Isebe eliLawulayo lorhulumente wase-United States yi-injini eguqula injongo yomthetho ibe yinto ephilayo. Xa iKhomishini igqithisa uxwebhu kwaye uMongameli elubonakalisa njengomthetho, lo mthetho awuzinyanzeli ngokwawo. Endaweni yoko, iSebe Elilawulayo elixhobiswe nguMongameli . Lixhaswa lizixhobo ezinkulu zokulawula.. Lithwala uxanduva olusemthethweni "Ukunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka" (iCandelo II, icandelo 3). Le nkqubo yokuzalisekisa nokubek-o nokubekelela, iditya okuntlulwe ngobuninzi, kwaye ibalulekile ekulondolozeni umthetho. Ukuqonda kunika abafundi kunye nabemi umzobo ocacileyo wendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo imihla ngemihla, indlela imimiselo echaphazela ngayo ubomi, nendlela yokusebenza kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isakhiwo sesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu, amanyathelo achazayo okuzalisekiswa komthetho, iindlela zokunyanzelisa, kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula ezigcina isebe lisebenza. Ngokuqwalasela le milinganiso, siyabona ukuba iSebe eliphetheyo aliyiphumezi nje kuphela imithetho kodwa likwayichaza, liyibumba ngokwenziwa kolawulo, kwaye liqinisekisa ukuthobela ngomjelo wabameli namagosa.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla alawulayo

Igunya leSebe eliLawulayo kunye nemiqathango isekelwe kwiGatya II loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Limisa uMongameli njengentloko yamandla alawulayo kwaye lichaza iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo: ukuyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, ukumisela amagosa karhulumente, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngecebiso nemvume yeCathenal), kunye nokuqinisekisa imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Le "Yiba noxanduva loClaus" likrwada lomgaqo-siseko ukwenzela yonke imisebenzi ephunyezweyo kunye nokunyanzeliswa.

Abalawuli beFrames bayila iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu ukuba libe namandla nelokugqibelela, likwazi ukwenza ngokukhawuleza ngendlela iNgqungquthela engenalungelo elingenayo. Kodwa, kwakhona bakha kwii-checks: iBhunga lilawula ukuxhasa ngemali kwaye lingazilawula ii-arhente kwaye lingamxhasa uMongameli, ngelixa iinkundla zihlola izenzo zenkqubano yezomGaqo-siseko kunye nokuthobela umthetho.

Isakhiwo Sesebe Elilawulayo

Isebe eliLawulayo likhulu kwaye lintsonkothile ngakumbi kunoMongameli neKhabhinethi. Liquka iOfisi yoMphathi-mikhosi (EOP), amasebe alawulayo ali-15 (ngamnye ekhokelwa ngunobhala weKhabhinethi), kunye namakhulu amasebe azimeleyo, amagunya, iibhodi, kunye neenkampani zikarhulumente. Kunye, la maqumrhu aqesha abantu abangekho mthethweni abangaphezu kwezigidi ezine (kuquka abasebenzi benkonzo yeposi) aze ajonge yonke into esuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume.

UMongameli njengomlawuli oyintloko

UMongameli ukhonza njengegosa eliyintloko eliphetheyo lorhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Le ndima iquka ukutyikityelwa kwamatyala kumthetho (okanye ukuwafaka), ukukhupha imiyalelo kunye nezibhengezo ezilawulayo, ukumisela iintloko zomasebe orhulumente kunye namasebe (okuxhomekeke kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu), nokukhokela imigaqo yesebe eliphetheyo. Kwakhona uMongameli unamandla okuxolela kunye nokukhupha ii-reprievas kwizenzo zomthetho, ezichaphazela ngqo iziphumo zokunyanzelisa.

