Isiqalo: ISiko Esisisiseko Phakathi Korhulumente Nabemi

Xa abathunywa bahlanganisana ePhiladelphia ngowe-1787, bajamelana nomsebenzi omkhulu: ukwenza isakhiwo esitsha sokulawula esiza kulungisa ubuthathaka beManqaku oMgaqo-nkqubo woKhuselo loMgaqo ngexa befumana ukuthenjwa ngabantu abalumkileyo. Uxwebhu abalukhuphayo aluvuli ngentshumayelo eyomileyo yegunya elisemthethweni kodwa ngolundululo oluchukumisayo: " [Thina bantu baseUnited States...]" [ ibinzana elinye eligxininisa ingcamango yenguquko yokuba ulawulo aluhlali kwimonal okanye kwimithetho ephakamileyo kodwa kubemi abaqhelekileyo. Umgaqo-siseko ulungele ukulungiselela ukuphumelela koburhulumente obuninzi, obulawulayo, obulawulayo obuninzi, obulawula ulawulo lwezibonelelo lwezibonelo lwe-U. uMgaqo-o-o-onke ubuG.

Ingcaciso Yomxholo: Umxholo Wembali Nentsingiselo

Umbhalo opheleleyo weSihloko ufundeka ngolu hlobo:

" Thina bantu baseUnited States, ngokolungelelaniso ukwenza iManyano egqibeleleyo, ukuseka uBulungiseleli, ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwamakhaya, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko kuthi ngokwethu kunye neSithuthi sethu, simisela lo mGaqo-siseko we-United States of America.

Esi sigwebo sika- 5223word savela kwiKomiti Yesimbo, ephethwe nguGouverneur Morris, owanika isiqalo sokubetha nokunyanzela kwayo. Iidrafti zangaphambili zadwelisa amazwe ngamanye, kodwa uMorris wathatha indawo yebinzana elimanyanisayo elithi "Thina bantu" libonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wafumana igunya lawo ngqo kubemi endaweni yokufumana iindlu zowiso-mthetho. Ukutshintsha kwakunzulu: wakhabalula ingcamango yokuba urhulumente wesizwe wayeyilungu elingurhulumente opheleleyo phakathi kwamazwe onegunya kwaye endaweni yoko wabeka iRiphabliki entsha kulawulo oludumileyo.

Isiqalo asingomthombo wamalungelo aphantsi, anyanzelekileyo, `````Maryland'' isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba ayinakusetyenziswa ukubetha imithetho okanye ukwenza izimvo zabantu. Kodwa amandla ayo okuphendula angqineka enkulu. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall ibhekisa kwisiqalo se Mcloch v. Maryland [1819] ukuphikisa ukuba uMgaqo-siseko wawucelelwe ukunyamezela iminyaka emininzi nokuzinziwa kwemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zemicimbi yabantu. IJajistars Joseph Story, kwimfuno yemithetho yakhe [[FLT:] [[FLT]], ibizwa yiPreagetaeua ukuze kutyhilwe intsingiselo yezomGwano-mGwal." Ngeejikelezo ngokomthetho wolawulo olufanelekileyo, njengoko kusenziwa iziphelo ezifunekayo ngabemi.

Imigaqo Yomthetho Nendlela Elongela Ngayo Amathemba Afanelekileyo

Amacandelo amathandathu engcaciso asingoluhlu oluqhelekileyo; amela ukucwangciswa kwangabom kwezinto eziza kuqala kumazwe. Ngamnye wenza ulindelo olungqalileyo ngendima karhulumente neembopheleleko zabemi. Ngeli ngezantsi sihlolisisa umgaqo ngamnye, sibonisa indlela oguqulela ngayo kwilindelo loluntu oluqinisekileyo.

