuphela nje uphumelele ityala elinye, kodwa ukumisela umzekelo owandisa amalungelo kubo bonke. Le ndlela ifuna ukhetho lobuchule kunye noovimba, kodwa ngokwembali ibiyenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo ekuchaseni imithetho engqongqo. Umzekelo, i-American Libereties Union [[FLT: 1] inembali ende yokuthatha amatyala achaza imida yokuthetha ngenkululeko, ngokufuthi ilahleka kwixesha elifutshane kodwa ephumelele kwixesha elide.

Ngokuvisisana nemithetho esengqiqweni

Ngoxa ukungathobeli kwamakhaya maxa wambi kufuna ukwaphula imithetho engekho sikweni, abaxhasi kufuneka bahlule phakathi kwemithetho eyimfuneko ngokwenene kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye neyoyithintela ingxinaniso. Ukufumana imvume yokuhamba, nokuba awuvumelani nemfuneko, kungathintela ukubanjwa okungeyomfuneko nokugcina ingqalelo kwisigidimi sakho. Ngokwazi ukuba uyawonakalisa umthetho ocacileyo kusenokuba liqhinga elizenzekelayo, kodwa loo khetho lumele lwenziwe ngokuziqonda ngokupheleleyo iziphumo ezingomthetho.

Isiphelo

Imithetho likrele elinokufakwa kabini ukwenzela ukwenza izenzo. Inganikezela ngesiseko sokwahlukana okunamandla kwaye ikhusele ezona mvakalelo zibuthathaka, -- okanye zingajijwa ukuphelisa inkcaso kunye nokungalingani kwamandla angaphakathi. Isitshixo sikukuba ukufunda nokubhala kubuchule obungundoqo kubo bonke abaxhasi. Ngokuqonda ukhuseleko olukhoyo, ukwamkela imida ebekwe, kunye nokwamkela iindlela ezikrelekrelekrele, imibutho ingasebenza ngokukhuselekileyo nangokuphumelela ngakumbi.

Enoba ulungiselela intlanganiso yasekuhlaleni okanye unenxaxheba kumbutho wehlabathi lonke, zinike ixesha lokuqhagamshelana neengcaphephe zezomthetho, funda imimiselo enxulumene nayo, uze ujonge iinguqu zomthetho. Umlo wokusesikweni uphumelele kungekuphela nje ezitratweni, kodwa kwanakwiinkundla (*) kwaye okukhona ukulungele ngakumbi, kokukhona kunzima ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe nxamnye nawe.