Imiyalelo yezolawulo ibaluleke kakhulu. Balathisa amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuba athathe izenzo ezithile okanye achaze imithetho ethile ngeendlela ezithile. Umzekelo, uMongameli ozayo anganika imiyalelo yezolawulo ukuze atshintshe izinto eziphambili, njengokuyalela i-Entevironmental Protection Agency ukuba ihlole imithetho ethile yemeko-bume okanye ilawule iSebe loKhuselo lwe Homeland Ukhuseleko ukuze lilungise izinto eziphambili ekugcinwa kuzo abantu abafudukayo. Ngoxa imithetho yezolawulo ingenakuyila imithetho emitsha, inokuba nempembelelo ephawulekayo kwindlela imithetho ekhoyo emiswa ngayo nenyanzelelwa ngayo.

IKhabhinethi namaSebe aphetheyo

IKhabhinethi inoonobhala bamasebe alawulayo ali-15, kuquka nabanye amagosa aphezulu abacebisa uMongameli. Isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi othile womthetho okhethekileyo kunye nesehlo senkqubo nemigaqo. Iintloko zesebe zijongene nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho engaphakathi kolawulo lwazo iphunyezwa ngokunempumelelo nangokungaguqukiyo.

Imizekelo engundoqo yamasebe nendima yawo yokulondoloza iintsapho iquka:

  • Isebe leJaji (DOJ): I-DOLT] ingumbutho oyintloko wonyanzeliso-mthetho we-odoli. Imangalela i-Union , imela i-United States kwimicimbi esemthethweni, ijonge iFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), iDignomement Administration (DEA), kunye ne-Bureau of Alcohool, i-Fireams kunye ne-Exlosies (AF). Ikwanyanzela imithetho yamalungelo abantu kunye nemithetho elwayo.
  • Indawe yoKhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS): Ijolise ekukhuseleni uhlanga kwizisongelo nasekumiseleni imithetho yokufuduka neyobufolomfomati. Iquka uLawulo lokhuseleko lwezithuthi (TSA), U.S. IC. Customs kunye noKhuselo loMda (CBP), U.S. I-IMGUGUPTYS kunye neCrostommentmentmentment (IE), kunye ne-Federal Examplication Agement (FEMA) Agency (FM).
  • Isebe lezempilo nezoluntu (HHS): iHHS ijonge impilo kawonke-wonke, ukutya kunye nokukhuseleka kweziyobisi, iMedicare kunye neMedicaid, ulawulo lwezifo, kunye nophando lwebhayoloji. Iingalo zayo zokunyanzelisa ziquka i-Food and Drug Administration (FRAN) kunye neZiko lokuLawula kunye neSithintelo (CDC).
  • Isebe leTreasure yeNkcubeko: Isebe Lemali elilawula imali yesebe, iqokelela irhafu ngeNkonzo yeNdebezo (IIRS), inyanzelisa imithetho yezemali, kwaye ilwa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali nge-PhindalCrimes Enforcement Networker (FinCEN) kunye ne-Ofisi yoLawulo lweMasingendlela Engaphangalameneyo (OFAC).
  • Isebe lezothutho (DOT): limisela kwaye linyanzelise imilinganiselo yokhuseleko kwinqwelo-moya, iindlela zohola wenqanawe, iziporo, imibhobho, kunye neenkqubo zothutho ezisebenzisa amasebe afana neFederal Aviation Administration (FA) kunye neNational Highway Traffy Safety Administration (NHTA).

IiKhomishini zeZiqumrhu ezizimeleyo

Ngaphandle kwamasebe eKhabhinethi, amasebe azimeleyo asebenza ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sesebe ukugquma imisebenzi ethile kwimpembelelo yezobupolitika. Ezi ziquka iNkqubo yeFederal Reserve (umgaqo-nkqubo we-monetary), iKhomishoni yeSibonelelo ne-Exchange (I-SEC — ulawulo lwe-avective), iKhomishoni yeFederal Trade (FTC — ulawulo lwe-FPratistantis), i-Fomaties Commentationssion (FC). La masebe asebenza ngokusisigxilo, amalungu awo asebenza ngokuzinzileyo, amazwi akhwankqinisiweyo kwaye angasuswa nguMongameli wenjongo yodwa.