Ulawulo Oluqhelekileyo: "Thina bantu"

Ukuvula amagama amathathu kusesona sichaphazelo siphambili. Ngokuvakalisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko umiselwe kwaye umiselwe ngabantu, umgaqo ophambili ugxininisa ukuba urhulumente ukho kuphela ngokuvunyelwa ngabalawulwa. Eli themba yayikukuyeka okukhawulezileyo kwemithetho ye-monarchy yaseYurophu kwaye ihlala iyindawo ephambili yempucuko yezopolitiko yaseMelika. Abami balindele ukuba amagosa karhulumente alindele ukuba aphendule, ukuba unyulo lukhulu luza kuba sesikweni, kwaye utshintsho olukhulu lwenkqubo lufuna impikiswano kawonke-wonke kunye nokuvunyelwa. Xa urhulumente ebonakala ethatha inyathelo ngokuchasene noyalo oluqhelekileyo, kwaye ehlala ekwizintlukwano zeNkuhlela ephakamileyo, okanye i-interliveccoation isoloko ibeka kwingqiqo yokuba "Abantu" ukuquluphala.

Ukumisela Okusesikweni

"Ubulungisa belifa lesibini elidwelisweyo, elibonisa ukuba okusesikweni nomthetho kusekelwe. Eli binzana livelisa ukulindela ukuba inkqubo yomthetho ingabi nakhethe, ukuba imithetho iya kusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo, kwaye abantu baya kufumana uncedo xa amalungelo abo ephulwe. Kusukela kwinkulungwane ye-19, ukuphulwa kokusesikweni, ukufunwa kwemithetho esesikweni kuye kwanyanzelisa iimfuno zemali ezimeleyo, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokwanda kwamalungelo abantu. Ukulindela kokusesikweni akuzidityaza kupheleli; kuya kuvela njengokuqonda okusesikweni okuqhelekileyo. Kwinkulungwane ye-19, kukhuthaza iimpikiswano ngokuchasene nobukhoboka; kwi-projectivessss, ikhuthaza amalungelo abantu nokukhuthulwa kwamalungelo abo eencwadini; ibangela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esesikweni, inkcukuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, inkqulukelo olulinganayo, kunye nokufikelela kwinkundla emkhosini lomthetho oqhelekileyo.

Ukukhuthuza

"Isiqinisekiso somthetho wasekhaya, ukutshintsha, kunye nokungabi namthetho" ithetha ngobuthathaka obuphambili beeNkqutyana: ukungakwazi kukarhulumente wesizwe ukuphelisa ukungahleleki kwangaphakathi. Ithemba elikhoyo lelokuba urhulumente uza kugcina uxolo kwimida yakhe, athintele ugonyamelo, ukuchasana, nokungathobeli mthetho. Le ngxelo ixhase ukusekwa kwamaqumrhu alawula umthetho, uSocioth, kunye negunya lokusabela kwimvukelo enjengenkqubo kaShays, emva koko irejikis, apho iphondo laza kusetyenziswa khona. Izabhintyala lilindele ukuba urhulumente wabo abakhusele kuzo zombi izisongelo zangaphandle kunye nokuwohloka kolungelelanisa ulungelelwano, ukubetha ngogonyamelo, ubugrogriphe obunokukhokelela kwisiphithi-dmi. Kodwa ke, igunya le ngxelo libangela ukulawulwa kwemithetho eqhutywa ngoluntu, ukusetyenziswa kwe-odomist projective.

Ukunikela Ngetyala Eliqhelekileyo

"Iyithemba le njongo yoKhuselo oluqhelekileyo" iyaqonda ukuba ukhuseleko lwesizwe lungumsebenzi ongundoqo karhulumente. Abami balindele ukuba urhulumente worhulumente aphakamise aze axhase imikhosi, akhe iinqanawa zomkhosi, agcine ubukho bomkhosi obunamandla kwelinye ilizwe, akhusele ilizwe lawo ekuhlaseleni. Ifashoni yemiGaqo-siseko ibonke enamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe kunye noMongameli osebenza njengeNkulumbuso kwiNtloko, kodwa ulwimi loluntu oluqhelekileyo luthi: ingqwalaselo ikukukhusela i-intelekiso, intsingiselo yokuba lonke ilizwe lizabelane nenzuzo. Oku kunyanzele yonke into ekusungulweni kweSebe lokhuselo emkhosini, ukusuka kwiProgratalti yePatriot Act. Kumaxesha angoku, ukuthemba kokhuselo kukwandisa ingxolo-mnyaka-mnyaka-manyo, kunye nokujikeleza kwe-ANTAawo.

Ukukhuthaza Ubomi Bendalo

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxelo ikhuphisanayo kwiNkcazo, "iNguqulelo yeNtlalo-ntle jikelele" iye yasetyenziswa zombini ukuthethelela iinkqubo zentlalo ebanzi nokuphikisana norhulumente olinganiselweyo. Ngokungafaniyo "nesiXhosa se-"general Welfare" kwiQumrhu I, Icandelo 8, elinika iBhunga igunya lokuhlawula irhafu, umgaqo-mali, umgaqo wesicwangciso solawulo, ulawulo lwemeko lwemeko-bume, ulawulo lwemeko-lulo. Noko ke, abemi balufumene ukulindela ukuba urhulumente usebenze ngokukhutheleyo ukuze aphucule intlalo-ntle yabantu bonke, hayi nje abambalwa abanelungelo. Eli themba likhuthaza ukuxhaswa okuqhelekileyo kwemfundo kawonke, ukulondolo lwezelelwa kwemeko-ntlalo, ukhuseleko lwemeko-ntle, kunye nemina ekhuselekileyo kwezoqoqosho. Xa kufikelelwa kumgangatho woluntu oluluvomeleyo.

Khusela Iintsikelelo Zenkululeko

Injongo yokugqibela, "ukukhusela iintsikelelo zeNkululeko kuthi ngokwethu kunye neSikhundla sethu," yintetho yenjongo nesithembiso kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Inkululeko kwixesha lokusekwa yayiqondwa ngokuyintloko njengenkululeko ekungeneleni kolawulo oluzimeleyo, kodwa iSindululo sibonisa inkululeko njengentsikelelo esebenzayo, kodwa urhulumente wento ethile umele ayenze inqande ukunqanda ukuxhathisa. Oku kulindele ukuma kweBhili yamaLungelo, uHluleki, iNkqululiso lwenkululeko yamakhaya, kunye neenkomfa eninzi yenkululeko yamakhaya. Abaturali balindele ukuba inkululeko yabo yokuthetha, ukucinezela, ingqungquthela, indibano, kunye nesicelo zizakulondolozwa, kwaye urhulumente uya kuxhathisa isilingo sokuzinzisa ukukhusela inkululeko egameni lokhuseleko okanye ukuphumelela. Ngaphezu koko, ukufakwa kwe-"Posterty" kubangela ukuba abemi balindele ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana babo ngoku kulondolo oluthelelweyo.

Impembelelo Kumathemba Asemagqabini: Ukusuka Kumthetho Ukuya Kuphendula

Imigaqo emithandathu yePregedge isebenza kunye ukuze kuveliswe ilungiselelo elibanzi loko abemi banokukufuna kurhulumente wabo. Sinako ukucwangcisa eli themba kwiindidi ezintathu ezinxulumeneyo: ukufaneleka, ukuba nenxaxheba nokuziphendulela.

Ukugunyaziswa kweGunya likaRhulumente

Ngenxa yokuba isiseko somGaqo-siseko solawulo oludumileyo, urhulumente unelungelo elithe ngqo kuvumelo lwabalawulwa. Xa abemi bevota, bavuselela intsebenziswano yeNkundla. Xa urhulumente esebenza ngaphandle kwenkxaso ethandwayo, okanye ngeendlela ezibonakala zibonakalisa ukukhaphela iinjongo zoMgaqo-siseko (----Pregagedges iyachachacha. Eli themba lithetha ukuba kutheni abaPhathisi besungulwe ngentetho esoloko ithetha iPregquance, isizathu sokuba izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zikhankamise imigaqo yazo ekuchaseni iimbono, nesizathu sokuba ingxhwanguquzelo yemithetho (njengokuthis'isihlazo sikaWatergate okanye imingeni yonyulo engama-202020) ixhokoke inkxalabo enkulu kangaka ebantwini. Isizukulwana sokusungula urhulumente ngaphandle kwenjongo ecacileyo, izakubonwa njengentengoso ecacileyo, iqhubeka nokusebenza njengegunya lokuziphatha.