Indlela Esetyenziswa Ngayo Imithetho: Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Xa iKhongophela ikhupha umthetho, idla ngokumisela imigaqo-nkqubo ebanzi neenjongo kodwa ishiyela iinkcukacha kumasebe karhulumente afanelekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba iKhomishini ayinabuchule namandla okulawula imincinane kuzo zonke iinkalo zokunyanzelisa. Inkqubo eguqulelwa ngayo umbutho ukuba ube ngumthetho okhethekileyo, onyanzelisayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-"rulegal".

Inyathelo 1: Hlola Umlinganiselo

Emva kokuba umthetho umisiwe, umbutho okanye amasebe anika amagqwetha kunye neengcaphephe zemigaqo ukuhlolisisa lo mthetho. Bachaza oko ufunekayo ngumthetho, igunya elilinika umbutho, kwaye yeyiphi imiqathango emiselwe nguwo okanye iinkqubo ezigunyazisiweyo.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukwenza ulawulo olucetyiweyo

Iseko siphumeza intengiso "Igalelo lomthetho obekwe phantsi" (NPRM) echaza umthetho ocetyisiweyo, isiseko salo somthetho, kunye neziphumo ezilindelekileyo. Esi saziso sipapashwa kwi Irejistal register[, impapasho esemthethweni yemihla ngemihla yemithetho ecetyisiweyo, kunye nezaziso zikawonke-wonke. Le mpapasho ibangela ixesha lokugqabaza kukawonke wonke, elingu 30 ukuya iintsuku ezingama-90, apho nawuphi na umntu okanye umbutho ungazinikezela khona amagqabaza abhaliweyo.

Inyathelo 3: Inkcazo Yabantu Bonke nohlalutyo

Amagqabaza kawonke-wonke agxeka ugunyaziso lwedemokhrasi kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Iinkqubo kufuneka zifunde ziqwalasele onke amagqabaza ancinci. Zinokufumana ukuvakala koluntu, zicele ugcino-lwazi olongezelelekileyo, okanye zidibane neengcali. Isebe ngoko lilungiselela umthetho wokugqibela ophendula amagqabaza abalulekileyo lichaze naluphi na utshintsho olusuka kumthetho ocetyisiweyo. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ngumthetho AGUMGAQU] woMthetho (A) ka- 1946, omisela imilinganiselo yomthetho nomthetho.

Inyathelo 4: Ulawulo Lokugqibela Nomanyano

Umthetho wokugqibela upapashwa kwiFederal Register esebenzayo ngomhla (idla ngokuba ziientsuku ezingama-30 kamva ukuvumela amaqela achaphazelekayo ukuba alungiselele). Idityaniswe kwi Code yemithetho ejolisekileyo (CFR), ingqokelela esisigxina yayo yonke imimiselo karhulumente. ICFR ilungiselelwe ngokuqulathelelwa kwizihloko ezingama-50 (umz., isiHloko 21 sokugquma ukutya neziyobisi; isihloko 40 sigubungela ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume; iSihlomelo 26 sigubuthela ingeniso yangaphakathi).

Inyathelo 5: Uxwebhu lokhokelo

Ukongeza kwimithetho emiselweyo, imibutho ikhupha amaxwebhu okukhokela, imisebenzi yokutolika, kunye neengxelo zenkqubo ezicacisa indlela abayichaza ngayo imimiselo yabo. La maxwebhu akanawo amandla omthetho kodwa anika ulwalathiso olubalulekileyo kwimibutho elawulayo kunye nabasebenzi abasebenzayo. Umzekelo, i-IRS inika iMimiselo yeNgeniso kunye neMimiselo yeNguqulo ukuchaza amalungiselelo emigaqo yerhafu, kunye neMibango ye-SEC echaza indlela izikomkhulu eziza kufikelela ngayo imicimbi ethile.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwemithetho: Indlela Okuphunyezwa Ngayo Ukunyanzelisana

Ukunyanzeliswa yinkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu ngabanye, amashishini, kunye namanye amaqumrhu avumelana nemithetho nemimiselo karhulumente. Imikhosi yeenkcubeko isebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi, ukusuka kukhokelo lokuzithandela noncedo lobugcisa ukuya kuhlolo, uphando, intengo, kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imfundo Nokhuphiswano Lokuzithandela

Amaziko amaninzi azama ukufikelela ekuthobeleni ngemfundo nangomngeni. Apapasha izikhokelo, iintlanganiso zoqeqesho, kwaye anikela uncedo lobugcisa ukunceda amaqumrhu alawula iimfuno zawo. Ukhuseleko noLawulo lwezempilo (OSHA), umzekelo, anika ucwangciso lwezicwangciso zokucebisana olukhululekileyo ukwenzela amashishini amancinci ukuphawula iingozi ngaphambi kokuba kuvele uhlolo. ENLT ZEMPA ZEMPA] I-ARCT (ENT)[FLT] iqhuba amaziko axhasa uncedo olukhethekileyo lwemizila emveliso efana noshicilelo, isinyithi, ukugqiba, nokulima.

Uvavanyo kunye nophicotho-zincwadi

Xa ukuthobela ngokuzithandela kunganele okanye xa umthetho ufuna, amaqumrhu ahlola kunye nophicotho-zincwadi. Oku kusenokuba yinto eqhelekileyo okanye kubangelwa zizikhalazo, iingcebiso, okanye uhlalutyo logcino-lwazi. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Uhlolo lweFDA lwezityalo ezilungisa ukutya, abenzi bamayeza, kunye nezixhobo zezixhobo zonyango ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nomgangatho.
  • Uhlolo lomsebenzi ukukhangela iingozi zokhuseleko, ukwaphulwa komthetho, nokusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kwezixhobo zokukhusela.
  • IMIVELO yerhafu i- ukubuyisela ukuqinisekisa ingeniso, izincopho, kunye netyala elifunwa ngabantu ngabanye kunye namashishini.
  • Uhlolo lwebala le-EPA lwezakhiwo zoshishino, ukuchithwa komhlaba, kunye nezityalo zonyango lwamanzi ukuqwalasela ukulawulwa kongcoliso lwezixhobo kunye nomphunga.

Uphando Neenkumbula

Amasebe amaninzi anegunya lokuphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho olunokusetyenziswa kumandla ancinci e-Expane ukunyanzela ubungqina kunye nemveliso yoxwebhu. FBI] iphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezwe olusuka kubugrogrisi kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. uphando lwe-Exchange kunye ne-Exchange Commission (SEC) luphengulula ukurhwaphisa ukurhliswa kwetyala, ngaphakathi kwentengiso, kunye nokunganyaniseki. IKhomishini yezoshishino zorhwebo (FCC)[FLT] iphanda urhwebo olukhohlisayo kunye nokuchasana komthetho oluchasene nomthetho. Oku kungakhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho-mthetho.

Ugwebo lolawulo

Izicelo zisoloko zicombulula izenzo zonyanzeliso-mthetho kulawulo lwangaphakathi phambi koMgwebi woMthetho oLawulweyo (ALJ). ALJ ngamalungu azimeleyo phakathi kombutho ova ubungqina kunye nezigqibo zokuqala. Imikhosi ingazibhena ezizigqibo kukhokelo oluphezulu lomaziko kwaye emva koko iqukumbele inkundla yequmrhu. Le nkqubo ivumela isigqibo esifanelekileyo, esisebenzayo sempikiswano zobuchule. Umzekelo, uLawulo lokhuseleko lwezokhuseleko isebenzisa i-ALJs ukuva izibongozo ezikhatywayo zeengxaki ezikhatywayo, kunye ne-National Laborbotion Couragetions Board [NLB] [FLT] [FLT] isebenzisa izityholo ezigqwethayo zempatho zempangelo zempangelo.