Isabelo Esenziwe Ngombutho

Amazwi okuvula akhumbuza abemi ukuba bangababhali abaphezulu bomGaqo-siseko. Oku kudala ukulindela ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ephambili kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Ukuba urhulumente ukho ukuze ancede abantu, ngoko abantu kufuneka babe nenxaxheba ekuyilungiseni . ngokukhetha, ngokubaleka kwisikhundla, ngokucela iijaji, ngokucela abameli, nangokuba nenxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala. Imikhosi ayiyaleli ngokucacileyo ukuba kubekho inxaxheba, kodwa ingqiqo yayo ithetha ukuba ummi ongenzi nto umeme urhulumente olahlekelwa zinjongo zakhe. Namhlanje, uvoti-godusla, ulahle ulwazi lwezentlalo, kwaye uthobe i-andleko isoloko igxekwa njengesilela ukuhambela umbono kaPregatorist! Imikhosi yemfundo yokuphucula ulawulo, ukufikelela kovoti, nokukhuthusa kolutsha itsala bonke ubukhothone obufanele bubandakanye nolawulo lwedemodemo-demokhtiki.

Ukuphendula kwamagosa agunyasiweyo

Ukuba iinjongo ezintandathu zimela oko urhulumente afanele akwenze, ngoko abemi ngokwemvelo balindele ukuba amagosa abekwe ityala lokusilela ukuqhubekisa ezo njongo. Umxholo unika abemi isixhobo sokuhlola ukusebenza: bangabuza ukuba inkqubo “ibumba i-Union egqibeleleyo,”“ iqinisekisa uLuhlu lwezentengiselwano,” kwaye njalo njalo. Le ngcamango isekelwe kuhlomelo oluqhelekileyo ngonyulo, kunye nobuchule bokungakhuthazi, ukukhumbula, nokuhlola ikomiti nganye yezahlulelo. Inkundla ephakamileyo ngokwayo, kwiimeko ezifana [[FLT:].[FLT]. [1] [183] [3], ixhomekeke kwisakhiwo esipheleleyo somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko, kunye nolawulo lwesebe ngalinye. Ikomiti egwetyikisiweyo, i-onqandayo, i-onqanda i-odola kwi-okisayonga yolawulo lwesizwe, i-Agnomentine, okanye i-okisa i-odmodentine, xa ithe yoqoqo yesizwe, okanye i

Imida Yamandla Karhulumente

Mhlawumbi ngokudidekileyo, isiqalo somGaqo-siseko sikwamathemba athe ngqo malunga noko urhulumente afanele akwenze. Ngokuchaza uluhlu lwenjongo ezithe ngqo, sithetha ukuba urhulumente ukho kwezo njongo kwaye akukho ezinye. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko udwelisa amagunya aqhubeke ecoca lo mlinganiselo, inkcaso iye yasetyenziswa ukuphikisa ukulwa nochuku: ukuba urhulumente usukela iinjongo ezinxulumene neenjongo ezintandathu, ugqithisa ummiselo wakhe. Lo mnqweno uthetha ukuba ukho kwiingxoxo ngolawulo lwezwelo, umlinganiselo woMphathi worhwebo uClauslaus, kunye nemfundiso yokucalula amagunya. Umzekelo, abachasi boMphathiswano woMsebenzi woMsebenzi woMsebenzi wolawulo ugqithise. Umthetho womntu ngamnye othelela ukuthenga impilo ye-inshoshorensi yentlalo-ntlalo. Ngokukwanjalo, uchaza ii-entelelo zee-ententententente ezikhoyo ze-ententelelo ze-mali egunyaza kuvavanyaziso oluqhelekileyo.