Imali, Iifatyi Nezinto Ezihlambulukileyo

Xa ulwaphulo luqinisekisiwe, abameli bangamisela uludwe lwezigwebo. Ezi zenzelwe ukohlwaya ukungahambelani, ukuthintela ukwaphulwa kwekamva, nokufumana kwakhona iziphumo ezingamiselwanga kakuhle. Imvume eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imali ehlawulwayo: izisohlwayo ezibekiweyo ngokwaphulwa, ezinokuthi ziqhubeke zinyuka kukwaphulwa. Umzekelo, iOSHA ingakhupha intlawulo ukuya kutsho kwi R1,507 ngokwaphula umthetho okunzulu (kumiselwe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso). ISEC ingafuna ukurhoxiswa kwengeniso kunye nesohlwayo samakhaya ukuphinda kathathu inzuzo engekho mthethweni.
  • Ukukhupha okanye ukushenxisa iilayisensi: Abameli abaninzi bafuna imvume yokusebenza kumasimi alawulwayo. IFDA ingaphelisa imvume yeziyobisi; iFAA ingamisa ilayisensi yomqhubi; iFCC ingarhoxisa imvume yokusasaza izahlulelo zokwaphula umthetho ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
  • Ukubhaliswa nokukhutshwa: Urhulumente angavala inkampani okanye umntu ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwizivumelwano zengingqi, iminikelo, okanye iinkqubo zonyango. Office yeNjongo-mkhosi yeNjongo-mkhosi eHHS, umzekelo, ingasusa abaxhasi bempilo kwiMedicare kunye neMedicaid ngenxa yokuqhatha.
  • Imimiselo yokulungisa kunye nezenzo zokulungisa: Kwiimeko ezininzi, umbutho uthethana nowaphulayo ofuna ukuhlawulwa kwemigoqo efuna ukuba owephulayo athathe izenzo ezithile, ezinjengokufaka izixhobo zokulawula ungcoliseko, ukukhumbula iimveliso ezingakhuselekanga, okanye ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zokuthobela. Ezi ndawo zisoloko zinyanzeliswa ngemiyalelo yenkundla.
  • Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu okanye olubophelelekileyo, amasebe abhekisa amatyala kwiSebe leJaji ukwenzela ukutshutshiswa ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kungaphumela kwisigwebo sentolongo kubantu ngabanye kunye nemali yetyala lenkampani enokuthi ifikelele kumawaka ezigidi zeerandi. Umzekelo, u-Muhatioc Proctis Acts (FCPA) inyanzeliswa yi-SEC (civil) kunye ne-DOJ (CIS).

Ukuhambelana Nendima Ye-OMB

Inikwe ubuntlola bolawulo lwangoku, akukho mmiselo weziko ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nemithetho yoMongameli, imigangatho yohlalutyo nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali (OFLT), kwi-Ofisi yesiGqeba sikaMongameli, idlala indima ephakathi yolungelelwaniso. I-OMB ihlola yonke imimiselo ecetyisiweyo kunye nemithetho emikhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nemigaqo kaMongameli, imigangatho yexabiso-benefitting, kunye neemfuno zomthetho. Iofisi yolwazi neMicimbiso yezemfundo (OIRA), ilungu le-OMB, uhlaluko olubalulekileyo lwemimiselo olubalulekileyo lweziphumo zayo, ukuphakama, ukusetyenziswa kwemali, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho ye-SCState.

Amaqela asebenzayo aqhelekile. Umzekelo, ukuphunyezwa koMthetho woMthombo woMoya ococekileyo kubandakanya ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-EPA (emisela imilinganiselo yokukhupha), iSebe leMariyelo (elichaphazela amafutha namandla okuvelisa), iSebe lezothutho (elilawula imilinganiselo yezithuthi), kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni. Ngokukwanjalo, umgaqo wemali ubandakanya ukulungelelanisa iFederal Reserve, i-SEC, i-Commodity Fumees Prading Commission (CTC), iSebe lezemali, iSebe lezemali lokuKhuthalela i-mali (CPB).

Ucelomngeni Ekufezekiseni Nakunyanzelo

Inkqubo yokuthobela nokuthobela imithetho izaliswe ziingxaki ezichaphazela ukuphumelela, okusesikweni nokuphumelela.

Iindleko Zolawulo Nezokunyanzelisa

Umthetho ngamnye omtsha ubeka amaxabiso kwizibonelelo ezilawulwayo kwaye ngokufuthi kuluntu ngokubanzi. Amashishini amancinci, ngokukodwa, angazama ukuthobela amaphepha anzima kunye neemfuno zobugcisa. Imisebenzi iyafuneka ngomyalelo wolawulo (iiiNkqutyana zakutshanje UMthetho oPhathileyo 12866 kunye nemiyalelo elandelayo) ukuvavanya iindleko neengenelo nokukhetha indlela encinci yokufikelela. Ngoko, ukulungelelanisa iminqweno ephantsi kunye nesiphumo soqoqosho kuhlala kunguxinzelelo olungapheliyo.

Izinto ezingafaniyo ezinyanzelwayo

Unyanzeliso lungahluka ngokwee-asethi, izinto eziphambili kwezobupolitika, nendawo yendawo. Umbutho onoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo ungaphanda kuphela okona kwaphulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni, ushiye abanye abaninzi bengathintelwa. Isantya sokunyanzelisa i-EPA [, umzekelo, ukuguquguquka kwemali kunye nezinto eziphambili zolawulo, ezikhokelela kwinkxalabo engalungelelananga ngokukhusela imekobume nempilo kawonke-wonke. Ngokufanayo, ukugcinwa kolawulo lokufuduka kutshintshile phakathi kolawulo, kudala ukungaqiniseki kwabaphambukeli nabaqeshi nabo baqeshiweyo ngokufanayo.

Impembelelo NeeArhente Zezobupolitika

Ngoxa amaqumrhu azimeleyo enzelwe ukukhuselwa kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, awakhuselekanga. Impembelelo yabamhlophe kwindlu ingenza ukuba umthetho ubekelwe indawo yokuqala, izicelo zemali, kwanesantya solawulo. Isiganeko sokwenziwa "kokubamba okulula""""apho ushishino olulawulwayo lusebenzisa impembelelo engafanelekanga kumlawuli walo.

Ukuphengululwa Kwezogwebo Nocelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni

Izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, kuquka imimiselo kunye nezigqibo zomthetho, ziphantsi kohlolo lwezomthetho. Iinkundla zingawuchitha umthetho ukuba ugqithisa igunya lombutho lomthetho, lizimele kwaye aliguquguquki, okanye liphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwimfundiso "yemibuzo yoomatiloshe" kunye nemfundiso engagunyaziswanga ibonise ityala eliqinileyo kumandla olawulo lwezikomkhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba abameli kufuneka ngoku, ngaphezu kwanini nanini na, bamisele izenzo zabo kwigunya elicacileyo kunye nohlalutyo olucacileyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuphendula Nokubonisa Imbono Ecace Ngakumbi

Ukuze iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu ligcine ukuthembana kwabantu kufuneka lisebenze ngokucace gca kwaye libalelwe ityala. Iinkqubo ezininzi zikho ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuzalisekisa nokunyanzelisa kulungile, kusemthethweni kwaye kuyasebenza.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IKhomishini ilawula iSebe eliLawulayo ngokuchotshelwa kwetyala, uphando, i-Ofisi yoManga kaRhulumente (GAO), kunye ne-Congregational Uhlaziyo I-ofisi yoHlahlo (CBO). Iikomiti zingawafaka phantsi amaxwebhu ze zinyanzelise ubungqina obuvela kumagosa amaqumrhu. I-ofisi yeGoverntament Accounting Accounting Office (GAO), idla ngokubizwa ngokuba "igarferal sordog," ivavanya iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ivavanya impumelelo, kwaye incomela inkqubela. Ingqungquthela ingcelo yezifundo kwinkqubo yokuqhuba i-Governmentationssions, ukumisela amanqanaba okuchaphazela umgangatho wemali ngqo.