Ukuthotywa Kwale Mihla: Isiqalo Kubomi Becape BobuGcisa Bama - 21

Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokusungulwa kwayo, iPreggey iyaqhubeka iguqula indlela amaMerika athetha ngayo ngorhulumente. Abantwana besikolo basawabamba ngentloko amazwi awo. Oomongameli bayawacaphula kwiidilesi zothulo kunye nezobuRhulumente beNtlanganiso. Imibutho yentlalo ikhuthaza ulwimi lwawo ukuba urhulumente ahluleke ukuphila ngokuvisisana nezithembiso zakhe ezisekiweyo. IBlack Lives Matter, umzekelo, ifuna ukuba uhlanga “umthetho omiselweyo” ngeendlela zokuthetha ngentlalo-zwelonke; abaxhasi bezorhwebo baphikisa ukuba“ lungenisa iWelgrade".

Isiqalo sikwadlala indima kwinkcazelo yetyala. Nangona ingengomthombo wamalungelo okuzimela, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabhekisela ekuxhaseni ukufundwa okuphangaleleyo kwamandla mazwe angaphandle (ngokomzekelo, United States v. Curtists[[FLT:]] [1936], eyathi yakhankanya ukuqukumbela ulawulo lwetyala lorhulumente wesizwe njengesiqinisekiso semicimbi yamanye amazwe. Ngokuchasene noko, ezinye izazi zantla ziphikisa ukuba imbekiselo yePreglaterythss ixhase imbono ye-“Postry" ngokuchasene nokuchaza umGaqo-siseko kwiindlela ezicinezelayo, njengoko kusenziwa ngokuqokelela amatyala amakhulu okanye ngokusingqongileyo. Kwienkundla ezisezantsi, iinkundla eziphantsi ziye zathintela ukuphikisa ukuphikisa yonke into ekwimfundo elungeleneyo, nangona kunqabileyo ukuphumelela.

Ngaphezu koko, iNgcaso isebenza njengencwadi emanyanisayo ngexesha lolwahlulo olunzulu lwezobupolitika. Ulwimi lwayo olufutshane, olunqwenelekayo luyinto enokwenziwa ngabantu abaninzi baseMerika, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela, lungaqinisekisa. Iingqungquthela zisoloko zibonisa ukuba urhulumente ufanele akhusele inkululeko, akhuthaze intlalo-ntle, kwaye amisele okusesikweni. Ngokunjalo uGama oluthiwenga lunika isiseko somzimbo omnye, usukelo olwahlukeneyo olunokuphakamisa intetho yoluntu. Izikolo, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, nemithendelelo yasekuhlaleni isoloko isebenzisa iPregarry, ukukhuthaza ingcamango yokuba phezu kwako nje ukungavisisani, abemi beze kuququququ noluntu abanobuliso besizwe abanobudlelaneyo kunye neemfuno zoluntu.

Isiphelo: Umnqophiso Ophilayo Phakathi Kwezizukulwana

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko asingomthetho okhoyo wembali; ngumnqophiso ophilayo. Amazwi awo ayaqhubeka ebumba amathemba abantu ngokuchaza oko kulindelwe ngurhulumente naziphi na izinto abemi abafanele bazifune kuye. Ukusuka kwisiqinisekiso esilula kodwa esingqongqo esithi “Thina bantu” ukuya kwiinjongo ezintandathu ezilandelayo, iSihlomelo simisela inkqubo yokuziphatha neluncedo ekhokela uhlanga kwimfazwe, udandatheko, isiphithiphithiphithiphithiphithiphithi, isiphithiphithiphithiphithi senkqithi, kunye nokutshintsha kwezobugcisa. Ikhumbuza abemi ukuba urhulumente akangobangeli mkhosi wasemzini kodwa uyindalo yabo, ityholo yokusukela okusesikweni, ukuthomala, ukukhusela, intlalo, kunye nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu. Ngokubuya, icela ukuba baqhubeke, ukuba bagcine iinkokeli zabo iintsikelelo zobuqu, kwaye badlulise kwii-Riphabliki zolawulo olude. Njengokuba iRiphabliki iyakuhlala ingundala nayiphi na ingubango yencoko yabo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga ugcino-lwazi lohlanga lweziko logcino-lwazi lwezomthetho lwe-, iziko lomGaqo-siseko elifundisayo lohlanga [, kunye ne [[FLT] Cornell Incation Information ye- ye-Pregnognow] yokubaluleka komthetho.