Ngokubanzi

Isebe elikhulu ngalinye kunye namasebe amaninzi azimeleyo aneengxelo ze-ofisi ze-Inspector (OIG) Jikelele . Ezi zinja zizimeleyo ziqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nophando lokuchitha inkunkuma, ukuqhatha, ukuxhaphaza, kunye nokunganyaniseki phakathi kwamasebe azo. Zikhupha iingxelo zikawonke-wonke kwaye zibhekisa amatyala ekwaphuli-mthetho. Imali ye-OIG, umzekelo, ihlola imiba esuka kwi-FBI engalunganga ukuya kuMphathi enika uHLO.

Impinda yezeejaji

Amaqela amoshwakeleyo angavavanya izenzo zolawulo kwinkundla yephondo. Oku kuquka imingeni kwimimiselo, izenzo zonyanzelo, kunye nezingqinisi. Phantsi koMthetho [[FLT: 0] woLawulo oluPhezulu , iinkundla zihlola ukuba umbutho usebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya lawo, ulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, kwaye wenze izigqibo ezicatshuliweyo. Uhlalutyo lwejaji lusisesona siseko sokwahlulwa kwamandla kwaye luthintele iSebe eliPhezulu ekusebenzeni ngokwalo.

Ukunika ingxelo

[[NKT.0] Inkululeko yoMthetho wolwazi (FOIA) inika uwonke-wonke ilungelo lokucela iirekhodi ezivela kumasebe karhulumente. Ii-APP zifuneka ukupapasha ulwazi oluthile, njengeembono zokugqibela, iingxelo zemithetho, abasebenzi, kwaye bacela rhoqo iingxelo. Abameli abaninzi ngoku abathumela ugcino-lwazi lwezomsebenzi kwi-intanethi. EPA] ENKCING and Compliance History On Online ugcino-siseko sogcino-lwazi, umzekelo, bavumela nabani na ukuba akhangele iingxelo zokugcinwa kwemeko-bume yemeko-bume. CDEG [F]

Ukukhusela Abavuthuzi Beentaka

Abasebenzi abafak ’ ingxelo yokulahlwa, ukuqhatha, ukuxhatshazwa, okanye ukwaphulwa komthetho kukhuselwe ekuphindeni zimpindezelo nguMthetho Wokukhusela i-Whistleer ukulumkelelo neminye imimiselo. Abasebenzi abathi batshitshili bangafaka izikhalazo nge Office of Special Acences [OSC], , ephengulula kwaye enokuthi ifune inyathelo lokulungisa okanye imilinganiselo echasene namagosa okuziphindiselayo. Oku kukhuthaza ukuba unikelo lwangaphakathi ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela.

Isiphelo

Indima yesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu ekuqukumbeleni nasekuqinisekiseni imithetho ingundoqo wokulawula ngokunempumelelo. Ukusuka kumsebenzi womgaqo-siseko woMongameli ukubona imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka, kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zolawulo lwamasebe karhulumente, ukuya kuhlolo lwemini ukuya kuyo, nakwizigwebo eziqinisekisa ukuthobela, eli sebe liguqula injongo yomthetho ibe ziziphumo ezicacileyo kuzigidi zamaMelika. Le nkqubo ayifezekanga: ixabana noxanduva lomthetho, ukunyanzelisa, impembelelo yezobupolitika, kunye neengxaki ezisemthethweni. Kodwa, ngenkqubo eqinileyo yokusebenzisa ukulungele ukunxibelelana, ulawulo, ulawulo, ukujongana, nokubona macala, ukubonakala kwasekuhlaleni, ukuphendula koluntu, ukuphendula ukwenziwa komsebenzi.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo asiyonkqubo yemfundo nje. Ixhobisa abafundi, abafundisi nabemi abanolwazi olufunekayo ukuze babe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi ngokunentsingiselo(8) nokuba ngaba ngokugqabaza ngomthetho ocetyisiweyo, ngokufuna inkcazelo ngoFOIA, okanye ngokubeka amagosa anyuliweyo aphendulwe ngendlela imithetho enyanzelwa ngayo. Isebe elilawulayo lingumsebenzi osebenzayo kurhulumente, kwaye ukuphunyezwa kwalo umthetho kungumthetho okuwenza ube yinto yokwenene ephilayo.